Earthquakes can cause significant damage and loss of life,necessitating immediate assessment of the resulting fatalities.Rapid assessment and timely revision of fatality estimates are crucial for effective emergency d...Earthquakes can cause significant damage and loss of life,necessitating immediate assessment of the resulting fatalities.Rapid assessment and timely revision of fatality estimates are crucial for effective emergency decisionmaking.This study using the February 6,2023,M_(S)8.0 and M_(S)7.9 Kahramanmaras,Türkiye earthquakes as an example to estimate the ultimate number of fatalities.An early Quick Rough Estimate(QRE)based on the number of deaths reported by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Türkiye(AFAD)is conducted,and it dynamically adjusts these estimates as new data becomes available.The range of estimates of the final number of deaths can be calculated as 31384–56475 based on the"the QRE of the second day multiplied by 2–3" rule,which incorporates the reported final deaths 50500.The Quasi-Linear and Adaptive Estimation(QLAE)method adaptively adjusts the final fatality estimate within two days and predicts subsequent reported deaths.The correct order of magnitude of the final death toll can be estimated as early as 13 hr after the M_(S)8.0 earthquake.In addition,additional earthquakes such as May 12,2008,M_(S)8.1 Wenchuan earthquake(China),September 8,2023,M_(S)7.2 Al Haouz earthquake(Morocco),November 3,2023,M_(S)5.8 Mid-Western Nepal earthquake,December 18,2023,M_(S)6.1 Jishishan earthquake(China),January 1,2024,M_(S)7.2 Noto Peninsula earthquake(Japan)and August 8,2023,Maui,Hawaii,fires are added again to verified the correctness of the model.The fatalities from the Maui fires are found to be approximately equivalent to those resulting from an M_(S)7.4 earthquake.These methods complement existing frameworks such as Quake Loss Assessment for Response and Mitigation(QLARM)and Prompt Assessment of Global.展开更多
In recent years, road accident fatalities in Nigeria have continued to be on the increase. Thus, urgent attention is needed to reduce or eliminate road accidents fatalities. To achieve this goal, the cumulative sum (C...In recent years, road accident fatalities in Nigeria have continued to be on the increase. Thus, urgent attention is needed to reduce or eliminate road accidents fatalities. To achieve this goal, the cumulative sum (Cusum) control chart scheme was designed for monitoring the road accident fatalities using the recorded occurrence of road accident fatalities in a state in the western part of Nigeria. The designed Cusum detects the period of the years when the highest occurrence of road accident fatalities occurred. These periods were observed to be festive periods such as Christmas, Easter, Eid-el- Kabir, and Eid-el-Moluod. Therefore, the festive periods of the year should be used as benchmark by road managers as periods where more attention or precaution measure should be put in place on the roads to drastically reduce or eliminate high occurrence of road accident fatalities. The designed Cusum control chart can be adapted for other states in the country and also for the larger society for detecting the periods when the rate of death as a result of road accidents was prevalent.展开更多
It has long been postulated that a relationship exists between commodity price cycles and fatalities in the mining industry.Previous studies have found only weak correlations in this area.This study analyses the fatal...It has long been postulated that a relationship exists between commodity price cycles and fatalities in the mining industry.Previous studies have found only weak correlations in this area.This study analyses the fatalities recorded in coal mines over the period 1985-2016 in the State of Queensland as a function of thermal coal price variation.The study finds that the relationship between fatalities and coal prices is not linear.One to two fatalities occur in most years independent of the thermal coal price.When the price of coal falls below AUD 55/tonne(non-inflation adjusted),the likelihood of an incident involving multiple fatalities increases.The probability can be estimated at 2 in 18 events(equivalent to 11%).This paper postulates that in difficult economic times,mining companies react by downsizing direct employees.If not carefully managed,this can result in loss of knowledge around safety systems,and reduced effectiveness of safety supervision.Because of labour cost advantages,some jobs previously undertaken by direct employees will be replaced by contractors.Increased contractor numbers contribute to increased risk of fatalities occurring,as contractors are over-represented in accident categories involving vehicle accidents,tire handling and crushing incidents.Mine inspectorates,mining,and mining contractor companies need to be especially vigilant to enforce health and safety management systems during periods of low coal prices.展开更多
Background: Any healthcare facility must be prepared to handle a dramatic increase in deaths that can be produced by a catastrophic disaster. A mass fatality incident (MFI) will significantly increase the usual number...Background: Any healthcare facility must be prepared to handle a dramatic increase in deaths that can be produced by a catastrophic disaster. A mass fatality incident (MFI) will significantly increase the usual number of deaths that hospitals or forensic science services can manage on a daily basis. A survey was conducted to assess the hospital emergency department level of preparedness to deal with an MFI. Objective: To examine healthcare facilities level of preparedness for an MFI and morgue capacity. Methods: A total of 39 out of a sample of 44 hospitals participated in the study. Seven questionnaires were administered to explore: hospital general characteristics;emergency plans;equipment and infrastructure;collaborative agreements;personnel trainings;emergency communications;laboratory facilities;treatment protocols;security;and, epidemiologic surveillance. Results: Three-fourths (79.5%) of the healthcare facilities reported having a morgue, their average storage capacity was of three bodies. More than two-thirds (66.7%) of the institutions stated that they could not increase their morgue’s capacity. Most installations without a morgue do not possess an agreement with any other institution for the management of bodies. Hospitals have a very limited number of body bags utilized for the handling and transport of bodies. Conclusion: Most of healthcare facilities have morgues, but there are limitations with the current capacity and the lack of resources to increase their capacity in case of a disaster. Management of an MFI must be part of every hospital’s emergency plan, and must include collaborative agreements with forensic authorities, emergency management and public health agencies, and the community.展开更多
Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards worldwide.While rainfall is the primary trigger of floods,human activities and climate change can exacerbate the impacts of floods and lead to more significant eco...Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards worldwide.While rainfall is the primary trigger of floods,human activities and climate change can exacerbate the impacts of floods and lead to more significant economic and social consequences.In this research,fluvial flood fatalities in the 1951–2020 period have been studied,analyzing the information reported in the Emergency Database(EM-DAT).The EM-DAT data were classified into five categories in terms of the number of events and fatalities connected with riverine floods,considering only events that caused more than 10 fatalities.The results show that the severity of flood-related fatalities is not equally distributed worldwide,but presents specific geographical patterns.The flood fatality coefficient,which represents the ratio between the total number of fatalities and the number of flood events,calculated for different countries,identified that the Southern,Eastern,and South-Eastern regions of Asia have the deadliest floods in the world.The number of flood events has been increasing since 1951 and peaked in 2007,following a relative decline since then.Though,the resulting fatalities do not follow a statistically significant trend.An analysis of the number of flood events in different decades shows that the 2001–2010 decade saw the highest number of events,which corresponds to the largest precipitation anomaly in the world.The lethality of riverine floods decreased over time,from 412 per flood in 1951–1960 to 67 in the 2011–2020 decade.This declining trend is probably a consequence of a more resilient environment and better risk reduction strategies.Based on the presented data and using regression analysis,relationships between flood fatalities and the number of flood events with population density and gross domestic product are developed and discussed.展开更多
Objective： To analyze the crash and injury data in forensic medicine for years of 2004-2007. Methods： A sample of over 567 accident cases （9 pedestrians, 116 bicyclists, and 442 motor vehicle occupants） was consi...Objective： To analyze the crash and injury data in forensic medicine for years of 2004-2007. Methods： A sample of over 567 accident cases （9 pedestrians, 116 bicyclists, and 442 motor vehicle occupants） was considered from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, involving drivers of all ages and covering a four-year period. Results： The male fatality rates were significantly higher than female ones. The groups at 15-30 years old and at 30-55 years old had the first and second highest numbers of deaths （40% and 34%, respectively）. There were substantial differences in distribution of injuries in motor vehicle occupants and pedestrians and bicyclists. Among motor vehicle occupants, there were more head injuries, such as skull fracture, brain contusion, subdural haemorrhage, and epidural haemorrhage. Nearly 77% of fatalities occurred during 08：00-22：00 in Sirjan. Internal bleeding was also higher in motor vehicle occupants. Pedestrians and bicyclists also had head injuries frequently. Conclusions： In spite of reduction of road traffic fatalities in Sirjan in 2007, it is still one of the cities with high road traffic fatality in the world. These results underline the importance of preventive strategies in transportation, suggesting that different methods are necessary to reduce fatalities of various traffic participants.展开更多
Purpose:Road traffic injuries(RTIs)have been one of the most serious public health problems in China.The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which traffic investment affects traffic fatalities in Ch...Purpose:Road traffic injuries(RTIs)have been one of the most serious public health problems in China.The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which traffic investment affects traffic fatalities in China as well as regional differences.Methods:The cohort study analyzed the correlation between traffic investment and traffic fatalities,incorporating additional factors such as economic conditions,road infrastructure,population density,and lighting.The selected variables included the number of traffic fatalities,traffic investment,urban per capita road area,urban road length,road mileage,urban road lighting,population size,and per capita gross domestic product.Relevant data between 2004 and 2020 were collected for an analysis using a fixed effect regression model.Ap<0.05 is considered statistically significant.To reduce the heterogeneity caused by regional differences,the provinces were divided into 6 groups according to administrative districts,and the clustering standard error analysis was carried out.Results:Overall,there has been a significant improvement in road safety in China from 2004 to 2020,but some regions show an increase in traffic fatalities.The model reveals that traffic investment is significantly and positively correlated with the number of traffic fatalities.Holding all other factors constant,each 10,000 yuan increase in transport investment was associated with an average increase of 0.22 road traffic fatalities.In the analysis of regional differences,there was a significant positive correlation between traffic investment and traffic fatalities in the Northwest region and an increase of 10,000 yuan leads to an increase of 0.47.There was a significant negative correlation between road mileage,urban road lighting system,and population and traffic fatalities.For example,holding other factors constant,a 10,000 km reduction in road length would increase the number of traffic deaths by 45.56.The model results of urban per capita road area,urban road length,per capita gross domestic product,and the explained variables showed thatp>0.100,which was not statistically significant.Conclusions:Therefore,traffic investments are essential for governments to develop measures to enhance road safety and reduce the risk of road fatalities.Adjusting traffic road investment and other covariates is conducive to improving traffic safety and reducing the risk of road fatalities.The road safety situation in different regions of China varies greatly.Local governments should consider the actual conditions to provide better road safety configuration policies.展开更多
Objective： To compare fatalities and injuries in road traffic crashes （RTC） in Iran with other countries. Methods： Data were obtained from national health sources of Iran. These data included population number, r...Objective： To compare fatalities and injuries in road traffic crashes （RTC） in Iran with other countries. Methods： Data were obtained from national health sources of Iran. These data included population number, registered motor-vehicles number, number of RTCs and consequent fatalities and injuries from 1997 to 2006. Results： RTC fatality and injury rates increased from 1997 to 2005, but decreased in 2006. The overall men/women ratio in the RTC fatalities was 4.2：1. High RTC fatality rate of 39 per 100 000 population in Iran was almost the same as some other developing countries. In Iran, RTC fatalities in recent years were almost twice as much as the highest rate among the European countries. Conclusions： This investigation shows that in spite of reduction of RTC fatality in Iran in 2006, it is still one of the highest in the world. Moreover, this paper describes the state of RTC-related parameters in a developing country in comparison with the developed countries.展开更多
Motorcycle ownership in Vietnam has increased exponentially during the last two decades.As a result,traffic congestion,emissions,and traffic safety have been on the rise.Of particular concern is the significant increa...Motorcycle ownership in Vietnam has increased exponentially during the last two decades.As a result,traffic congestion,emissions,and traffic safety have been on the rise.Of particular concern is the significant increase in the number of traffic accidents due to higher traffic volume that is stimulated by economic development and improved households’economic mobility.During this time frame,many programs,such as traffic safety awareness campaign,have been developed and implemented by transportation agencies to reduce traffic fatalities.This study seeks to understand the long-term effect of policy intervention on traffic fatalities.This is accomplished by developing a log-linear regression model which the response variable is the number of traffic fatalities between 1990 and 2019 and the independent variables include Human Development Index(HDI),motorcycle ownership,and policy interventions.The model estimation results indicate that:(1)a higher degree of economic development(HDI)corresponds to lower traffic fatalities,(2)the motorcycle helmet law has lowered the number of annual traffic fatalities since its enactment,and(3)a higher number of motorcycle trips corresponds to a higher number of traffic fatalities.Based on this study’s findings,it is recommended that transportation agencies in Vietnam develop and promote an alternative transportation mode.展开更多
