Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) technology has been widely used to train subjects to actively regulate the activity of specific brain regions. Although many previous studies have demonstrated ...Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) technology has been widely used to train subjects to actively regulate the activity of specific brain regions. Although many previous studies have demonstrated that neurofeedback training alters the functional connectivity between brain regions in the task state and resting state, it is unclear how the regulation of the key hub of the default mode network (DMN) affects the topological properties of the resting-state brain network. The current study aimed to investigate what topological changes would occur in the large-scale intrinsic organization of the resting state after the real-time down-regulation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The results indicated that the down-regulation of the PCC in the DMN reduced the functional connectivity of the PCC with the nodes outside of the DMN and reduced functional connectivity between the superior medial frontal gyrus (SFGmed) and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) in the experimental group. Moreover, the nodal graph properties of the SFGmed were reduced, while that of the PHG showed the opposite alteration after the down-regulation of the PCC. These findings possibly suggest that the regulation of the key hub of the DMN, the PCC, mainly changed the information transfer of the SFGmed and PHG.展开更多
This paper reflects on the use of neurotherapeutics for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).ADHD is the most imaged child psychiatric disorder,with over 3 decades of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)research....This paper reflects on the use of neurotherapeutics for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).ADHD is the most imaged child psychiatric disorder,with over 3 decades of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)research.Findings are relatively homogeneous compared to other psychiatric conditions with consistent evidence for differences,albeit small,relative to healthy controls in the structure and function of several frontal,parietotemporal,and striatal brain regions as well as their inter-regional structural and functional connections.The functional deficits have been targeted with modern neurotherapeutics,including neurofeedback(using most commonly electroencephalography and more recently functional near-infrared spectroscopy and functional MRI)and noninvasive brain stimulation(such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial direct current stimulation,or external trigeminal nerve stimulation).Except for electroencephalography-neurofeedback,the majority of neurotherapeutic studies have been relatively small,with very heterogenous research protocols and outcome measures and—likely as a consequence—inconsistent findings.Furthermore,most brain stimulation studies have tested effects on cognitive functions rather than clinical symptoms.So far,findings have not been very promising.Future studies require systematic testing of optimal protocols in large samples or homogenous subgroups to understand response prediction that could lead to individualized treatment.展开更多
文摘Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) technology has been widely used to train subjects to actively regulate the activity of specific brain regions. Although many previous studies have demonstrated that neurofeedback training alters the functional connectivity between brain regions in the task state and resting state, it is unclear how the regulation of the key hub of the default mode network (DMN) affects the topological properties of the resting-state brain network. The current study aimed to investigate what topological changes would occur in the large-scale intrinsic organization of the resting state after the real-time down-regulation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The results indicated that the down-regulation of the PCC in the DMN reduced the functional connectivity of the PCC with the nodes outside of the DMN and reduced functional connectivity between the superior medial frontal gyrus (SFGmed) and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) in the experimental group. Moreover, the nodal graph properties of the SFGmed were reduced, while that of the PHG showed the opposite alteration after the down-regulation of the PCC. These findings possibly suggest that the regulation of the key hub of the DMN, the PCC, mainly changed the information transfer of the SFGmed and PHG.
基金supported by the Medical Research Council(MRC)(MR/P012647/1)Action Medical Research(AMR+2 种基金GN2426)the Garfield Weston Foundation for Medical Researchthe National Institute for Health Research(NIHR)(NIHR 130077)。
文摘This paper reflects on the use of neurotherapeutics for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).ADHD is the most imaged child psychiatric disorder,with over 3 decades of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)research.Findings are relatively homogeneous compared to other psychiatric conditions with consistent evidence for differences,albeit small,relative to healthy controls in the structure and function of several frontal,parietotemporal,and striatal brain regions as well as their inter-regional structural and functional connections.The functional deficits have been targeted with modern neurotherapeutics,including neurofeedback(using most commonly electroencephalography and more recently functional near-infrared spectroscopy and functional MRI)and noninvasive brain stimulation(such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial direct current stimulation,or external trigeminal nerve stimulation).Except for electroencephalography-neurofeedback,the majority of neurotherapeutic studies have been relatively small,with very heterogenous research protocols and outcome measures and—likely as a consequence—inconsistent findings.Furthermore,most brain stimulation studies have tested effects on cognitive functions rather than clinical symptoms.So far,findings have not been very promising.Future studies require systematic testing of optimal protocols in large samples or homogenous subgroups to understand response prediction that could lead to individualized treatment.
