Faba bean is suffered with many biotic and abiotic factors. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the biotic factors limiting yields of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. T...Faba bean is suffered with many biotic and abiotic factors. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the biotic factors limiting yields of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted during 2020/2021 cropping season at Tach Gayint district, Ethiopia to determine the integration of faba bean varieties and fungicide rates on reducing chocolate spot disease. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments, viz. three faba bean varieties and four rate of Mancozeb fungicide in factorial arrangement. The experiment was laid out as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data was collected and analyzed. Results indicated that, disease incidence was reached at maximum percentage in all treatments on the last dates of assessment. But treatments were significantly difference in severity level. The least disease severity was recorded from varieties treated by 3.5 kg/ha of Mancozeb 80% WP with mean values Walki (12.7%), and (18.1% and 20.8%) on Gora and local variety respectively at the final dates of disease assessment. Similarly, the reduced AUDPC was also recorded from varieties treated by 3.5 kg/ha of Mancozeb 80% WP with mean values Walki (371.8% unit/day) and (539% and 686.4% days) on varieties Gora, and Local respectively. Whereas the maximum disease severity and AUDPC were obtained from unsprayed plots. Based on the results obtained, variety Walki treated with Mancozeb 80% WP at rate of 2.5 kg/ha and 3.5 kg/ha were effective to reduce the effect of chocolate spot disease for the study area.展开更多
Crop disease is an important area which needs attention since most of the hazardous inputs added into the agricultural system are in the form of plant protection chemicals. Production of the crop is, however, constrai...Crop disease is an important area which needs attention since most of the hazardous inputs added into the agricultural system are in the form of plant protection chemicals. Production of the crop is, however, constrained by several disease infections including fungal diseases. The present study focused to isolate, Pseudomonasfluorescens possess a variety of promising properties which make it a better biocontrol agent. Two Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from rhizospheric soil of faba bean were evaluated for their antagonistic activity against Botrytisfabae that is known to attack faba bean crops. Bio-primed faba bean seed with P f 9 and P f 10 （Pseudomonasfluorescens isolates 9 and Pseudomonasfluorescens isolates 10） for pathogencity test in green house was indicated an initiate positive result respectively. Two isolates of P f 9 and P f 10 reduced both disease severity and incidence. So it could be concluded that the used P f9 and P f 10 could resist the detrimental effects of Botrytisfabae on the plant growth and yield that will be used as biocontrol in the farm after field test.展开更多
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest domesticated food legumes that have been cultivated for at least 5000 years. It is a multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming...Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest domesticated food legumes that have been cultivated for at least 5000 years. It is a multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming communities in Ethiopia. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the yield limiting factors of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. A field survey was conducted in Tach Gayint district South Gondar Administrative Zone during the 2020/2021 main cropping season to assess the importance of the chocolate spot disease of faba bean. A total of 60 faba bean farmer fields were assessed in six (6) Kebele Administrations and most farmer fields were affected by chocolate spots. But the status of disease incidence and severity was varied. Significant differences among locations were observed due to altitude, soil type, planting density, date of planting, crop growth stages and farm history of the fields. Independent variables like Altitude, farm history, crop growth stage, date of planting and planting density were significantly associated with both disease incidence and severity when entered first and last into a model. The finding indicates that the lowest plant density and late planting of the crop reduce the incidence and severity of the disease.展开更多
Aphid species can be polyphagous, feeding on multiple host plants across genera. As host plant species can have large variation in their phloem composition, this can affect aphid fitness and honeydew composition. Prev...Aphid species can be polyphagous, feeding on multiple host plants across genera. As host plant species can have large variation in their phloem composition, this can affect aphid fitness and honeydew composition. Previous research showed significant intraspecific genotype variation in the composition of the honeydew carbohydrates of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, with the ant attractant trisaccharide melezitose showing especially large variation across different genotypes. In this study, we test if variation in melezitose and carbohydrate composition of aphid honeydew could be linked to the adap- tation of specific aphid genotypes to particular host plants. To this end, 4 high and 5 low melezitose secreting genotypes of the black bean aphid Aphisfabae were reared on 4 com- mon host plants： broad bean, goosefoot, beet, and poppy. The carbohydrate composition, and in particular melezitose secretion, showed important aphid genotype and host plant in- teractions, with some genotypes being high melezitose secreting on 1 host plant but not on another. However, the interaction effects were not paralleled in the fitness measurements, even though there were significant differences in the average fitness across the different host plants. On the whole, this study demonstrates that aphid honeydew composition is influenced by complex herbivore-plant interactions. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of ant-aphid mutualisms and adaptive specialization in aphids.展开更多