Rationale:Fereydounia(F.)khargensis is a novel yeast species identified in 2014 from environmental samples and has emerged as a rare pathogen causing human infections.Patient concerns:A 61-year-old male with end-stage...Rationale:Fereydounia(F.)khargensis is a novel yeast species identified in 2014 from environmental samples and has emerged as a rare pathogen causing human infections.Patient concerns:A 61-year-old male with end-stage renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,who presented with generalized abdominal pain,turbid dialysate and fever.Diagnosis:Peritoneal fluid culture revealed the presence of yeast cells.F.khargensis was identified by polymerase chain reaction method.Interventions:Removal of Tenckhoff catheter and intravenous fluconazole.Outcomes:He succumbed after two weeks of hospitalization.Lessons:This case report highlights the significance of a rare fungal pathogen,F.khargensis,which has been implicated in the mortality of an immunocompromised patient.Due to its rarity,F.khargensis poses significant challenges associated with its identification and has profound implications for clinical practice.展开更多
This article attempts to trace the status and many manifestations of erōs in Xenophon’s ethical and political thought.It examines its meaning in the narrow sense of“love and desire”and the broad sense of“affectiv...This article attempts to trace the status and many manifestations of erōs in Xenophon’s ethical and political thought.It examines its meaning in the narrow sense of“love and desire”and the broad sense of“affective feelings and friendship in the life of the family and the polis.”The principal goal is to demonstrate the remarkable coherence of Xenophon’s concept of erōs despite the diversity of the types of manifestation and visible differences in framing between male-male and male-female relationships.In addition,it will be shown that the principle of self-mastery as a vital criterion for the evaluation of sexual conduct is subordinated to what Xenophon perceives as the primary purpose of sexual intercourse:the procreation of progeny.展开更多
Objectives:The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of midwifery-led comprehensive care in improving perinatal outcomes among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Materials and Methods:A si...Objectives:The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of midwifery-led comprehensive care in improving perinatal outcomes among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Materials and Methods:A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted among 150 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation.The study was conducted between February 14,2022,and March 15,2024.Participants were randomly assigned(75 intervention,75 control)through computer-generated block randomization.The intervention arm received the midwifery-led comprehensive care,while the control group received standard routine care.The intervention was provided in 5 contact points(at 20 weeks,28 weeks,32 weeks,36 weeks,and before delivery)at the antenatal outpatient department(OPD).The tools used were a structured demographic questionnaire,structured tool for maternal and fetal outcomes.Data were collected at 20 weeks,28 weeks,32 weeks,and 36 weeks.Results:Neonatal resuscitation rate was lower in the intervention group(6.7%)than in the control group(21.3%).IUGR incidence(5.3%vs.16%)and fetal mortality(5.3%vs.14.7%)were also reduced.The independent sample t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that intervention arm has significantly improved key maternal and fetal parameters in terms of higher APGAR scores,better fetal heart rate at 32 weeks,and significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure,maternal weight,and proteinuria levels at various gestational weeks,indicating improved perinatal outcomes compared to the control group at P<0.05.Conclusion:Midwifery-led care positively influenced maternal health and fetal outcomes,reducing abnormal weight gain,stabilizing blood pressure,and reducing the adverse fetal outcome.As a feasible,scalable intervention,it can be generalized to diverse populations,emphasizing the need for broader implementation and further research.展开更多
BACKGROUND Systemic immunoinflammatory diseases can affect multiple systems and organs.They have a severe course and severe complications,causing multiple organ failure and death.Quite often these patients are require...BACKGROUND Systemic immunoinflammatory diseases can affect multiple systems and organs.They have a severe course and severe complications,causing multiple organ failure and death.Quite often these patients are required to be hospitalized in the intensive care unit(ICU).Approximately 50% of patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in children and systemic lupus erythematosus need admission to the ICU.AIM To find early predictors of death in patients with immunoinflammatory diseases who are hospitalized in the ICU.METHODS The retrospective continuous cohort study included 51 patients(23 males,28 females)with immunoinflammatory diseases,including multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019(n=18),systemic rheumatic diseases(n=24),and generalized infections(n=9).The patients ranged in age from 7 months to 17 years old and were admitted to the ICU of the clinic of Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University from 2007 to 2023.RESULTS Thirteen patients(25.5%)died within 39(17;62)days after ICU admission.Patients with an unfavorable outcome were significantly older and were admitted to the ICU later than patients who survived(30 days vs 7 days,P=0.013)and had a longer stay in the ICU(30 days vs 6 days,P=0.003).The main predictors of the fatal outcome were age>162 months[odds ratio(OR)=10.7;95%confidence interval(CI):2.4-47.2,P=0.0006],time to ICU admission>26 days from the disease onset(OR=12.0;95%CI:2.6-55.3,P=0.008),preceding immune suppression treatment(OR=6.2;95%CI:1.6-24.0,P=0.013),invasive mycosis during the ICU stay(OR=18.8;95%CI:1.9-184.1,P=0.0005),systemic rheumatic diseases(OR=7.2;95%CI:1.7-31.1,P=0.004),and ICU stay over 15 days(OR=19.1;95%CI:4.0-91.8,P=0.00003).Multiple regression analysis(r^(2)=0.422,P<0.000002)identified two predictors of the fatal outcomes:Systemic rheumatic diseases(P=0.015)and ICU stay over 15 days(P=0.00002).CONCLUSION Identifying patients at high risk of an unfavorable outcome is the subject of the most careful monitoring and appropriate treatment program.Avoiding ICU stays for patients with systemic rheumatic diseases,close monitoring,and preventing invasive mycosis might improve the outcome in children with systemic immunemediated diseases.展开更多
