With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a se...With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a self-powered sensor,it can greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire sensing system by transforming external mechanical energy to electricity.However,the fabrication method of triboelectric sensors largely determines their functionality and performance.This review provides an overview of various methods used to fabricate triboelectric sensors,with a focus on the processes of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology,three-dimensional printing,textile methods,template-assisted methods,and material synthesis methods for manufacturing.The working mechanisms and suitable application scenarios of various methods are outlined.Subsequently,the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized,and reference schemes for the subsequent application of these methods are included.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by different methods are discussed,as well as their potential for application in various intelligent systems in the Internet of Things.展开更多
Wearable bioelectronic devices are rapidly evolving towards miniaturization and multifunctionality,with remarkable features such as flexibility and comfort.However,achieving a sustainable power supply for wearable bio...Wearable bioelectronic devices are rapidly evolving towards miniaturization and multifunctionality,with remarkable features such as flexibility and comfort.However,achieving a sustainable power supply for wearable bioelectronic devices is still a great challenge.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)provide an efficient solution by converting irregular,low-frequency bioenergy from the human body into electrical energy.Beyond sustainably powering wearable bioelectronics,the harvested electrical energy also carries rich information for human body sensing.In this conversion process,the choice of material plays a crucial role in affecting the output performance of the TENGs.Among various materials,silicone rubber(SR)stands out due to its exceptional plasticity,flexibility,comfortability and other favorable properties.Moreover,with appropriate treatment,SR can achieve extreme functionalities such as high robustness,good stability,self-healing capabilities,rapid response,and more.In this review,recent advances in wearable SR-based TENGs(SR-TENGs)are systematically reviewed with a focus on their application in different parts of the human body.Given that the manufacturing method of SR-TENGs largely determines its output performance and sensitivity,this paper introduces the design of SR-TENGs,including material selection,process modulation,and structure optimization.Additionally,this article discusses the current challenges in the SR-TENG fabrication technology and potential future directions,aiming to promote the effective development of SR-TENGs in biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications.展开更多
Single negatively charged nitrogen vacancy(NV-)centers in diamond have emerged as promising platforms for quantum information science,where long coherence times are essential for advancing quantum technologies.However...Single negatively charged nitrogen vacancy(NV-)centers in diamond have emerged as promising platforms for quantum information science,where long coherence times are essential for advancing quantum technologies.However,traditional fabrication methods often introduce lattice damage during the irradiation process used to create vacancies,significantly impairing the spin coherence properties of NV-centers.展开更多
Gas-liquid interfacial films have emerged as versatile materials for surface modification in biomedical applications,agriculture,and antifouling owing to their strong substrate-bonding capabilities.Silk nanofibrils(SN...Gas-liquid interfacial films have emerged as versatile materials for surface modification in biomedical applications,agriculture,and antifouling owing to their strong substrate-bonding capabilities.Silk nanofibrils(SNF),as nanoscale building blocks of silk,exhibit exceptional mechanical stability,high crystallinity,and aqueous adaptability,making them ideal candidates for fabricating interfacial films.However,conventional fabrication methods for SNF-or protein-based interfacial films often involve complex and resource-intensive chemical processes.To overcome these challenges,this study introduces a simple and efficient strategy for preparing thermally induced SNF gas-liquid interfacial films via heat treatment,leveraging thermal evaporation-induced concentration to drive self-assembly.The method demonstrated broad applicability to various proteins and hydrophilic substrates,offering versatility and sustainability.Furthermore,the prepared films exhibited potential as antifouling and anti-counterfeiting functional coatings,significantly expanding the application scenarios of protein-based interfacial films.展开更多
Iron-based metal matrix composites(IMMCs)have attracted significant research attention due to their high specific stiffness and strength,making them potentially suitable for various engineering applications.Microstruc...Iron-based metal matrix composites(IMMCs)have attracted significant research attention due to their high specific stiffness and strength,making them potentially suitable for various engineering applications.Microstructural design,including the selection of reinforcement and matrix phases,the reinforcement volume fraction,and the interface issues are essential factors determining the engineering performance of IMMCs.A variety of fabrication methods have been developed to manufacture IMMCs in recent years.This paper reviews the recent advances and development of IMMCs with particular focus on microstructure design,fabrication methods,and their engineering performance.The microstructure design issues of IMMC are firstly discussed,including the reinforcement and matrix phase selection criteria,interface geometry and characteristics,and the bonding mechanism.The fabrication methods,including liquid state,solid state,and gas-mixing processing are comprehensively reviewed and compared.The engineering performance of IMMCs in terms of elastic modulus,hardness and wear resistance,tensile and fracture behavior is reviewed.Finally,the current challenges of the IMMCs are highlighted,followed by the discussion and outlook of the future research directions of IMMCs.展开更多