The effect of functionalized graphene on the growth and development of Vicia faba L.was investigated by analyzing its impact on the composition and diversity of the microbial community in rhizosphere peat soil.Seedlin...The effect of functionalized graphene on the growth and development of Vicia faba L.was investigated by analyzing its impact on the composition and diversity of the microbial community in rhizosphere peat soil.Seedlings of V.faba planted in this peat soil were treated with either distilled water(CK)or 25 mg·L^(−1)(G25)of functionalized graphene solution.Results showed that the height and root length of V.faba seedlings in the G25 group were significantly larger than those in CK group.The microbial com-munity was analyzed by amplifying and sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V_(3)-V_(4) region of bacteria and internal transcribed spacer re-gion of fungi in rhizosphere soil using Illumina MiSeq technology.Alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated that functionalized graphene increased the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the V.faba rhizosphere peat soil.The abundances of three ni-trogen cycling-related bacteria,Hydrogenophaga,Sphingomonas and Nitrosomonadaceae,were also altered after treatment with the functionalized graphene.The relative abundance of Basilicum,related to soil phosphorus solubilization,decreased in the fungal com-munity,while the relative abundance of Clonostachys and Dimorphospora,which exhibited strong biological control over numerous fungal plant pathogens,nematodes and insects,increased in the soil after functionalized graphene treatment.Redundancy analysis re-vealed that the potential of hydrogen(pH),organic matter,and total phosphorus contributed the most to the changes in bacterial and fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soil.Overall,our findings suggested that the addition of functionalized graphene altered the relative abundances of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling-related microorganisms in peat soil,promoting changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil and ultimately leading to the improved growth of V.faba plants.展开更多
Water channels or aquaporins are the main pathways of water transport. Both the existence and function of aquaporins in die guard cells of Vicia faba L. were investigated both by using RD28 cDNA and RD28 antibody as p...Water channels or aquaporins are the main pathways of water transport. Both the existence and function of aquaporins in die guard cells of Vicia faba L. were investigated both by using RD28 cDNA and RD28 antibody as probes, and by controlling stomatal movement as a parameter combined with antibody and inhibitor of aquaporins respectively. The results revealed that RD28 mRNA, encoding a plasma membrane aquaporin, expressed in ale mesophyll cells and vascular tissues of V. faba, especially in guard cells. And the location of RD28-like proteins was mainly on plasma membrane of guard cells. The addition of 25 mumol/L HgCl2, an aquaporin blocker, and antibody of RD28 as well, greatly suppressed the stomatal opening or guardcell protoplast swelling induced by fusicoccin and light, and closing induced by abscisic acid. However, 5 mmol/L, beta-mercaptoethanol, a reverse reagent of aquaporin blocker, reversed the inhibitory effect of HgCl2 Pretreatment oil stomatal opening ( i.e., HgCl2 was removed after HgCl2 pretreatment for 10 min). The results suggest that the aquaporins in V. faba are associated with stomatal movement.展开更多
Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) has been showed to be able to induce stomatal closure in Vicia faba L. in previous investigations. The transport and distribution of 3H-JA affected by localized scorch on V. faba seedl...Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) has been showed to be able to induce stomatal closure in Vicia faba L. in previous investigations. The transport and distribution of 3H-JA affected by localized scorch on V. faba seedling were studied with radioisotope technique. The results showed that 3H-JA could be transported up or down at the rate of 4-5 cm·min -1 following feeding into root or shoot tip. The transport of 3H-JA in shoot reached a relative stable rate at 30 min after being fed through root. Wounding by scorch in the youngest leaf caused an increase in the transport of 3H-JA from root to shoot and enhanced the distribution of 3H-JA in the wounded leaf. However, distribution of 3H-JA in unwounded leaves increased after 5 h being fed through the youngest leaf. It was noticed that wounding improved accumulation of 3H-JA in abaxial epidermis. Consistent results were obtained: wounding prevented transport of 3H-JA out from the youngest leaf to root; These observations suggest that JA plays an important role as a defense signal and might be involved in the regulation of the stomatal movement in response to wounding stress.展开更多
Through field observation and lab analysis, 13 agronomic traits, including plant height and effective branching number per plant, etc., of 207 faba bean （Vicia faba L.） germplasms saved in Crop Middle-term Genebank ...Through field observation and lab analysis, 13 agronomic traits, including plant height and effective branching number per plant, etc., of 207 faba bean （Vicia faba L.） germplasms saved in Crop Middle-term Genebank of Hubei Province were evaluated, moreover, the identification on the disease resistance and the quality was carried out on parts of germplasm resources. The results showed that the faba beangermplasm resources in Hubei Province were abundant, the variation range of agronomic traits like the growth period, plant height and 100-bean weight, etc., was great, and the range of choice was wide. In the aspect of quality, there were 9 germplasms withthe content of crude protein higher than 30%, and the variation range of amylose content in total starch was large, which provided excellent sources of parents for breedinq hi.qh-quality faba bean varieties in Hubei Province.展开更多