Marburg virus disease(MVD)is a highly fatal illness,with a case fatality rate of up to 88%,though this rate can be significantly reduced with prompt and effective patient care.The disease was first identified in 1967 ...Marburg virus disease(MVD)is a highly fatal illness,with a case fatality rate of up to 88%,though this rate can be significantly reduced with prompt and effective patient care.The disease was first identified in 1967 during concurrent outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt,Germany,and in Belgrade,Serbia,linked to laboratory use of African green monkeys imported from Uganda.Subsequent outbreaks and isolated cases have been reported in various African countries,including Angola,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Equatorial Guinea,Ghana,Guinea,Kenya,Rwanda,South Africa(in an individual with recent travel to Zimbabwe),Tanzania,and Uganda.Initial human MVD infections typically occur due to prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats,the natural hosts of the virus.展开更多
Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), w...Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), whereas the elevation of the center of Erbil city is 420 m (a.s.l.). The average gradient from the highest part to the center of the city is 2.15%, increasing towards northeast to reach 4.79%. The mean annual rainfall is 365 mm, while the average monthly rainfall is about 24.42 mm. The site of the city is mainly covered by alluvial fan sediments. Towards northeast, however, the exposures of the Bia Hassan Formation, which consists of alternation of conglomerate and claystone cover considerable areas (82 km<sup>2</sup>) and form the high lands NE of Erbil city. The exposed rocks are thick claystone alternating with coarse conglomerate. Two very heavy torrential rain events have caused flash floods in Erbil city on 30th October and 17th December 2021. The rainfall intensities were 52 mm/day and 60 mm/day, respectively, causing destructive floods. The most affected areas were Zirin (north of Erbil) and Dara Too (northeast of Erbil), respectively, with very heavy property damages and tens of fatalities. The main reasons for the floods were the partially constructed embankments of the 150 m ring-road, and the urban development within large and wide drainage basins. Different climate data were used for the purpose of this article, with field checks.展开更多
Several high-profile coal mining accidents since 2006 that killed 27 coal miners have prompted the passing of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 (MINER Act) which was signed into law in 2006,a...Several high-profile coal mining accidents since 2006 that killed 27 coal miners have prompted the passing of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 (MINER Act) which was signed into law in 2006,and the proposed S-MINER Act of 2007,which passed the House of Representative in early 2008.The four coal mining accidents are described that are believed to be responsible for both the MINER Act and proposed S-MINER Act,and their potential impacts on the U.S.mining industry.展开更多
This paper highlights the increasing problem of road traffic accident (RTA) related morbidity and mortality in Ghana, and the public health measures needed to control the problem. Descriptive data in the public domain...This paper highlights the increasing problem of road traffic accident (RTA) related morbidity and mortality in Ghana, and the public health measures needed to control the problem. Descriptive data in the public domain from statutory bodies and media houses reports on country RTA information, as well as academic papers on the problem, were used as source of information about the problem. The observed trend in Ghana indicates that RTA related fatalities and injuries continue to be increasing, as morbidity and mortality factors since the year 2000. Most of the remedial measures suggested in academic papers, and state agencies measures to curb the RTA trend in Ghana to date, have discussed the problem in terms of injury and safety issues/measures. This paper suggests that the increasing RTAs with associated morbidity and mortality in Ghana need to be looked at more as a public health problem and priority that requires prompt tackling using a public health problem orientated approach and measures, than just as a safety problem due to RTAs’, as is currently done.展开更多
This paper investigates the traffic accidents＇ trends and causes in Dubai. For this purpose, the traffic accident statistics for years 2003 to 2012 are used to examine the trends of different types of accidents and t...This paper investigates the traffic accidents＇ trends and causes in Dubai. For this purpose, the traffic accident statistics for years 2003 to 2012 are used to examine the trends of different types of accidents and the causes of these accidents. Also, the paper determines the most common types of accidents over the study period and identifies some of the causes for these accidents. Furthermore, the paper shows the impact of the new traffic law amendments, which were issued in 2008, on the accident rates and trends. The results showed that the implementation of the traffic law amendments did not have major impact in year 2008. However, there was a significant effect of these amendments in the following years. Also, lack of awareness of traffic laws and regulations in Dubai has been proven to be one of the major causes of accidents. Finally, the paper provides some recommendations to reduce the traffic accident rates, in order to achieve the Dubai Police Department 2020 strategic goal to have zero fatalities.展开更多
During the period from 1800 to 1989,the degree of fatalities(?from earthquakes in North China(Lat.34.0°-42.0°N,Long.107.5°-125.0°E)varied exponentially with the frequency of earthquake events(N),na...During the period from 1800 to 1989,the degree of fatalities(?from earthquakes in North China(Lat.34.0°-42.0°N,Long.107.5°-125.0°E)varied exponentially with the frequency of earthquake events(N),namely:N=37.71 exp(-0.72?(E-logD,D:deaths).For the periods from 1988 to 1998 and from 1999 to 2009,the probabilities for earthquakes to cause one thousand or more deaths in North China are estimated to be 0.37 and 0.50,respectively,by using the Gumbel’s extreme value theory.展开更多
Since the 1990s flood water hazards have recurrently created reason vexing moments on the Cameroonian urban folk of major and minor towns by inflicting fatality toll beating-off manned efforts to mitigate the ugliness...Since the 1990s flood water hazards have recurrently created reason vexing moments on the Cameroonian urban folk of major and minor towns by inflicting fatality toll beating-off manned efforts to mitigate the ugliness unleashed. Flood catastrophe in frequency and toll in towns sited on more inland highland towns like Bamenda has given birth to dynamic survival strategies since impacts change in space and time. Northern Bamenda has emerged as haven for ravaging River Mezam with rising forms of flood havoc on humans and their investments. Primary and secondary data collected from related stakeholders (government and municipal officials concerned with abating the flood occurrence and managing its aftermath as well as individuals who consciously or not trigger the floods). The aim of this study was to relativize flood water bearing on urban population reactions in the wake of the rising calamity. Results reveal that flood trends are advancing yearly in the like of fatalities that systematically make nonsense of urban setup human endeavours to tame floods. This study considers that an urgent urban flood hazard perception revolution must be engaged for this unplanned urban front that is developing where the topography presents a funnelling effect to stream water and so obviously has no respect for the existing flood countering socio-economic and engineering adaptations. Such flood disrespect for urban humans call for man-centred innovative and comprehensive paradigms should there be any hope for less hazardous sustainable city growth in Cameroon.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,grant number U2039207).