Flexible underwater vehicles with high maneuverability,high efficiency,high speed,and low disturbance have shown great application potential and research significance in underwater engineering,ocean exploration,scient...Flexible underwater vehicles with high maneuverability,high efficiency,high speed,and low disturbance have shown great application potential and research significance in underwater engineering,ocean exploration,scientific investigation and other fields.The research and development of flexible stimulus-responsive actuators is key to the development of high-performance underwater vehicles.At present,the main drive methods for underwater devices include electric drive,magnetic drive,light drive,thermal drive,and chemical drive.In this work,the research progress of stimuli-responsive actuators in water environment is reviewed from the stimuli-responsive patterns,functional design,fabrication methods,and applications in water environment.Firstly,the actuation principles and characteristics of electro-responsive,magnetic-responsive,photo-responsive,thermo-responsive actuators,and chemically responsive actuators are reviewed.Subsequently,several design requirements for the desired flexible actuators are introduced.After that,the common fabrication methods are summarized.The typical application of the stimuli-responsive actuator in the water environment is further discussed in combination with the multi-stimuli-responsive characteristics.Finally,the challenges faced by the application of stimuli-responsive actuators in the water environment are analyzed,and the corresponding viewpoints are presented.This review offers guidance for designing and preparing stimulus-responsive actuators and outlines directions for further development in fields such as ocean energy exploration and surface reconnaissance.展开更多
Ion optics are crucial components of ion thrusters and the study of the different ion extraction solutions used since the beginning of the electric propulsion era is essential to understand the evolution of ion engine...Ion optics are crucial components of ion thrusters and the study of the different ion extraction solutions used since the beginning of the electric propulsion era is essential to understand the evolution of ion engines. This work describes ion engine grids＇ main functions, parameters and issues related to thermal expansion and sputter erosion, and then introduces a review of ion optics used for significant launched and tested ion thrusters since 1970. Configurations, geometries, materials and fabrication methods are analyzed to understand when typical ion thrusters use two or three grids, what are the thicknesses and aperture sizes of the screen, accelerator and decelerator grids, why molybdenum and carbon-based materials such as pyrolytic graphite and carbon–carbon are the best available options for ion optics and what is the manufacturing method for each material.展开更多
We fabricate flexible conductive and transparent graphene films on position-emission-tomography substrates and prepare large area graphene films by graphite oxide sheets with the new technical process. The multi-layer...We fabricate flexible conductive and transparent graphene films on position-emission-tomography substrates and prepare large area graphene films by graphite oxide sheets with the new technical process. The multi-layer graphene oxide sheets can be chemically reduced by HNO3 and HI to form a highly conductive graphene film on a substrate at lower temperature. The reduced graphene oxide sheets show a high conductivity sheet with resistance of 476Ω/sq and transmittance of 76% at 550nm （6 layers）. The technique used to produce the transparent conductive graphene thin film is facile, inexpensive, and can be tunable for a large area production applied for electronics or touch screens.展开更多
Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays are prepared by a simple method, which is a thermal annealing thin gold film deposited on anodie oxidized TiO2 nanotube arrays. These electron microscope images present t...Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays are prepared by a simple method, which is a thermal annealing thin gold film deposited on anodie oxidized TiO2 nanotube arrays. These electron microscope images present that Au nanoparticles are well dispersed within the wall and on the surface of the XiO2 nanotubes. Meanwhile, the morphologies of Au nanoparticles can be controlled by changing the thickness of the deposited gold film. Associ- ated with the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances, the prepared Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays could work as visible light responsive photocatalysts to produce a greatly enhanced photocurrent density. By varying the initial gold film thickness, such Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays could be optimized to obtain the highest photocurrent generation efficiency in the visible and UV light regions.展开更多