文摘Faba bean is suffered with many biotic and abiotic factors. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the biotic factors limiting yields of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted during 2020/2021 cropping season at Tach Gayint district, Ethiopia to determine the integration of faba bean varieties and fungicide rates on reducing chocolate spot disease. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments, viz. three faba bean varieties and four rate of Mancozeb fungicide in factorial arrangement. The experiment was laid out as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data was collected and analyzed. Results indicated that, disease incidence was reached at maximum percentage in all treatments on the last dates of assessment. But treatments were significantly difference in severity level. The least disease severity was recorded from varieties treated by 3.5 kg/ha of Mancozeb 80% WP with mean values Walki (12.7%), and (18.1% and 20.8%) on Gora and local variety respectively at the final dates of disease assessment. Similarly, the reduced AUDPC was also recorded from varieties treated by 3.5 kg/ha of Mancozeb 80% WP with mean values Walki (371.8% unit/day) and (539% and 686.4% days) on varieties Gora, and Local respectively. Whereas the maximum disease severity and AUDPC were obtained from unsprayed plots. Based on the results obtained, variety Walki treated with Mancozeb 80% WP at rate of 2.5 kg/ha and 3.5 kg/ha were effective to reduce the effect of chocolate spot disease for the study area.
文摘Crop disease is an important area which needs attention since most of the hazardous inputs added into the agricultural system are in the form of plant protection chemicals. Production of the crop is, however, constrained by several disease infections including fungal diseases. The present study focused to isolate, Pseudomonasfluorescens possess a variety of promising properties which make it a better biocontrol agent. Two Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from rhizospheric soil of faba bean were evaluated for their antagonistic activity against Botrytisfabae that is known to attack faba bean crops. Bio-primed faba bean seed with P f 9 and P f 10 （Pseudomonasfluorescens isolates 9 and Pseudomonasfluorescens isolates 10） for pathogencity test in green house was indicated an initiate positive result respectively. Two isolates of P f 9 and P f 10 reduced both disease severity and incidence. So it could be concluded that the used P f9 and P f 10 could resist the detrimental effects of Botrytisfabae on the plant growth and yield that will be used as biocontrol in the farm after field test.
文摘Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest domesticated food legumes that have been cultivated for at least 5000 years. It is a multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming communities in Ethiopia. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the yield limiting factors of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. A field survey was conducted in Tach Gayint district South Gondar Administrative Zone during the 2020/2021 main cropping season to assess the importance of the chocolate spot disease of faba bean. A total of 60 faba bean farmer fields were assessed in six (6) Kebele Administrations and most farmer fields were affected by chocolate spots. But the status of disease incidence and severity was varied. Significant differences among locations were observed due to altitude, soil type, planting density, date of planting, crop growth stages and farm history of the fields. Independent variables like Altitude, farm history, crop growth stage, date of planting and planting density were significantly associated with both disease incidence and severity when entered first and last into a model. The finding indicates that the lowest plant density and late planting of the crop reduce the incidence and severity of the disease.
文摘Aphid species can be polyphagous, feeding on multiple host plants across genera. As host plant species can have large variation in their phloem composition, this can affect aphid fitness and honeydew composition. Previous research showed significant intraspecific genotype variation in the composition of the honeydew carbohydrates of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, with the ant attractant trisaccharide melezitose showing especially large variation across different genotypes. In this study, we test if variation in melezitose and carbohydrate composition of aphid honeydew could be linked to the adap- tation of specific aphid genotypes to particular host plants. To this end, 4 high and 5 low melezitose secreting genotypes of the black bean aphid Aphisfabae were reared on 4 com- mon host plants： broad bean, goosefoot, beet, and poppy. The carbohydrate composition, and in particular melezitose secretion, showed important aphid genotype and host plant in- teractions, with some genotypes being high melezitose secreting on 1 host plant but not on another. However, the interaction effects were not paralleled in the fitness measurements, even though there were significant differences in the average fitness across the different host plants. On the whole, this study demonstrates that aphid honeydew composition is influenced by complex herbivore-plant interactions. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of ant-aphid mutualisms and adaptive specialization in aphids.
