The 30 pairs of feed and dung samples from the livestock and poultry farms with different scales were checked and analyzed. The results showed： a great linear relation existed between the feed factors and 7 pollutant...The 30 pairs of feed and dung samples from the livestock and poultry farms with different scales were checked and analyzed. The results showed： a great linear relation existed between the feed factors and 7 pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, arsenic, mercury, cadmium in livestock and poultry＇s dung. The main affecting factors of feed were respectively nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and arsenic, which were totally feed ingredient elements. And it indicated that the dung pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium could be regulated by controlling the feed ingredients. But the dung nitrogen did not have a linear relation with the feed factors. Reducing the nitrogen in feed did not mean the relative decrease of the dung nitrogen content. Feed consumption rate of unit weight did not have notable performances, and it did not show curve model after curve fitting method. The pollutant index of ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and arsenic of the group whose feed consumption rate of unit weight was less than 20 g/kg·d was extremely remarkably lower than those of the 20 -30 g/kg·d group. The pollutant index of mercury, chromium, and cadmium showed the opposite performance. With the increase of feed consumption rate, each pollutant did not act in an increasing trend, of which the pollutant index of ammonia nitrogen and the general phosphorus presented a quadratic model trend. The feed consumption level of unit weight had an extremely remarkable effect on the pollution level rate and the eady warning level rate, showing the thrice model trend, of which the 20 -30 g/kg. d group was the maximal, respectively for 16.67% and 50%, which was the same with the above-mentioned law.展开更多
[ Objective] In order to study the production key factors of microbial fermented feed and the composition variation during fermentation. [ Methods ] Water, temperature, energy and protein were selected to study the ef...[ Objective] In order to study the production key factors of microbial fermented feed and the composition variation during fermentation. [ Methods ] Water, temperature, energy and protein were selected to study the effects on microbial fermented feed. And the fermentation conditions were optimized. Changes on nutrient composition during fermentation were determined and analyzed. [ Result ] Test results showed that feed formula with high sugar content, low protein, 34% - 36% water content, high fermentation temperature was more conducive to the production and actual production needs of fermentation strains. During the fermentation, strains showed interactions, test tended to be completed at the 144^th h after the fermentation, and number of lactic acid bacteria reached the peak of 1.86×10^9 strain/g, contents of lactic acid could even reach 0.89%. As time prolonged, contents of total energy, fiber and isothiocyanate gradually reduced, while contents of water and protein increased slightly. Contents of vitamin were stable, which in an order of VB〉 VE 〉 Vx 〉 VA 〉 VD. Composition of amino acids showed an better change, contents of glutamic acid and proline decreased slowly, while contents of glycine and phenylalanine increased slowly. [ Conclusion] High quality microbial fermentation feed could improve the palatability and safety of feed and keep the intestinal balance of livestock and poultry, which had broad application prospect.展开更多
In order to ensure quality of pellet feed and improve production performance of animals, factors affecting the quality and granulating property of pellet feed were analyzed from the aspects of raw materials, process a...In order to ensure quality of pellet feed and improve production performance of animals, factors affecting the quality and granulating property of pellet feed were analyzed from the aspects of raw materials, process and equipments. The effects of these factors on production of pellet feed decline in the following order： composition and proportion of raw materials; material fineness; refining temperature and other refining factors; equipments like ring die and press roller; and cooling and drying conditions展开更多
Objectives: To analyze women’s breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors.Design: A cohort study.Setting: In 2 districts of Shanghai.Subjects: 7 826 couples from August 1987 to August 1988 within 15 months o...Objectives: To analyze women’s breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors.Design: A cohort study.Setting: In 2 districts of Shanghai.Subjects: 7 826 couples from August 1987 to August 1988 within 15 months of marriage and having a baby.Methods: From the Luwan and Hongkou Districts’ marriage registration departments out of 15 933 newly married registered couples, 7 911 eligible couples were selected by randomization. Home visits were paid twice at the 3rd and 15th month after marriage. Questions about general status, contracep-tion, births and breast-feeding, etc. were asked. A total of 7 826 couples completed questionnaires was analyzed.Results: 71. 6% of couples had a baby after marriage. The breast-feeding rate at the end of 2nd week after birth was 70.7%. The main reason of artificial feeding was insufficient or no breast milk,which constituted 82. 8% of the total. Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting women’s breast-feeding behavior were wife’s age at marriage, education, ownership of working unit,fertility intention, some personal character and satisfaction with her husband. Infant’s body weight at birth, premature and abnormal birth were also influencing factors.Conclusion: In order to increase the breast-feeding rate, it is important to provide IEC of breast-feeding, to reduce premature births and births of low body weight and increase chances of breast-feed-ing while in hospital.展开更多