文摘Earthquakes can cause significant damage and loss of life,necessitating immediate assessment of the resulting fatalities.Rapid assessment and timely revision of fatality estimates are crucial for effective emergency decisionmaking.This study using the February 6,2023,M_(S)8.0 and M_(S)7.9 Kahramanmaras,Türkiye earthquakes as an example to estimate the ultimate number of fatalities.An early Quick Rough Estimate(QRE)based on the number of deaths reported by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Türkiye(AFAD)is conducted,and it dynamically adjusts these estimates as new data becomes available.The range of estimates of the final number of deaths can be calculated as 31384–56475 based on the"the QRE of the second day multiplied by 2–3" rule,which incorporates the reported final deaths 50500.The Quasi-Linear and Adaptive Estimation(QLAE)method adaptively adjusts the final fatality estimate within two days and predicts subsequent reported deaths.The correct order of magnitude of the final death toll can be estimated as early as 13 hr after the M_(S)8.0 earthquake.In addition,additional earthquakes such as May 12,2008,M_(S)8.1 Wenchuan earthquake(China),September 8,2023,M_(S)7.2 Al Haouz earthquake(Morocco),November 3,2023,M_(S)5.8 Mid-Western Nepal earthquake,December 18,2023,M_(S)6.1 Jishishan earthquake(China),January 1,2024,M_(S)7.2 Noto Peninsula earthquake(Japan)and August 8,2023,Maui,Hawaii,fires are added again to verified the correctness of the model.The fatalities from the Maui fires are found to be approximately equivalent to those resulting from an M_(S)7.4 earthquake.These methods complement existing frameworks such as Quake Loss Assessment for Response and Mitigation(QLARM)and Prompt Assessment of Global.
文摘In recent years, road accident fatalities in Nigeria have continued to be on the increase. Thus, urgent attention is needed to reduce or eliminate road accidents fatalities. To achieve this goal, the cumulative sum (Cusum) control chart scheme was designed for monitoring the road accident fatalities using the recorded occurrence of road accident fatalities in a state in the western part of Nigeria. The designed Cusum detects the period of the years when the highest occurrence of road accident fatalities occurred. These periods were observed to be festive periods such as Christmas, Easter, Eid-el- Kabir, and Eid-el-Moluod. Therefore, the festive periods of the year should be used as benchmark by road managers as periods where more attention or precaution measure should be put in place on the roads to drastically reduce or eliminate high occurrence of road accident fatalities. The designed Cusum control chart can be adapted for other states in the country and also for the larger society for detecting the periods when the rate of death as a result of road accidents was prevalent.
文摘It has long been postulated that a relationship exists between commodity price cycles and fatalities in the mining industry.Previous studies have found only weak correlations in this area.This study analyses the fatalities recorded in coal mines over the period 1985-2016 in the State of Queensland as a function of thermal coal price variation.The study finds that the relationship between fatalities and coal prices is not linear.One to two fatalities occur in most years independent of the thermal coal price.When the price of coal falls below AUD 55/tonne(non-inflation adjusted),the likelihood of an incident involving multiple fatalities increases.The probability can be estimated at 2 in 18 events(equivalent to 11%).This paper postulates that in difficult economic times,mining companies react by downsizing direct employees.If not carefully managed,this can result in loss of knowledge around safety systems,and reduced effectiveness of safety supervision.Because of labour cost advantages,some jobs previously undertaken by direct employees will be replaced by contractors.Increased contractor numbers contribute to increased risk of fatalities occurring,as contractors are over-represented in accident categories involving vehicle accidents,tire handling and crushing incidents.Mine inspectorates,mining,and mining contractor companies need to be especially vigilant to enforce health and safety management systems during periods of low coal prices.