Mg matrix composites(Mg MCs)with enhanced mechanical and functional properties,as well as improved elastic modulus,have aroused rising attention from the aerospace,new energy vehicles,and consumer electronics industri...Mg matrix composites(Mg MCs)with enhanced mechanical and functional properties,as well as improved elastic modulus,have aroused rising attention from the aerospace,new energy vehicles,and consumer electronics industries.The suitability of the fabrication process is crucial for achieving uniform dispersion of various reinforcing materials within the Mg alloy matrix and for forming strong interfacial bonding.This ensures that the produced Mg MCs meet the requirements for fabricating various components with different demands for size and properties.This paper comprehensively reviews the present fabrication methods for MgMCs in four categories:stir casting,external addition methods,in-situ synthesis methods and novel fabrication methods.It comprehensively focuses on the fabrication principles,process characteristics and key parameters optimization of each technology.Through in-depth analysis,their advantages,limitations and applications are evaluated.Meanwhile,the latest research achievements in microstructure control and mechanical performance optimization are explored.Eventually,the development directions of the fabrication methods for MgMCs in the future are also discussed.展开更多
Open-cell metallic foams or porous metals have a distinctive combination of excellent structural performance and superior functional characteristics,such as their light weight,energy absorption,sound absorption,heat d...Open-cell metallic foams or porous metals have a distinctive combination of excellent structural performance and superior functional characteristics,such as their light weight,energy absorption,sound absorption,heat dissipation,and electromagnetic shielding.As a primary representative of metallic foams,aluminum foam has developed into a new engineering material with many unique applications in the fields of aerospace,automotive industry,petrochemical industry,building materials,and etc.This paper summarizes the fabrication methods,properties,and applications of open-cell aluminum foams.The current status and development trends are also introduced.展开更多
As an excellent giant-magnetostrictive material, Tb-Dy-Fe alloys(based on Tb0.27-0.30Dy0.73-0.70Fe1.9-2Laves compound) can be applied in many engineering fields, such as sonar transducer systems, sensors, and micro-ac...As an excellent giant-magnetostrictive material, Tb-Dy-Fe alloys(based on Tb0.27-0.30Dy0.73-0.70Fe1.9-2Laves compound) can be applied in many engineering fields, such as sonar transducer systems, sensors, and micro-actuators. However, the cost of the rare earth elements Tb and Dy is too high to be widely applied for the materials. Nowadays, there are two different ways to substitute for these alloying elements. One is to partially replace Tb or Dy by cheaper rare earth elements, such as Pr, Nd, Sm and Ho; and the other is to use non-rare earth elements, such as Co, Al, Mn, Si, Ce, B, Be and C, to substitute Fe to form single MgCu_2-type Laves phase and a certain amount of Re-rich phase, which can reduce the brittleness and improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy. This paper systemically introduces the development, the fabrication methods and the corresponding preferred growth directions of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys. In addition, the effects of alloying elements and heat treatment on magnetostrictive and mechanical properties of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys are also reviewed, respectively. Finally, some possible applications of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys are presented.展开更多
Metal-matrix composites reinforced with shape memory alloys （SMA, including long fiber, short fiber, and particle） are ＂intelligent materials＂ with many special physical and mechanical properties, such as high dam...Metal-matrix composites reinforced with shape memory alloys （SMA, including long fiber, short fiber, and particle） are ＂intelligent materials＂ with many special physical and mechanical properties, such as high damping property, high tensile strength, and fatigue resistance. In this review article, the fabrication method, microstructure, interface reaction, modeling, and physical and mechanical properties of the composites are addressed. Particular emphasis has been given to （a） fabrication and microstructure of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with SMAs, and （b） shape memory effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. While the bulk of the information is related to aluminum matrix composites, important results are now available for other metal-matrix composites.展开更多
Zinc oxide （ZnO） is a wide band-gap material of the Ⅱ-Ⅵ group with excellent optical properties for optoelectronics applications, such as the flat panel displays and solar cells used in sports tournament. Despite ...Zinc oxide （ZnO） is a wide band-gap material of the Ⅱ-Ⅵ group with excellent optical properties for optoelectronics applications, such as the flat panel displays and solar cells used in sports tournament. Despite its advantages, the application of ZnO is hampered by the lack of stable p-type doping. In this paper, the recent progress in this field was briefly reviewed, and a comprehensive summary of the research was carded out on ZnO fabrication methods and its electrical, optical, and magnetic properties were presented.展开更多
Due to their tiny size,autonomous motion and functionalize modifications,micro/nanomotors have shown great potential for environmental remediation,biomedicine and micro/nano-engineering.One-dimensional(1D)micro/nanomo...Due to their tiny size,autonomous motion and functionalize modifications,micro/nanomotors have shown great potential for environmental remediation,biomedicine and micro/nano-engineering.One-dimensional(1D)micro/nanomotors combine the characteristics of anisotropy and large aspect ratio of 1D materials with the advantages of functionalization and autonomous motion of micro/nanomotors for revolutionary applications.In this review,we discuss current research progress on 1D micro/nanomotors,including the fabrication methods,driving mechanisms,and recent advances in environmental remediation and biomedical applications,as well as discuss current challenges and possible solutions.With continuous attention and innovation,the advancement of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave the way for the continued development of the micro/nanomotor field.展开更多