Background: Corn and soybean meal(SBM) are two of the most common feed ingredients used in pig feeds.However, a variety of antinutritional factors(ANFs) present in corn and SBM can interfere with the bioavailability o...Background: Corn and soybean meal(SBM) are two of the most common feed ingredients used in pig feeds.However, a variety of antinutritional factors(ANFs) present in corn and SBM can interfere with the bioavailability of nutrients and have negative health effects on the pigs. In the present study, two-stage fermentation using Bacillus subtilis followed by Enterococcus faecium was carried out to degrade ANFs and improve the nutritional quality of corn and SBM mixed feed. Furthermore, the microbial composition and in vitro nutrient digestibility of inoculated mixed feed were determined and compared those of the uninoculated controls.Results: During the fermentation process, B. subtilis and lactic acid bacteria(LAB) were the main dominant bacteria in the solid-state fermented inoculated feed, and fermentation produced a large amount of lactic acid(170 mmo L/kg),which resulted in a lower pH(5.0 vs. 6.4) than the fermented uninoculated feed. The amounts of soybean antigenic proteins(β-conglycinin and glycinin) in mixed feed were significantly decreased after first-stage fermentation with B. subtilis. Inoculated mixed feed following two-stage fermentation contained greater concentratioin of crude protein(CP), ash and total phosphorus(P) compared to uninoculated feed, whereas the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), hemicellulose and phytate P in fermendted inoculated feed declined(P < 0.05) by 38%, 53%, and 46%,respectively. Notably, the content of trichloroacetic acid soluble protein(TCA-SP), particularly that of small peptides and free amino acids(AA), increased 6.5 fold following two-stage fermentation. There was no difference in the total AA content between fermented inoculated and uninoculated feed. However, aromatic AAs(Phe and Tyr) and Lys in inoculated feed increased, and some polar AAs, including Arg, Asp, and Glu, decreased compared with the uninoculated feed. In vitro dry matter and CP digestibility of inoculated feed improved(P < 0.05) compared with the uninoculated feed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that two-stage fermentation using B. subtilis followed by E. faecium is an effective approach to improve the quality of corn-soybean meal mixed feed.展开更多
The development of grass-feeding livestock breeding is the key to promoting the transition from grain-consumption type animal husbandry to grain-saving type animal hus- bandry in China, and to solving the problem of c...The development of grass-feeding livestock breeding is the key to promoting the transition from grain-consumption type animal husbandry to grain-saving type animal hus- bandry in China, and to solving the problem of competition for grain between people and livestock. From the perspective of economic geography, this paper first defines the conver- sion standard for the breeding quantity of livestock, and then uses exploratory spatial data analysis technology and econometric models and methods to systematically investigate the sequential variation process, geographical aggregation characteristics, and influencing fac- tors of grass-feeding livestock breeding in China. The study results show the following： 1 ） The breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in China has an obvious overall growth trend, but there is an obvious difference among the livestock species. During the period 1978-2012, the breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in China grew by 92.5%; and the breeding quan- tity within the same period was beef cattle 〉 sheep 〉 dairy cow. 2） On the county scale, the number of increasing areas of the breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock is larger than the number of decreasing areas, and the growth rate of breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in northern China is higher than that in southern China, which initially forms the pattern of ＂hot in the north and cold in the south＂. 3） The spatial Durbin model shows that the per capita output of grain, proportion of productive land area, urban per capita disposable income, agricultural mechanization level, agricultural labor productivity and policy factor have positive effects on the development of grass-feeding livestock breeding, while the per capita GDP, urbanization level and proportion of non-agricultural income have obvious negative effects on it. 4） Grass-feeding livestock breeding in China can be divided into six major types of areas, and each type of area should be regulated and controlled in terms of their respective focus of attention according to regional conditions and situation of agricultural production.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Project of Jiangsu Province(DS2007027)
