Finish effect of four feeding patterns on weaned lamb was studied in the paper. The results showed that the performance of growing lambs by agricultural byproduct residual forage was superior to other feeding methods;...Finish effect of four feeding patterns on weaned lamb was studied in the paper. The results showed that the performance of growing lambs by agricultural byproduct residual forage was superior to other feeding methods; too high proportion of straw in diet was unfavorable for finish lamb, and corn straw should be combined with complete feed to get better feeding effect.展开更多
This paper demonstrates the analysis of antenna pattern and gain for different designs of full-wave dipole antenna feeding techniques. Seven such techniques were studied and analyzed;symmetrical dual feeding in phase,...This paper demonstrates the analysis of antenna pattern and gain for different designs of full-wave dipole antenna feeding techniques. Seven such techniques were studied and analyzed;symmetrical dual feeding in phase, symmetrical dual feeding out of phase, asymmetrical dual feeding in phase, asymmetrical dual feeding out of phase, symmetrical triple feeding in phase and symmetrical triple feeding out of phase. Symmetrical dual feeding in phase produced high gain as compared to the single and center-fed antennas. An improvement of about 3 to 3.5 dB was achieved comparing to center tap fed and off center fed. It was found that an asymmetrical dual feeding in-phase provides good performance, considering the directivity, pattern, and input impedance. A 2.46 dB gain has been attained. It was found that a symmetrical triple feeding provides an overall best performance with respect to gain, radiation pattern, beam width and input impedance.展开更多
Objective: To identify the dietary patterns of children during the first year of life. Methods: This is a longitudinal study of children born between September 2004 and April 2005 residing in Diamantina, MG, Brazil. D...Objective: To identify the dietary patterns of children during the first year of life. Methods: This is a longitudinal study of children born between September 2004 and April 2005 residing in Diamantina, MG, Brazil. Data were collected from children who were six, nine and twelve months of age. Data were collected at their homes using a questionnaire that included a socioeconomic and demographic profile of the family. Information on diet was obtained using 24 hour food recall. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify the dietary patterns. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified and denominated “Porridge”, “Pap” and “Family Food”. The most common dietary pattern was composed of milk, sugar and fortified flour and was negatively correlated with breastfeeding. The second dietary pattern was composed of tubers, vegetables and fruits. The third dietary pattern consisted of cereal, meat, beans and tea;this pattern was repeated at different ages, with some variation at the sixth month when artificial drinks were included and meat and tea were excluded. Conclusion: There was some variation in the dietary patterns of children;however, porridge was used predominantly in all studied ages. Information on dietary patterns may be useful for evaluating and redirecting food and nutrition policies.展开更多
The identification of contamination sources within the food chain with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), (“dioxins”), and PCBs is difficult and complex. PCDD/PCDF ...The identification of contamination sources within the food chain with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), (“dioxins”), and PCBs is difficult and complex. PCDD/PCDF can be formed as unintentional compounds in a number of chemical processes as well as in almost every combustion process. PCBs were intentionally produced chemicals that were manufactured for decades before the ban in marketing and use in many countries around 1985. The pattern of occurrence can change from the original source in particular via feedingstuffs to food of animal origin as result of bioaccumulation. A number of examples illustrate the challenging detective work and key scientific aspects for identification of the sources, for support of the risk management and for performance of monitoring programs. The contamination of milk and milk products in European countries with dioxins was caused by compound feeds containing citrus pulp pellets from Brazil which had high dioxin levels as a result of the use of heavily contaminated lime used for neutralization. The Belgian dioxin crisis was caused by a feed additive heavily contaminated with PCBs which were discharged into a recycled fat used in the production of animal feed. Guar gum from India was contaminated with sodium pentachlorophenate and dioxins. Clay was found to be possibly highly contaminated with dioxins possibly formed by geothermal processes over time;use of such clay as feed additive or for human intake led to elevated dioxin levels in food and humans. Bioanalytical screening in combination with comprehensive physicochemical investigations led to the detection of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in a feed additive. Buffalo milk was contaminated in Italy presumably caused by illegal deposition of waste. High PCB levels in fuel oil for drying of breadcrumb used as a feed ingredient caused a major dioxin crisis with pork meat in Ireland. Fatty acids for technical purposes originating from a biodiesel company were used for production of feed fat which contaminated parts of the food chain in Germany. In addition to effects on human and animal health these incidents also have serious economic consequences which could be mitigated by more frequent control on food and feed. Addressing both these issues, the European Community has developed a strategy to reduce the presence of dioxins and PCBs in the environment and in feed and food comprising the establishment of maximum and action levels.展开更多
Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive fee...Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive feed method is suitable for impedance matching.The effect of the size of the feed patch on the input impedance of the square ring patch antennas are analyzed and radiation patterns of the square ring patch antennas are compared to that of a square conventional patch antenna by the simulated results.展开更多
This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular a...This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular and rectangular) along with two types of feeding techniques (Microstrip line L-shape and Microstrip line I-shape). The performance of the antenna for each technique is thoroughly investigated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software simulation under the resonant frequency of 5.9 GHz. Results demonstrate that the proposed model is an effective tool for improving antenna performance. Moreover, an extensive comparison has been carried out between the two different shapes, with and without antenna balun and between two feeding techniques focusing on return losses, gain, directivity, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).展开更多
目的 探讨4月龄内婴儿喂养方式与0~3岁婴幼儿体格生长和超重肥胖风险的关联。方法 基于母婴营养与健康前瞻性队列研究,于2013—2019年随访太仓队列中1458名0~3岁婴幼儿。采用结构式问卷调查和评价婴儿4月龄内喂养方式,测量婴幼儿出生、1...目的 探讨4月龄内婴儿喂养方式与0~3岁婴幼儿体格生长和超重肥胖风险的关联。方法 基于母婴营养与健康前瞻性队列研究,于2013—2019年随访太仓队列中1458名0~3岁婴幼儿。采用结构式问卷调查和评价婴儿4月龄内喂养方式,测量婴幼儿出生、1、3、6、8、12、18、24、30和36月龄时的身高/身长和体重,计算年龄别体重Z评分(weight for age Z-score, WAZ)、年龄别身长/高Z评分(length for age Z-score, LAZ)和身长/高别体重Z评分(weight for length Z-score, WLZ)。采用χ^(2)检验、方差分析与SNK比较各喂养方式组之间婴幼儿的营养不良率和体格生长水平的差异,多因素Logistic回归分析喂养方式与婴幼儿超重肥胖发生风险的关联。结果 婴儿4月龄内为纯母乳喂养、基本纯母乳喂养、母乳为主的混合喂养、配方奶粉为主的混合喂养、配方奶粉喂养人数分别为264人(18.11%)、283人(19.41%)、650人(44.58%)、221人(15.16%)和24人(1.65%);除3月龄外的各月龄不同喂养组间LAZ、WLZ和WAZ差异无统计学意义。调整体检季节、出生体重、出生方式、停止母乳喂养月龄、配方奶粉添加月龄和辅食添加月龄后,婴幼儿超重肥胖风险与4月龄内喂养方式无相关。婴幼儿3岁内的超重肥胖风险主要受出生体重、出生方式影响,其中大于胎龄儿12月龄时超重肥胖的风险是适于胎龄儿的4.14倍(95%CI 2.06~8.32),剖宫产婴幼儿12月龄时超重肥胖的风险是顺产儿的2.47倍(95%CI 1.22~4.99)。结论 4月龄内喂养方式与婴幼儿0~3岁体格生长和超重肥胖无显著关联,婴幼儿期超重肥胖主要受婴幼儿出生体重、出生方式的影响。展开更多
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201203050-4)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Funds of Jiangsu Province[CX(11)2050]
文摘Finish effect of four feeding patterns on weaned lamb was studied in the paper. The results showed that the performance of growing lambs by agricultural byproduct residual forage was superior to other feeding methods; too high proportion of straw in diet was unfavorable for finish lamb, and corn straw should be combined with complete feed to get better feeding effect.
文摘This paper demonstrates the analysis of antenna pattern and gain for different designs of full-wave dipole antenna feeding techniques. Seven such techniques were studied and analyzed;symmetrical dual feeding in phase, symmetrical dual feeding out of phase, asymmetrical dual feeding in phase, asymmetrical dual feeding out of phase, symmetrical triple feeding in phase and symmetrical triple feeding out of phase. Symmetrical dual feeding in phase produced high gain as compared to the single and center-fed antennas. An improvement of about 3 to 3.5 dB was achieved comparing to center tap fed and off center fed. It was found that an asymmetrical dual feeding in-phase provides good performance, considering the directivity, pattern, and input impedance. A 2.46 dB gain has been attained. It was found that a symmetrical triple feeding provides an overall best performance with respect to gain, radiation pattern, beam width and input impedance.
文摘Objective: To identify the dietary patterns of children during the first year of life. Methods: This is a longitudinal study of children born between September 2004 and April 2005 residing in Diamantina, MG, Brazil. Data were collected from children who were six, nine and twelve months of age. Data were collected at their homes using a questionnaire that included a socioeconomic and demographic profile of the family. Information on diet was obtained using 24 hour food recall. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify the dietary patterns. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified and denominated “Porridge”, “Pap” and “Family Food”. The most common dietary pattern was composed of milk, sugar and fortified flour and was negatively correlated with breastfeeding. The second dietary pattern was composed of tubers, vegetables and fruits. The third dietary pattern consisted of cereal, meat, beans and tea;this pattern was repeated at different ages, with some variation at the sixth month when artificial drinks were included and meat and tea were excluded. Conclusion: There was some variation in the dietary patterns of children;however, porridge was used predominantly in all studied ages. Information on dietary patterns may be useful for evaluating and redirecting food and nutrition policies.