文摘Background: Any healthcare facility must be prepared to handle a dramatic increase in deaths that can be produced by a catastrophic disaster. A mass fatality incident (MFI) will significantly increase the usual number of deaths that hospitals or forensic science services can manage on a daily basis. A survey was conducted to assess the hospital emergency department level of preparedness to deal with an MFI. Objective: To examine healthcare facilities level of preparedness for an MFI and morgue capacity. Methods: A total of 39 out of a sample of 44 hospitals participated in the study. Seven questionnaires were administered to explore: hospital general characteristics;emergency plans;equipment and infrastructure;collaborative agreements;personnel trainings;emergency communications;laboratory facilities;treatment protocols;security;and, epidemiologic surveillance. Results: Three-fourths (79.5%) of the healthcare facilities reported having a morgue, their average storage capacity was of three bodies. More than two-thirds (66.7%) of the institutions stated that they could not increase their morgue’s capacity. Most installations without a morgue do not possess an agreement with any other institution for the management of bodies. Hospitals have a very limited number of body bags utilized for the handling and transport of bodies. Conclusion: Most of healthcare facilities have morgues, but there are limitations with the current capacity and the lack of resources to increase their capacity in case of a disaster. Management of an MFI must be part of every hospital’s emergency plan, and must include collaborative agreements with forensic authorities, emergency management and public health agencies, and the community.
基金Polish Ministry of Education and Science for the Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences.
文摘Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards worldwide.While rainfall is the primary trigger of floods,human activities and climate change can exacerbate the impacts of floods and lead to more significant economic and social consequences.In this research,fluvial flood fatalities in the 1951–2020 period have been studied,analyzing the information reported in the Emergency Database(EM-DAT).The EM-DAT data were classified into five categories in terms of the number of events and fatalities connected with riverine floods,considering only events that caused more than 10 fatalities.The results show that the severity of flood-related fatalities is not equally distributed worldwide,but presents specific geographical patterns.The flood fatality coefficient,which represents the ratio between the total number of fatalities and the number of flood events,calculated for different countries,identified that the Southern,Eastern,and South-Eastern regions of Asia have the deadliest floods in the world.The number of flood events has been increasing since 1951 and peaked in 2007,following a relative decline since then.Though,the resulting fatalities do not follow a statistically significant trend.An analysis of the number of flood events in different decades shows that the 2001–2010 decade saw the highest number of events,which corresponds to the largest precipitation anomaly in the world.The lethality of riverine floods decreased over time,from 412 per flood in 1951–1960 to 67 in the 2011–2020 decade.This declining trend is probably a consequence of a more resilient environment and better risk reduction strategies.Based on the presented data and using regression analysis,relationships between flood fatalities and the number of flood events with population density and gross domestic product are developed and discussed.
文摘Objective： To analyze the crash and injury data in forensic medicine for years of 2004-2007. Methods： A sample of over 567 accident cases （9 pedestrians, 116 bicyclists, and 442 motor vehicle occupants） was considered from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, involving drivers of all ages and covering a four-year period. Results： The male fatality rates were significantly higher than female ones. The groups at 15-30 years old and at 30-55 years old had the first and second highest numbers of deaths （40% and 34%, respectively）. There were substantial differences in distribution of injuries in motor vehicle occupants and pedestrians and bicyclists. Among motor vehicle occupants, there were more head injuries, such as skull fracture, brain contusion, subdural haemorrhage, and epidural haemorrhage. Nearly 77% of fatalities occurred during 08：00-22：00 in Sirjan. Internal bleeding was also higher in motor vehicle occupants. Pedestrians and bicyclists also had head injuries frequently. Conclusions： In spite of reduction of road traffic fatalities in Sirjan in 2007, it is still one of the cities with high road traffic fatality in the world. These results underline the importance of preventive strategies in transportation, suggesting that different methods are necessary to reduce fatalities of various traffic participants.
文摘Purpose:Road traffic injuries(RTIs)have been one of the most serious public health problems in China.The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which traffic investment affects traffic fatalities in China as well as regional differences.Methods:The cohort study analyzed the correlation between traffic investment and traffic fatalities,incorporating additional factors such as economic conditions,road infrastructure,population density,and lighting.The selected variables included the number of traffic fatalities,traffic investment,urban per capita road area,urban road length,road mileage,urban road lighting,population size,and per capita gross domestic product.Relevant data between 2004 and 2020 were collected for an analysis using a fixed effect regression model.Ap<0.05 is considered statistically significant.To reduce the heterogeneity caused by regional differences,the provinces were divided into 6 groups according to administrative districts,and the clustering standard error analysis was carried out.Results:Overall,there has been a significant improvement in road safety in China from 2004 to 2020,but some regions show an increase in traffic fatalities.The model reveals that traffic investment is significantly and positively correlated with the number of traffic fatalities.Holding all other factors constant,each 10,000 yuan increase in transport investment was associated with an average increase of 0.22 road traffic fatalities.In the analysis of regional differences,there was a significant positive correlation between traffic investment and traffic fatalities in the Northwest region and an increase of 10,000 yuan leads to an increase of 0.47.There was a significant negative correlation between road mileage,urban road lighting system,and population and traffic fatalities.For example,holding other factors constant,a 10,000 km reduction in road length would increase the number of traffic deaths by 45.56.The model results of urban per capita road area,urban road length,per capita gross domestic product,and the explained variables showed thatp>0.100,which was not statistically significant.Conclusions:Therefore,traffic investments are essential for governments to develop measures to enhance road safety and reduce the risk of road fatalities.Adjusting traffic road investment and other covariates is conducive to improving traffic safety and reducing the risk of road fatalities.The road safety situation in different regions of China varies greatly.Local governments should consider the actual conditions to provide better road safety configuration policies.
文摘Objective： To compare fatalities and injuries in road traffic crashes （RTC） in Iran with other countries. Methods： Data were obtained from national health sources of Iran. These data included population number, registered motor-vehicles number, number of RTCs and consequent fatalities and injuries from 1997 to 2006. Results： RTC fatality and injury rates increased from 1997 to 2005, but decreased in 2006. The overall men/women ratio in the RTC fatalities was 4.2：1. High RTC fatality rate of 39 per 100 000 population in Iran was almost the same as some other developing countries. In Iran, RTC fatalities in recent years were almost twice as much as the highest rate among the European countries. Conclusions： This investigation shows that in spite of reduction of RTC fatality in Iran in 2006, it is still one of the highest in the world. Moreover, this paper describes the state of RTC-related parameters in a developing country in comparison with the developed countries.