文摘The 30 pairs of feed and dung samples from the livestock and poultry farms with different scales were checked and analyzed. The results showed： a great linear relation existed between the feed factors and 7 pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, arsenic, mercury, cadmium in livestock and poultry＇s dung. The main affecting factors of feed were respectively nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and arsenic, which were totally feed ingredient elements. And it indicated that the dung pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium could be regulated by controlling the feed ingredients. But the dung nitrogen did not have a linear relation with the feed factors. Reducing the nitrogen in feed did not mean the relative decrease of the dung nitrogen content. Feed consumption rate of unit weight did not have notable performances, and it did not show curve model after curve fitting method. The pollutant index of ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and arsenic of the group whose feed consumption rate of unit weight was less than 20 g/kg·d was extremely remarkably lower than those of the 20 -30 g/kg·d group. The pollutant index of mercury, chromium, and cadmium showed the opposite performance. With the increase of feed consumption rate, each pollutant did not act in an increasing trend, of which the pollutant index of ammonia nitrogen and the general phosphorus presented a quadratic model trend. The feed consumption level of unit weight had an extremely remarkable effect on the pollution level rate and the eady warning level rate, showing the thrice model trend, of which the 20 -30 g/kg. d group was the maximal, respectively for 16.67% and 50%, which was the same with the above-mentioned law.
基金Supported by Provincial Science and Technology Department of Major Projects(2014N3011)Provincial Science and Technology Department of Major and Special Projects(2014NZ0002)+1 种基金Longyan City Science and Technology Project(2015LY32)Longyan College 2016 Horizontal Cooperation Issues(201601)
文摘[ Objective] In order to study the production key factors of microbial fermented feed and the composition variation during fermentation. [ Methods ] Water, temperature, energy and protein were selected to study the effects on microbial fermented feed. And the fermentation conditions were optimized. Changes on nutrient composition during fermentation were determined and analyzed. [ Result ] Test results showed that feed formula with high sugar content, low protein, 34% - 36% water content, high fermentation temperature was more conducive to the production and actual production needs of fermentation strains. During the fermentation, strains showed interactions, test tended to be completed at the 144^th h after the fermentation, and number of lactic acid bacteria reached the peak of 1.86×10^9 strain/g, contents of lactic acid could even reach 0.89%. As time prolonged, contents of total energy, fiber and isothiocyanate gradually reduced, while contents of water and protein increased slightly. Contents of vitamin were stable, which in an order of VB〉 VE 〉 Vx 〉 VA 〉 VD. Composition of amino acids showed an better change, contents of glutamic acid and proline decreased slowly, while contents of glycine and phenylalanine increased slowly. [ Conclusion] High quality microbial fermentation feed could improve the palatability and safety of feed and keep the intestinal balance of livestock and poultry, which had broad application prospect.
基金supported by the grants from the Key Technology R&D Program of Tianjin City (10ZHXHNC08900)
文摘In order to ensure quality of pellet feed and improve production performance of animals, factors affecting the quality and granulating property of pellet feed were analyzed from the aspects of raw materials, process and equipments. The effects of these factors on production of pellet feed decline in the following order： composition and proportion of raw materials; material fineness; refining temperature and other refining factors; equipments like ring die and press roller; and cooling and drying conditions
文摘Objectives: To analyze women’s breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors.Design: A cohort study.Setting: In 2 districts of Shanghai.Subjects: 7 826 couples from August 1987 to August 1988 within 15 months of marriage and having a baby.Methods: From the Luwan and Hongkou Districts’ marriage registration departments out of 15 933 newly married registered couples, 7 911 eligible couples were selected by randomization. Home visits were paid twice at the 3rd and 15th month after marriage. Questions about general status, contracep-tion, births and breast-feeding, etc. were asked. A total of 7 826 couples completed questionnaires was analyzed.Results: 71. 6% of couples had a baby after marriage. The breast-feeding rate at the end of 2nd week after birth was 70.7%. The main reason of artificial feeding was insufficient or no breast milk,which constituted 82. 8% of the total. Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting women’s breast-feeding behavior were wife’s age at marriage, education, ownership of working unit,fertility intention, some personal character and satisfaction with her husband. Infant’s body weight at birth, premature and abnormal birth were also influencing factors.Conclusion: In order to increase the breast-feeding rate, it is important to provide IEC of breast-feeding, to reduce premature births and births of low body weight and increase chances of breast-feed-ing while in hospital.