Needles,as some of the most widely used medical devices,have been effectively applied in human disease prevention,diagnosis,treatment,and rehabilitation.Thin 1D needle can easily penetrate cells/organs by generating h...Needles,as some of the most widely used medical devices,have been effectively applied in human disease prevention,diagnosis,treatment,and rehabilitation.Thin 1D needle can easily penetrate cells/organs by generating highly localized stress with their sharp tips to achieve bioliquid sampling,biosensing,drug delivery,surgery,and other such applications.In this review,we provide an overview of multiscale needle fabrication techniques and their biomedical applications.Needles are classified as nanoneedles,microneedles and millineedles based on the needle diameter,and their fabrication techniques are highlighted.Nanoneedles bridge the inside and outside of cells,achieving intracellular electrical recording,biochemical sensing,and drug delivery.Microneedles penetrate the stratum corneum layer to detect biomarkers/bioelectricity in interstitial fluid and deliver drugs through the skin into the human circulatory system.Millineedles,including puncture,syringe,acupuncture and suture needles,are presented.Finally,conclusions and future perspectives for next-generation nano/micro/milli needles are discussed.展开更多
As two promising biomaterials for bone implants,biomedical metals have favorable mechanical properties and good machinability but lack of bioactivity;while bioceramics are known for good biocompatibility or even bioac...As two promising biomaterials for bone implants,biomedical metals have favorable mechanical properties and good machinability but lack of bioactivity;while bioceramics are known for good biocompatibility or even bioactivity but limited by their high brittleness.Biocermets,a kind of composites composing of bioceramics and biomedical metals,have been developed as an effective solution by combining their complementary advantages.This paper focused on the recently studied biocermets for bone implant applications.Concretely,biocermets were divided into ceramic-based biocermets and metal-based biocermets according to the phase percentages.Their characteristics were systematically summarized,and the fabrication methods for biocermets were reviewed and compared.Emphases were put on the interactions between bioceramics and biomedical metals,as well as the performance improvement mechanisms.More importantly,the main methods for the interfacial reinforcing were summarized,and the corresponding interfacial reinforcing mechanisms were discussed.In addition,the in vitro and in vivo biological performances of biocermets were also reviewed.Finally,future research directions were proposed on the advancement in component design,interfacial reinforcing and forming mechanisms for the fabrication of high-performance biocermets.展开更多
A highly transparent Eu3＋-doped CaGdA104 （CGA） single crystal is grown by the floating zone method. The segregation coefficient, x ray diffraction, and x ray rocking curve are detected, and the results reveal that ...A highly transparent Eu3＋-doped CaGdA104 （CGA） single crystal is grown by the floating zone method. The segregation coefficient, x ray diffraction, and x ray rocking curve are detected, and the results reveal that the single crystal is of high quality. The f-f transitions of Eu3＋ in the host lattice are discussed. The 5D0-7F2 emis- sion transition at 621 nm （red light） is dominant over the 5D0-7F1 emission transitions at 591 and 599 nm （orange light）, agreeing well with the random crystal environment of Eu3＋ ions in a CGA crystal. The decay time of Eu：5D0 is measured to be 1.02 ms. All the results show that the Eu：CGA crystal has good optical char- acterization and promises to be an excellent red- fluorescence material.展开更多
An antireflection （AR） coating is fabricated by applying an optimal spin-coating method and a pH-modified SiO2 nanoparticle solution on a cover glass. Because the pH value of the solution will affect the aggregation...An antireflection （AR） coating is fabricated by applying an optimal spin-coating method and a pH-modified SiO2 nanoparticle solution on a cover glass. Because the pH value of the solution will affect the aggregation and dispersion of the SiO2 particles, the transmittance of the AR-treated cover glass will be enhanced under optimal fabricated conditions. The experimental results show that an AR coating fabricated by an SiO2 nano- particle solution of pH 11 enhances the transmittance approximately by 3% and 5% under normal and oblique incident conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the AR-treated cover glass exhibits hydrophobicity and shows a 65% enhancement at a contact angle to bare glass.展开更多