文摘The identification of contamination sources within the food chain with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), (“dioxins”), and PCBs is difficult and complex. PCDD/PCDF can be formed as unintentional compounds in a number of chemical processes as well as in almost every combustion process. PCBs were intentionally produced chemicals that were manufactured for decades before the ban in marketing and use in many countries around 1985. The pattern of occurrence can change from the original source in particular via feedingstuffs to food of animal origin as result of bioaccumulation. A number of examples illustrate the challenging detective work and key scientific aspects for identification of the sources, for support of the risk management and for performance of monitoring programs. The contamination of milk and milk products in European countries with dioxins was caused by compound feeds containing citrus pulp pellets from Brazil which had high dioxin levels as a result of the use of heavily contaminated lime used for neutralization. The Belgian dioxin crisis was caused by a feed additive heavily contaminated with PCBs which were discharged into a recycled fat used in the production of animal feed. Guar gum from India was contaminated with sodium pentachlorophenate and dioxins. Clay was found to be possibly highly contaminated with dioxins possibly formed by geothermal processes over time;use of such clay as feed additive or for human intake led to elevated dioxin levels in food and humans. Bioanalytical screening in combination with comprehensive physicochemical investigations led to the detection of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in a feed additive. Buffalo milk was contaminated in Italy presumably caused by illegal deposition of waste. High PCB levels in fuel oil for drying of breadcrumb used as a feed ingredient caused a major dioxin crisis with pork meat in Ireland. Fatty acids for technical purposes originating from a biodiesel company were used for production of feed fat which contaminated parts of the food chain in Germany. In addition to effects on human and animal health these incidents also have serious economic consequences which could be mitigated by more frequent control on food and feed. Addressing both these issues, the European Community has developed a strategy to reduce the presence of dioxins and PCBs in the environment and in feed and food comprising the establishment of maximum and action levels.
文摘Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive feed method is suitable for impedance matching.The effect of the size of the feed patch on the input impedance of the square ring patch antennas are analyzed and radiation patterns of the square ring patch antennas are compared to that of a square conventional patch antenna by the simulated results.
文摘This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular and rectangular) along with two types of feeding techniques (Microstrip line L-shape and Microstrip line I-shape). The performance of the antenna for each technique is thoroughly investigated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software simulation under the resonant frequency of 5.9 GHz. Results demonstrate that the proposed model is an effective tool for improving antenna performance. Moreover, an extensive comparison has been carried out between the two different shapes, with and without antenna balun and between two feeding techniques focusing on return losses, gain, directivity, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
文摘目的 探讨4月龄内婴儿喂养方式与0~3岁婴幼儿体格生长和超重肥胖风险的关联。方法 基于母婴营养与健康前瞻性队列研究,于2013—2019年随访太仓队列中1458名0~3岁婴幼儿。采用结构式问卷调查和评价婴儿4月龄内喂养方式,测量婴幼儿出生、1、3、6、8、12、18、24、30和36月龄时的身高/身长和体重,计算年龄别体重Z评分(weight for age Z-score, WAZ)、年龄别身长/高Z评分(length for age Z-score, LAZ)和身长/高别体重Z评分(weight for length Z-score, WLZ)。采用χ^(2)检验、方差分析与SNK比较各喂养方式组之间婴幼儿的营养不良率和体格生长水平的差异,多因素Logistic回归分析喂养方式与婴幼儿超重肥胖发生风险的关联。结果 婴儿4月龄内为纯母乳喂养、基本纯母乳喂养、母乳为主的混合喂养、配方奶粉为主的混合喂养、配方奶粉喂养人数分别为264人(18.11%)、283人(19.41%)、650人(44.58%)、221人(15.16%)和24人(1.65%);除3月龄外的各月龄不同喂养组间LAZ、WLZ和WAZ差异无统计学意义。调整体检季节、出生体重、出生方式、停止母乳喂养月龄、配方奶粉添加月龄和辅食添加月龄后,婴幼儿超重肥胖风险与4月龄内喂养方式无相关。婴幼儿3岁内的超重肥胖风险主要受出生体重、出生方式影响,其中大于胎龄儿12月龄时超重肥胖的风险是适于胎龄儿的4.14倍(95%CI 2.06~8.32),剖宫产婴幼儿12月龄时超重肥胖的风险是顺产儿的2.47倍(95%CI 1.22~4.99)。结论 4月龄内喂养方式与婴幼儿0~3岁体格生长和超重肥胖无显著关联,婴幼儿期超重肥胖主要受婴幼儿出生体重、出生方式的影响。