基金supported by a China Pig Modern Industrial Technology System Grant(CARS-36),the ChinaZhejiang province Postdoctoral Science Foundation(518000-X91604,518000-X81601)
文摘Background: Corn and soybean meal(SBM) are two of the most common feed ingredients used in pig feeds.However, a variety of antinutritional factors(ANFs) present in corn and SBM can interfere with the bioavailability of nutrients and have negative health effects on the pigs. In the present study, two-stage fermentation using Bacillus subtilis followed by Enterococcus faecium was carried out to degrade ANFs and improve the nutritional quality of corn and SBM mixed feed. Furthermore, the microbial composition and in vitro nutrient digestibility of inoculated mixed feed were determined and compared those of the uninoculated controls.Results: During the fermentation process, B. subtilis and lactic acid bacteria(LAB) were the main dominant bacteria in the solid-state fermented inoculated feed, and fermentation produced a large amount of lactic acid(170 mmo L/kg),which resulted in a lower pH(5.0 vs. 6.4) than the fermented uninoculated feed. The amounts of soybean antigenic proteins(β-conglycinin and glycinin) in mixed feed were significantly decreased after first-stage fermentation with B. subtilis. Inoculated mixed feed following two-stage fermentation contained greater concentratioin of crude protein(CP), ash and total phosphorus(P) compared to uninoculated feed, whereas the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), hemicellulose and phytate P in fermendted inoculated feed declined(P < 0.05) by 38%, 53%, and 46%,respectively. Notably, the content of trichloroacetic acid soluble protein(TCA-SP), particularly that of small peptides and free amino acids(AA), increased 6.5 fold following two-stage fermentation. There was no difference in the total AA content between fermented inoculated and uninoculated feed. However, aromatic AAs(Phe and Tyr) and Lys in inoculated feed increased, and some polar AAs, including Arg, Asp, and Glu, decreased compared with the uninoculated feed. In vitro dry matter and CP digestibility of inoculated feed improved(P < 0.05) compared with the uninoculated feed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that two-stage fermentation using B. subtilis followed by E. faecium is an effective approach to improve the quality of corn-soybean meal mixed feed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41401203,No.71173220The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,No.ASTIP-IAED-2015-01
文摘The development of grass-feeding livestock breeding is the key to promoting the transition from grain-consumption type animal husbandry to grain-saving type animal hus- bandry in China, and to solving the problem of competition for grain between people and livestock. From the perspective of economic geography, this paper first defines the conver- sion standard for the breeding quantity of livestock, and then uses exploratory spatial data analysis technology and econometric models and methods to systematically investigate the sequential variation process, geographical aggregation characteristics, and influencing fac- tors of grass-feeding livestock breeding in China. The study results show the following： 1 ） The breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in China has an obvious overall growth trend, but there is an obvious difference among the livestock species. During the period 1978-2012, the breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in China grew by 92.5%; and the breeding quan- tity within the same period was beef cattle 〉 sheep 〉 dairy cow. 2） On the county scale, the number of increasing areas of the breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock is larger than the number of decreasing areas, and the growth rate of breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in northern China is higher than that in southern China, which initially forms the pattern of ＂hot in the north and cold in the south＂. 3） The spatial Durbin model shows that the per capita output of grain, proportion of productive land area, urban per capita disposable income, agricultural mechanization level, agricultural labor productivity and policy factor have positive effects on the development of grass-feeding livestock breeding, while the per capita GDP, urbanization level and proportion of non-agricultural income have obvious negative effects on it. 4） Grass-feeding livestock breeding in China can be divided into six major types of areas, and each type of area should be regulated and controlled in terms of their respective focus of attention according to regional conditions and situation of agricultural production.