文摘Motorcycle ownership in Vietnam has increased exponentially during the last two decades.As a result,traffic congestion,emissions,and traffic safety have been on the rise.Of particular concern is the significant increase in the number of traffic accidents due to higher traffic volume that is stimulated by economic development and improved households’economic mobility.During this time frame,many programs,such as traffic safety awareness campaign,have been developed and implemented by transportation agencies to reduce traffic fatalities.This study seeks to understand the long-term effect of policy intervention on traffic fatalities.This is accomplished by developing a log-linear regression model which the response variable is the number of traffic fatalities between 1990 and 2019 and the independent variables include Human Development Index(HDI),motorcycle ownership,and policy interventions.The model estimation results indicate that:(1)a higher degree of economic development(HDI)corresponds to lower traffic fatalities,(2)the motorcycle helmet law has lowered the number of annual traffic fatalities since its enactment,and(3)a higher number of motorcycle trips corresponds to a higher number of traffic fatalities.Based on this study’s findings,it is recommended that transportation agencies in Vietnam develop and promote an alternative transportation mode.
文摘Rationale:Fereydounia(F.)khargensis is a novel yeast species identified in 2014 from environmental samples and has emerged as a rare pathogen causing human infections.Patient concerns:A 61-year-old male with end-stage renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,who presented with generalized abdominal pain,turbid dialysate and fever.Diagnosis:Peritoneal fluid culture revealed the presence of yeast cells.F.khargensis was identified by polymerase chain reaction method.Interventions:Removal of Tenckhoff catheter and intravenous fluconazole.Outcomes:He succumbed after two weeks of hospitalization.Lessons:This case report highlights the significance of a rare fungal pathogen,F.khargensis,which has been implicated in the mortality of an immunocompromised patient.Due to its rarity,F.khargensis poses significant challenges associated with its identification and has profound implications for clinical practice.
文摘This article attempts to trace the status and many manifestations of erōs in Xenophon’s ethical and political thought.It examines its meaning in the narrow sense of“love and desire”and the broad sense of“affective feelings and friendship in the life of the family and the polis.”The principal goal is to demonstrate the remarkable coherence of Xenophon’s concept of erōs despite the diversity of the types of manifestation and visible differences in framing between male-male and male-female relationships.In addition,it will be shown that the principle of self-mastery as a vital criterion for the evaluation of sexual conduct is subordinated to what Xenophon perceives as the primary purpose of sexual intercourse:the procreation of progeny.
文摘Objectives:The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of midwifery-led comprehensive care in improving perinatal outcomes among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Materials and Methods:A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted among 150 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation.The study was conducted between February 14,2022,and March 15,2024.Participants were randomly assigned(75 intervention,75 control)through computer-generated block randomization.The intervention arm received the midwifery-led comprehensive care,while the control group received standard routine care.The intervention was provided in 5 contact points(at 20 weeks,28 weeks,32 weeks,36 weeks,and before delivery)at the antenatal outpatient department(OPD).The tools used were a structured demographic questionnaire,structured tool for maternal and fetal outcomes.Data were collected at 20 weeks,28 weeks,32 weeks,and 36 weeks.Results:Neonatal resuscitation rate was lower in the intervention group(6.7%)than in the control group(21.3%).IUGR incidence(5.3%vs.16%)and fetal mortality(5.3%vs.14.7%)were also reduced.The independent sample t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that intervention arm has significantly improved key maternal and fetal parameters in terms of higher APGAR scores,better fetal heart rate at 32 weeks,and significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure,maternal weight,and proteinuria levels at various gestational weeks,indicating improved perinatal outcomes compared to the control group at P<0.05.Conclusion:Midwifery-led care positively influenced maternal health and fetal outcomes,reducing abnormal weight gain,stabilizing blood pressure,and reducing the adverse fetal outcome.As a feasible,scalable intervention,it can be generalized to diverse populations,emphasizing the need for broader implementation and further research.
文摘BACKGROUND Systemic immunoinflammatory diseases can affect multiple systems and organs.They have a severe course and severe complications,causing multiple organ failure and death.Quite often these patients are required to be hospitalized in the intensive care unit(ICU).Approximately 50% of patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in children and systemic lupus erythematosus need admission to the ICU.AIM To find early predictors of death in patients with immunoinflammatory diseases who are hospitalized in the ICU.METHODS The retrospective continuous cohort study included 51 patients(23 males,28 females)with immunoinflammatory diseases,including multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019(n=18),systemic rheumatic diseases(n=24),and generalized infections(n=9).The patients ranged in age from 7 months to 17 years old and were admitted to the ICU of the clinic of Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University from 2007 to 2023.RESULTS Thirteen patients(25.5%)died within 39(17;62)days after ICU admission.Patients with an unfavorable outcome were significantly older and were admitted to the ICU later than patients who survived(30 days vs 7 days,P=0.013)and had a longer stay in the ICU(30 days vs 6 days,P=0.003).The main predictors of the fatal outcome were age>162 months[odds ratio(OR)=10.7;95%confidence interval(CI):2.4-47.2,P=0.0006],time to ICU admission>26 days from the disease onset(OR=12.0;95%CI:2.6-55.3,P=0.008),preceding immune suppression treatment(OR=6.2;95%CI:1.6-24.0,P=0.013),invasive mycosis during the ICU stay(OR=18.8;95%CI:1.9-184.1,P=0.0005),systemic rheumatic diseases(OR=7.2;95%CI:1.7-31.1,P=0.004),and ICU stay over 15 days(OR=19.1;95%CI:4.0-91.8,P=0.00003).Multiple regression analysis(r^(2)=0.422,P<0.000002)identified two predictors of the fatal outcomes:Systemic rheumatic diseases(P=0.015)and ICU stay over 15 days(P=0.00002).CONCLUSION Identifying patients at high risk of an unfavorable outcome is the subject of the most careful monitoring and appropriate treatment program.Avoiding ICU stays for patients with systemic rheumatic diseases,close monitoring,and preventing invasive mycosis might improve the outcome in children with systemic immunemediated diseases.