Ni-Ce0.8Sm.2O.9 （Ni-SDC） cermet was selected as anode material for reduced temperature （800℃） solid oxide fuel cells in this study. The influence of NiO powder fabrication methods for Ni-SDC cermets on the electr...Ni-Ce0.8Sm.2O.9 （Ni-SDC） cermet was selected as anode material for reduced temperature （800℃） solid oxide fuel cells in this study. The influence of NiO powder fabrication methods for Ni-SDC cermets on the electrode performance was investigated so that the result obtained can be applied to make high-quality anode. Three kinds of NiO powder were synthesized with a fourth kind being available in the market. Four types of anode precursors were fabricated with these NiO powders and Ce0.8Sm.2O.9 （SDC）, and then were reduced to anode wafers for sequencing measurement. The electrical conductivity of the anodes was measured and the effect ofmicrostructure was investigated. It was found that the anode electrical conductivity depends strongly on the NiO powder morphologies, microstructure of the cermet anode and particle sizes, which are decided by NiO powder preparation technique. The highest electrical conductivity is obtained for anode cermets with NiO powder synthesized by NiCO3-2Ni（OH）2-4H2O or Ni（NO3）2-6H2O decomposition technique.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62174115 and U21A20147)the International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Nano Environmental Protection New Materials and Testing Technology(No.SDGH2108)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science&Technology,the 111 Project and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices。
文摘With the arrival of intelligent terminals,triboelectric nanogenerators,as a new kind of energy converter,are considered one of the most important technologies for the next generation of intelligent electronics.As a self-powered sensor,it can greatly reduce the power consumption of the entire sensing system by transforming external mechanical energy to electricity.However,the fabrication method of triboelectric sensors largely determines their functionality and performance.This review provides an overview of various methods used to fabricate triboelectric sensors,with a focus on the processes of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology,three-dimensional printing,textile methods,template-assisted methods,and material synthesis methods for manufacturing.The working mechanisms and suitable application scenarios of various methods are outlined.Subsequently,the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized,and reference schemes for the subsequent application of these methods are included.Finally,the opportunities and challenges faced by different methods are discussed,as well as their potential for application in various intelligent systems in the Internet of Things.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52442104)the Application Research Program of Liaoning Province(Grant No.2022JH2/01300219)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.3132024210)the Scientific Research Fund of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(Nos.LJ212410151013,LJKMZ20220359)。
文摘Wearable bioelectronic devices are rapidly evolving towards miniaturization and multifunctionality,with remarkable features such as flexibility and comfort.However,achieving a sustainable power supply for wearable bioelectronic devices is still a great challenge.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)provide an efficient solution by converting irregular,low-frequency bioenergy from the human body into electrical energy.Beyond sustainably powering wearable bioelectronics,the harvested electrical energy also carries rich information for human body sensing.In this conversion process,the choice of material plays a crucial role in affecting the output performance of the TENGs.Among various materials,silicone rubber(SR)stands out due to its exceptional plasticity,flexibility,comfortability and other favorable properties.Moreover,with appropriate treatment,SR can achieve extreme functionalities such as high robustness,good stability,self-healing capabilities,rapid response,and more.In this review,recent advances in wearable SR-based TENGs(SR-TENGs)are systematically reviewed with a focus on their application in different parts of the human body.Given that the manufacturing method of SR-TENGs largely determines its output performance and sensitivity,this paper introduces the design of SR-TENGs,including material selection,process modulation,and structure optimization.Additionally,this article discusses the current challenges in the SR-TENG fabrication technology and potential future directions,aiming to promote the effective development of SR-TENGs in biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.112374012 and 11974208)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2023JQ001 and tsqn202211128)。
文摘Single negatively charged nitrogen vacancy(NV-)centers in diamond have emerged as promising platforms for quantum information science,where long coherence times are essential for advancing quantum technologies.However,traditional fabrication methods often introduce lattice damage during the irradiation process used to create vacancies,significantly impairing the spin coherence properties of NV-centers.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21935002)。
文摘Gas-liquid interfacial films have emerged as versatile materials for surface modification in biomedical applications,agriculture,and antifouling owing to their strong substrate-bonding capabilities.Silk nanofibrils(SNF),as nanoscale building blocks of silk,exhibit exceptional mechanical stability,high crystallinity,and aqueous adaptability,making them ideal candidates for fabricating interfacial films.However,conventional fabrication methods for SNF-or protein-based interfacial films often involve complex and resource-intensive chemical processes.To overcome these challenges,this study introduces a simple and efficient strategy for preparing thermally induced SNF gas-liquid interfacial films via heat treatment,leveraging thermal evaporation-induced concentration to drive self-assembly.The method demonstrated broad applicability to various proteins and hydrophilic substrates,offering versatility and sustainability.Furthermore,the prepared films exhibited potential as antifouling and anti-counterfeiting functional coatings,significantly expanding the application scenarios of protein-based interfacial films.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52101046)Shuangjie Chu appreciates the funding support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3705600).