文摘The effect of functionalized graphene on the growth and development of Vicia faba L.was investigated by analyzing its impact on the composition and diversity of the microbial community in rhizosphere peat soil.Seedlings of V.faba planted in this peat soil were treated with either distilled water(CK)or 25 mg·L^(−1)(G25)of functionalized graphene solution.Results showed that the height and root length of V.faba seedlings in the G25 group were significantly larger than those in CK group.The microbial com-munity was analyzed by amplifying and sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V_(3)-V_(4) region of bacteria and internal transcribed spacer re-gion of fungi in rhizosphere soil using Illumina MiSeq technology.Alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated that functionalized graphene increased the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the V.faba rhizosphere peat soil.The abundances of three ni-trogen cycling-related bacteria,Hydrogenophaga,Sphingomonas and Nitrosomonadaceae,were also altered after treatment with the functionalized graphene.The relative abundance of Basilicum,related to soil phosphorus solubilization,decreased in the fungal com-munity,while the relative abundance of Clonostachys and Dimorphospora,which exhibited strong biological control over numerous fungal plant pathogens,nematodes and insects,increased in the soil after functionalized graphene treatment.Redundancy analysis re-vealed that the potential of hydrogen(pH),organic matter,and total phosphorus contributed the most to the changes in bacterial and fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soil.Overall,our findings suggested that the addition of functionalized graphene altered the relative abundances of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling-related microorganisms in peat soil,promoting changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil and ultimately leading to the improved growth of V.faba plants.
文摘Water channels or aquaporins are the main pathways of water transport. Both the existence and function of aquaporins in die guard cells of Vicia faba L. were investigated both by using RD28 cDNA and RD28 antibody as probes, and by controlling stomatal movement as a parameter combined with antibody and inhibitor of aquaporins respectively. The results revealed that RD28 mRNA, encoding a plasma membrane aquaporin, expressed in ale mesophyll cells and vascular tissues of V. faba, especially in guard cells. And the location of RD28-like proteins was mainly on plasma membrane of guard cells. The addition of 25 mumol/L HgCl2, an aquaporin blocker, and antibody of RD28 as well, greatly suppressed the stomatal opening or guardcell protoplast swelling induced by fusicoccin and light, and closing induced by abscisic acid. However, 5 mmol/L, beta-mercaptoethanol, a reverse reagent of aquaporin blocker, reversed the inhibitory effect of HgCl2 Pretreatment oil stomatal opening ( i.e., HgCl2 was removed after HgCl2 pretreatment for 10 min). The results suggest that the aquaporins in V. faba are associated with stomatal movement.
文摘Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) has been showed to be able to induce stomatal closure in Vicia faba L. in previous investigations. The transport and distribution of 3H-JA affected by localized scorch on V. faba seedling were studied with radioisotope technique. The results showed that 3H-JA could be transported up or down at the rate of 4-5 cm·min -1 following feeding into root or shoot tip. The transport of 3H-JA in shoot reached a relative stable rate at 30 min after being fed through root. Wounding by scorch in the youngest leaf caused an increase in the transport of 3H-JA from root to shoot and enhanced the distribution of 3H-JA in the wounded leaf. However, distribution of 3H-JA in unwounded leaves increased after 5 h being fed through the youngest leaf. It was noticed that wounding improved accumulation of 3H-JA in abaxial epidermis. Consistent results were obtained: wounding prevented transport of 3H-JA out from the youngest leaf to root; These observations suggest that JA plays an important role as a defense signal and might be involved in the regulation of the stomatal movement in response to wounding stress.
文摘Through field observation and lab analysis, 13 agronomic traits, including plant height and effective branching number per plant, etc., of 207 faba bean （Vicia faba L.） germplasms saved in Crop Middle-term Genebank of Hubei Province were evaluated, moreover, the identification on the disease resistance and the quality was carried out on parts of germplasm resources. The results showed that the faba beangermplasm resources in Hubei Province were abundant, the variation range of agronomic traits like the growth period, plant height and 100-bean weight, etc., was great, and the range of choice was wide. In the aspect of quality, there were 9 germplasms withthe content of crude protein higher than 30%, and the variation range of amylose content in total starch was large, which provided excellent sources of parents for breedinq hi.qh-quality faba bean varieties in Hubei Province.