文摘Marburg virus disease(MVD)is a highly fatal illness,with a case fatality rate of up to 88%,though this rate can be significantly reduced with prompt and effective patient care.The disease was first identified in 1967 during concurrent outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt,Germany,and in Belgrade,Serbia,linked to laboratory use of African green monkeys imported from Uganda.Subsequent outbreaks and isolated cases have been reported in various African countries,including Angola,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Equatorial Guinea,Ghana,Guinea,Kenya,Rwanda,South Africa(in an individual with recent travel to Zimbabwe),Tanzania,and Uganda.Initial human MVD infections typically occur due to prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats,the natural hosts of the virus.
文摘Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), whereas the elevation of the center of Erbil city is 420 m (a.s.l.). The average gradient from the highest part to the center of the city is 2.15%, increasing towards northeast to reach 4.79%. The mean annual rainfall is 365 mm, while the average monthly rainfall is about 24.42 mm. The site of the city is mainly covered by alluvial fan sediments. Towards northeast, however, the exposures of the Bia Hassan Formation, which consists of alternation of conglomerate and claystone cover considerable areas (82 km<sup>2</sup>) and form the high lands NE of Erbil city. The exposed rocks are thick claystone alternating with coarse conglomerate. Two very heavy torrential rain events have caused flash floods in Erbil city on 30th October and 17th December 2021. The rainfall intensities were 52 mm/day and 60 mm/day, respectively, causing destructive floods. The most affected areas were Zirin (north of Erbil) and Dara Too (northeast of Erbil), respectively, with very heavy property damages and tens of fatalities. The main reasons for the floods were the partially constructed embankments of the 150 m ring-road, and the urban development within large and wide drainage basins. Different climate data were used for the purpose of this article, with field checks.
文摘Several high-profile coal mining accidents since 2006 that killed 27 coal miners have prompted the passing of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 (MINER Act) which was signed into law in 2006,and the proposed S-MINER Act of 2007,which passed the House of Representative in early 2008.The four coal mining accidents are described that are believed to be responsible for both the MINER Act and proposed S-MINER Act,and their potential impacts on the U.S.mining industry.
文摘This paper highlights the increasing problem of road traffic accident (RTA) related morbidity and mortality in Ghana, and the public health measures needed to control the problem. Descriptive data in the public domain from statutory bodies and media houses reports on country RTA information, as well as academic papers on the problem, were used as source of information about the problem. The observed trend in Ghana indicates that RTA related fatalities and injuries continue to be increasing, as morbidity and mortality factors since the year 2000. Most of the remedial measures suggested in academic papers, and state agencies measures to curb the RTA trend in Ghana to date, have discussed the problem in terms of injury and safety issues/measures. This paper suggests that the increasing RTAs with associated morbidity and mortality in Ghana need to be looked at more as a public health problem and priority that requires prompt tackling using a public health problem orientated approach and measures, than just as a safety problem due to RTAs’, as is currently done.
文摘This paper investigates the traffic accidents＇ trends and causes in Dubai. For this purpose, the traffic accident statistics for years 2003 to 2012 are used to examine the trends of different types of accidents and the causes of these accidents. Also, the paper determines the most common types of accidents over the study period and identifies some of the causes for these accidents. Furthermore, the paper shows the impact of the new traffic law amendments, which were issued in 2008, on the accident rates and trends. The results showed that the implementation of the traffic law amendments did not have major impact in year 2008. However, there was a significant effect of these amendments in the following years. Also, lack of awareness of traffic laws and regulations in Dubai has been proven to be one of the major causes of accidents. Finally, the paper provides some recommendations to reduce the traffic accident rates, in order to achieve the Dubai Police Department 2020 strategic goal to have zero fatalities.
文摘During the period from 1800 to 1989,the degree of fatalities(?from earthquakes in North China(Lat.34.0°-42.0°N,Long.107.5°-125.0°E)varied exponentially with the frequency of earthquake events(N),namely:N=37.71 exp(-0.72?(E-logD,D:deaths).For the periods from 1988 to 1998 and from 1999 to 2009,the probabilities for earthquakes to cause one thousand or more deaths in North China are estimated to be 0.37 and 0.50,respectively,by using the Gumbel’s extreme value theory.
文摘Since the 1990s flood water hazards have recurrently created reason vexing moments on the Cameroonian urban folk of major and minor towns by inflicting fatality toll beating-off manned efforts to mitigate the ugliness unleashed. Flood catastrophe in frequency and toll in towns sited on more inland highland towns like Bamenda has given birth to dynamic survival strategies since impacts change in space and time. Northern Bamenda has emerged as haven for ravaging River Mezam with rising forms of flood havoc on humans and their investments. Primary and secondary data collected from related stakeholders (government and municipal officials concerned with abating the flood occurrence and managing its aftermath as well as individuals who consciously or not trigger the floods). The aim of this study was to relativize flood water bearing on urban population reactions in the wake of the rising calamity. Results reveal that flood trends are advancing yearly in the like of fatalities that systematically make nonsense of urban setup human endeavours to tame floods. This study considers that an urgent urban flood hazard perception revolution must be engaged for this unplanned urban front that is developing where the topography presents a funnelling effect to stream water and so obviously has no respect for the existing flood countering socio-economic and engineering adaptations. Such flood disrespect for urban humans call for man-centred innovative and comprehensive paradigms should there be any hope for less hazardous sustainable city growth in Cameroon.