文摘Iron-based metal matrix composites(IMMCs)have attracted significant research attention due to their high specific stiffness and strength,making them potentially suitable for various engineering applications.Microstructural design,including the selection of reinforcement and matrix phases,the reinforcement volume fraction,and the interface issues are essential factors determining the engineering performance of IMMCs.A variety of fabrication methods have been developed to manufacture IMMCs in recent years.This paper reviews the recent advances and development of IMMCs with particular focus on microstructure design,fabrication methods,and their engineering performance.The microstructure design issues of IMMC are firstly discussed,including the reinforcement and matrix phase selection criteria,interface geometry and characteristics,and the bonding mechanism.The fabrication methods,including liquid state,solid state,and gas-mixing processing are comprehensively reviewed and compared.The engineering performance of IMMCs in terms of elastic modulus,hardness and wear resistance,tensile and fracture behavior is reviewed.Finally,the current challenges of the IMMCs are highlighted,followed by the discussion and outlook of the future research directions of IMMCs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4703401)the Ministry of Education Joint Fund(8091B032250)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B240205045)。
文摘Flexible underwater vehicles with high maneuverability,high efficiency,high speed,and low disturbance have shown great application potential and research significance in underwater engineering,ocean exploration,scientific investigation and other fields.The research and development of flexible stimulus-responsive actuators is key to the development of high-performance underwater vehicles.At present,the main drive methods for underwater devices include electric drive,magnetic drive,light drive,thermal drive,and chemical drive.In this work,the research progress of stimuli-responsive actuators in water environment is reviewed from the stimuli-responsive patterns,functional design,fabrication methods,and applications in water environment.Firstly,the actuation principles and characteristics of electro-responsive,magnetic-responsive,photo-responsive,thermo-responsive actuators,and chemically responsive actuators are reviewed.Subsequently,several design requirements for the desired flexible actuators are introduced.After that,the common fabrication methods are summarized.The typical application of the stimuli-responsive actuator in the water environment is further discussed in combination with the multi-stimuli-responsive characteristics.Finally,the challenges faced by the application of stimuli-responsive actuators in the water environment are analyzed,and the corresponding viewpoints are presented.This review offers guidance for designing and preparing stimulus-responsive actuators and outlines directions for further development in fields such as ocean energy exploration and surface reconnaissance.
文摘Ion optics are crucial components of ion thrusters and the study of the different ion extraction solutions used since the beginning of the electric propulsion era is essential to understand the evolution of ion engines. This work describes ion engine grids＇ main functions, parameters and issues related to thermal expansion and sputter erosion, and then introduces a review of ion optics used for significant launched and tested ion thrusters since 1970. Configurations, geometries, materials and fabrication methods are analyzed to understand when typical ion thrusters use two or three grids, what are the thicknesses and aperture sizes of the screen, accelerator and decelerator grids, why molybdenum and carbon-based materials such as pyrolytic graphite and carbon–carbon are the best available options for ion optics and what is the manufacturing method for each material.
基金Supported by the Basic Research Program of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications under Grant No NY212002the Innovative Research Team in University under Grant No IRT1148the 2014 Shuangchuang Program of Jiangsu Province
文摘We fabricate flexible conductive and transparent graphene films on position-emission-tomography substrates and prepare large area graphene films by graphite oxide sheets with the new technical process. The multi-layer graphene oxide sheets can be chemically reduced by HNO3 and HI to form a highly conductive graphene film on a substrate at lower temperature. The reduced graphene oxide sheets show a high conductivity sheet with resistance of 476Ω/sq and transmittance of 76% at 550nm （6 layers）. The technique used to produce the transparent conductive graphene thin film is facile, inexpensive, and can be tunable for a large area production applied for electronics or touch screens.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11474215 and 21204058the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays are prepared by a simple method, which is a thermal annealing thin gold film deposited on anodie oxidized TiO2 nanotube arrays. These electron microscope images present that Au nanoparticles are well dispersed within the wall and on the surface of the XiO2 nanotubes. Meanwhile, the morphologies of Au nanoparticles can be controlled by changing the thickness of the deposited gold film. Associ- ated with the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances, the prepared Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays could work as visible light responsive photocatalysts to produce a greatly enhanced photocurrent density. By varying the initial gold film thickness, such Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays could be optimized to obtain the highest photocurrent generation efficiency in the visible and UV light regions.
基金supported by the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.52471012,52425101 and 52305158)Science Innovation Foundation of Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology(No.USCAST2021–18)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(No.YESS20220350)。
文摘Mg matrix composites(Mg MCs)with enhanced mechanical and functional properties,as well as improved elastic modulus,have aroused rising attention from the aerospace,new energy vehicles,and consumer electronics industries.The suitability of the fabrication process is crucial for achieving uniform dispersion of various reinforcing materials within the Mg alloy matrix and for forming strong interfacial bonding.This ensures that the produced Mg MCs meet the requirements for fabricating various components with different demands for size and properties.This paper comprehensively reviews the present fabrication methods for MgMCs in four categories:stir casting,external addition methods,in-situ synthesis methods and novel fabrication methods.It comprehensively focuses on the fabrication principles,process characteristics and key parameters optimization of each technology.Through in-depth analysis,their advantages,limitations and applications are evaluated.Meanwhile,the latest research achievements in microstructure control and mechanical performance optimization are explored.Eventually,the development directions of the fabrication methods for MgMCs in the future are also discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51771101)。
文摘Open-cell metallic foams or porous metals have a distinctive combination of excellent structural performance and superior functional characteristics,such as their light weight,energy absorption,sound absorption,heat dissipation,and electromagnetic shielding.As a primary representative of metallic foams,aluminum foam has developed into a new engineering material with many unique applications in the fields of aerospace,automotive industry,petrochemical industry,building materials,and etc.This paper summarizes the fabrication methods,properties,and applications of open-cell aluminum foams.The current status and development trends are also introduced.
文摘As an excellent giant-magnetostrictive material, Tb-Dy-Fe alloys(based on Tb0.27-0.30Dy0.73-0.70Fe1.9-2Laves compound) can be applied in many engineering fields, such as sonar transducer systems, sensors, and micro-actuators. However, the cost of the rare earth elements Tb and Dy is too high to be widely applied for the materials. Nowadays, there are two different ways to substitute for these alloying elements. One is to partially replace Tb or Dy by cheaper rare earth elements, such as Pr, Nd, Sm and Ho; and the other is to use non-rare earth elements, such as Co, Al, Mn, Si, Ce, B, Be and C, to substitute Fe to form single MgCu_2-type Laves phase and a certain amount of Re-rich phase, which can reduce the brittleness and improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy. This paper systemically introduces the development, the fabrication methods and the corresponding preferred growth directions of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys. In addition, the effects of alloying elements and heat treatment on magnetostrictive and mechanical properties of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys are also reviewed, respectively. Finally, some possible applications of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys are presented.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51101155 and 51331008)the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2012CB619600)
文摘Metal-matrix composites reinforced with shape memory alloys （SMA, including long fiber, short fiber, and particle） are ＂intelligent materials＂ with many special physical and mechanical properties, such as high damping property, high tensile strength, and fatigue resistance. In this review article, the fabrication method, microstructure, interface reaction, modeling, and physical and mechanical properties of the composites are addressed. Particular emphasis has been given to （a） fabrication and microstructure of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with SMAs, and （b） shape memory effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites. While the bulk of the information is related to aluminum matrix composites, important results are now available for other metal-matrix composites.
基金Funded by the National Social Science Fund Project(No.2012BTY014)
文摘Zinc oxide （ZnO） is a wide band-gap material of the Ⅱ-Ⅵ group with excellent optical properties for optoelectronics applications, such as the flat panel displays and solar cells used in sports tournament. Despite its advantages, the application of ZnO is hampered by the lack of stable p-type doping. In this paper, the recent progress in this field was briefly reviewed, and a comprehensive summary of the research was carded out on ZnO fabrication methods and its electrical, optical, and magnetic properties were presented.
基金supported by General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515010715)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project(202102020638)+4 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2017B090917002,2019B1515120027 and 2019A050510038)Research and development plan projects in key areas of Guangdong Province(2020B0101030005)supported by Grant PID2020-118154GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033,Grant TED2021-132720B-I00,funded by MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033the European Union“NextGenerationEU”/PRTR(B.J.S)the Community of Madrid[grant number CM/JIN/2021-012(B.J.S)]。
文摘Due to their tiny size,autonomous motion and functionalize modifications,micro/nanomotors have shown great potential for environmental remediation,biomedicine and micro/nano-engineering.One-dimensional(1D)micro/nanomotors combine the characteristics of anisotropy and large aspect ratio of 1D materials with the advantages of functionalization and autonomous motion of micro/nanomotors for revolutionary applications.In this review,we discuss current research progress on 1D micro/nanomotors,including the fabrication methods,driving mechanisms,and recent advances in environmental remediation and biomedical applications,as well as discuss current challenges and possible solutions.With continuous attention and innovation,the advancement of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave the way for the continued development of the micro/nanomotor field.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52175446,51975133,51975597)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant Nos.2021A1515011740,2019A1515011011)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Grant No.JCYJ20170818163426597).
文摘Needles,as some of the most widely used medical devices,have been effectively applied in human disease prevention,diagnosis,treatment,and rehabilitation.Thin 1D needle can easily penetrate cells/organs by generating highly localized stress with their sharp tips to achieve bioliquid sampling,biosensing,drug delivery,surgery,and other such applications.In this review,we provide an overview of multiscale needle fabrication techniques and their biomedical applications.Needles are classified as nanoneedles,microneedles and millineedles based on the needle diameter,and their fabrication techniques are highlighted.Nanoneedles bridge the inside and outside of cells,achieving intracellular electrical recording,biochemical sensing,and drug delivery.Microneedles penetrate the stratum corneum layer to detect biomarkers/bioelectricity in interstitial fluid and deliver drugs through the skin into the human circulatory system.Millineedles,including puncture,syringe,acupuncture and suture needles,are presented.Finally,conclusions and future perspectives for next-generation nano/micro/milli needles are discussed.
基金This study was supported by the following funds:The Natural Science Foundation of China(51705540,51935014,51905553,81871494,81871498)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2020JJ3047,2018JJ3671,2019JJ50774,2019JJ50588)+6 种基金The Provincial Key R&D Projects of Jiangxi(20201BBE51012)JiangXi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(20192ACB20005)Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges&Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2018)The Project of Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan(2017RS3008)Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project(JCYJ20170817112445033)Innovation Team Project on University of Guangdong Province(2018GKCXTD001)Technology Innovation Platform Project of Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology 2020(PT2020E002).
文摘As two promising biomaterials for bone implants,biomedical metals have favorable mechanical properties and good machinability but lack of bioactivity;while bioceramics are known for good biocompatibility or even bioactivity but limited by their high brittleness.Biocermets,a kind of composites composing of bioceramics and biomedical metals,have been developed as an effective solution by combining their complementary advantages.This paper focused on the recently studied biocermets for bone implant applications.Concretely,biocermets were divided into ceramic-based biocermets and metal-based biocermets according to the phase percentages.Their characteristics were systematically summarized,and the fabrication methods for biocermets were reviewed and compared.Emphases were put on the interactions between bioceramics and biomedical metals,as well as the performance improvement mechanisms.More importantly,the main methods for the interfacial reinforcing were summarized,and the corresponding interfacial reinforcing mechanisms were discussed.In addition,the in vitro and in vivo biological performances of biocermets were also reviewed.Finally,future research directions were proposed on the advancement in component design,interfacial reinforcing and forming mechanisms for the fabrication of high-performance biocermets.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai under Grant No.15ZR1444700
文摘A highly transparent Eu3＋-doped CaGdA104 （CGA） single crystal is grown by the floating zone method. The segregation coefficient, x ray diffraction, and x ray rocking curve are detected, and the results reveal that the single crystal is of high quality. The f-f transitions of Eu3＋ in the host lattice are discussed. The 5D0-7F2 emis- sion transition at 621 nm （red light） is dominant over the 5D0-7F1 emission transitions at 591 and 599 nm （orange light）, agreeing well with the random crystal environment of Eu3＋ ions in a CGA crystal. The decay time of Eu：5D0 is measured to be 1.02 ms. All the results show that the Eu：CGA crystal has good optical char- acterization and promises to be an excellent red- fluorescence material.
基金financially supporting this research under Contract No. NSC 102-2221-E-155-076-MY3
文摘An antireflection （AR） coating is fabricated by applying an optimal spin-coating method and a pH-modified SiO2 nanoparticle solution on a cover glass. Because the pH value of the solution will affect the aggregation and dispersion of the SiO2 particles, the transmittance of the AR-treated cover glass will be enhanced under optimal fabricated conditions. The experimental results show that an AR coating fabricated by an SiO2 nano- particle solution of pH 11 enhances the transmittance approximately by 3% and 5% under normal and oblique incident conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the AR-treated cover glass exhibits hydrophobicity and shows a 65% enhancement at a contact angle to bare glass.
文摘Ni-Ce0.8Sm.2O.9 （Ni-SDC） cermet was selected as anode material for reduced temperature （800℃） solid oxide fuel cells in this study. The influence of NiO powder fabrication methods for Ni-SDC cermets on the electrode performance was investigated so that the result obtained can be applied to make high-quality anode. Three kinds of NiO powder were synthesized with a fourth kind being available in the market. Four types of anode precursors were fabricated with these NiO powders and Ce0.8Sm.2O.9 （SDC）, and then were reduced to anode wafers for sequencing measurement. The electrical conductivity of the anodes was measured and the effect ofmicrostructure was investigated. It was found that the anode electrical conductivity depends strongly on the NiO powder morphologies, microstructure of the cermet anode and particle sizes, which are decided by NiO powder preparation technique. The highest electrical conductivity is obtained for anode cermets with NiO powder synthesized by NiCO3-2Ni（OH）2-4H2O or Ni（NO3）2-6H2O decomposition technique.
