In China,Xinjiang is a relatively independent epidemic region of wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,due to great population genetic divergence of Xinjiang with other inland epidemic regions....In China,Xinjiang is a relatively independent epidemic region of wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,due to great population genetic divergence of Xinjiang with other inland epidemic regions.In this region,race evolution was usually slower than inland populations.However,many new races have recently been found,and therefore,it is necessary for more understanding of the virulence evolution of the Xinjiang population.So,in this study,a 65 sexual progenies,derived from a Xinjiang single-urediospore isolate BGTB-1 of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici by selfing on alternate host barberry(Berberis aggregata).It was phenotyped on the 25 single Yr lines,and genotyped by 19 kompetitive allele-specific PCRsingle nucleotide polymorphism(KASP-SNP) markers.As a result,the 65 progenies were identified as 56 various virulence patterns(VPs),and neither of which was identical to the parental isolate,showed 100% virulence variation.Compared with the parental isolate,of all progenies,39(60.0%) had increased virulence,and 18(27.7%) had decreased virulence.All progenies exhibited avirulence to Yr10,Yr15,Yr32,and YrTr1 loci,and avirulence and virulence segregation at the remaining 21 Yr resistance loci.The results showed avirulence to Yr5,Yr7,and Yr76(A:V≈3:1) loci is controlled by a single dominant gene,and that to Yr6,Yr25,and Yr44(A:V≈1:3) loci by a single recessive gene.However,avirulence to the remaining 15 resistant loci including Yr1,Yr2,Yr3,Yr4,Yr8,Yr9,Yr17,Yr26(=Yr24),Yr28,Yr29,Yr43,YrSP,Yr27,YrA,and YrExp2,with various avirulence and virulence segregation ratios,is controlled by two genes with different gene effects,indicating complex genetic traits of the parental isolate.Totally,65 dissimilar genotypes detected among progenies using overall molecular markers,by which a linkage map was constructed,with a genetic distance of 441.0 cM.Interestingly,although the parental isolate was avirulent to Yr5,but 17 progenies showed virulence,showing the change of pathogenicity from avirulence to virulence at this resistance locus.It was for the first time to report that progenies with virulence to Yr5 produced sexually from avirulent parental isolate at this resistance locus.To our knowledge,this study offers an insight into inheritance,sexual reproduction and virulence variation of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici in Xinjiang,facilitating us to understand evolution of the rust pathogen in this region and accounting for Xinjiang population distinguished form other inland populations.Additionally,it is necessary to further confirm the roles of sexual reproduction in the emergence of new races and affecting population genetic diversity of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici under natural conditions in Xinjiang.展开更多
The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein famil...The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein family in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum(FON),a pathogen causing a highly destructive disease in watermelon.In this study,∆fovel1 and∆folae1 deletion mutants and∆fovel1-C and∆folae1-C corresponding complementation mutants of FON were validated.Additionally,the phenotypic,biochemical,and virulence effects of the deletion mutants were investigated.Compared to the wild-type strains,the∆fovel1 and∆folae1 mutants exhibited altered mycelial phenotype,reduced conidiation,and decreased production of bikaverin and fusaric acid.Furthermore,their virulence on watermelon plant roots significantly decreased.All these alterations in mutants were restored in corresponding complementation strains.Notably,yeast two-hybrid results demonstrated an interaction between FoVel1 and FoLae1.This study reveals that FoVEL1 and FoLAE1 play essential roles in secondary metabolism,conidiation,and virulence in FON.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional roles of VEL1 and LAE1 in pathogenic fungi.展开更多
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst), is an airborne disease. In China, it frequently develops initially in central Shaanxi and southwestern Gansu, and from there, inoculum spreads to ...Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst), is an airborne disease. In China, it frequently develops initially in central Shaanxi and southwestern Gansu, and from there, inoculum spreads to the eastern wheat production regions. Field investigations have suggested that Pst could spread from the west to the east within central Shaanxi andthat Gansu could serve as the inoculum source for central Shaanxi, but there is no direct evidence for this hypothetical dispersal route. In the current study, 321 Pst isolates collected from central Shaanxi and Gansu in the 2019–2020 and2020–2021 winter wheat cropping seasons were genotyped using 23 pairs of KASP-SNP markers. The dispersion among subpopulations was analyzed using several approaches, and overall, the populations were found to exhibit high levels of genetic diversity. There was little genetic divergence(0.05>FST>0) within central Shaanxi. However, significant gene flow(Nm>4) driven by wind-oriented dispersal from west(Baoji) to east(Weinan) occurred. There was also gene flow among the 4 Gansu subpopulations of Tianshui, Longnan, Pingliang, and Qingyang. Migration of the pathogen occurred between central Shaanxi and Gansu. Migration from Gansu to central Shaanxi was major compared with that from central Shaanxi to Gansu that was minor. Genetic variation occurred among isolates, instead of among subpopulations and within isolates. Linkage disequilibrium revealed that there was strong genetic recombination in the subpopulations from Gansu and central Shaanxi. Therefore, the present study provides molecular evidence that Pst spread from west to east in central Shaanxi and showed that Gansu(especially Longnan and Tianshui) was one of the major origins of the pathogen inoculum of wheat stripe rust in central Shaanxi. The results revealed the west-to-east transmission route of wheat stripe rust in central Shaanxi, being used to guide integrated management of the disease.展开更多
Organofluorines play a crucial role in medicine,agrochemicals,and materials science.Adding fluorine to molecules creates structures with specific beneficial properties or tunes properties through interactions with the...Organofluorines play a crucial role in medicine,agrochemicals,and materials science.Adding fluorine to molecules creates structures with specific beneficial properties or tunes properties through interactions with their environment.Many popular pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals contain fluorine because it enhances hydrogen bonding at protein’s active sites.展开更多
Essential oils(EOs)derived from medicinal plants are gaining recognition as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides in the management of plant pathogens.This study investigates the chemical composition,chroma...Essential oils(EOs)derived from medicinal plants are gaining recognition as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides in the management of plant pathogens.This study investigates the chemical composition,chromatographic profile,and antifungal of Mentha rotundifolia essential oil against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.albedinis(Foa),the pathogen responsible for Bayoud disease in date palm.The oil was extracted through hydrodistillation and characterized using thin-layer chromatography(TLC)and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC-MS),revealing multiple fractions corresponding to terpenoid constituents and 23 chemical constituents,predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes(68.51%),with piperitenone oxide as the major component(62.53%).The antifungal efficacy was evaluated against ten(10)isolates of F.o.a across seven(07)concentrations different concentrations.(0;0.25;0.5;0.75;1;1.25;1.5μL/mL).The results obtained show a progressive decrease in the diameters of the colonies of F.o.a isolates by increasing the doses of EOMR.The percentage of inhibition varies from 7.82 to 83.41%;However,the dose of 1.75μL/mL showed 100%inhibition for all F.o.a isolates tested.These outcomes demonstrate the potential of M.rotundifolia essential oil as a natural,environmentally friendly antifungal agent,supporting its application in sustainable management strategies for Bayoud disease in date palm.展开更多
Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we gen...Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we generated a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged Fob strain to track infection dynamics in sweet potato susceptible cultivar Xinzhonghua and resistant cultivar Xiangshu75-55,respectively.Through cytological observation,we found in the susceptible Xinzhonghua,Fob predominantly colonized stem villi,injured root growth points,and directly invaded vascular bundles through stemwounds.Spore germination peaked at 2-3 h post-inoculation(hpi),followed by cyclical mycelial expansion and sporulation within vascular tissues with sustaining infection.In contrast,the resistant Xiangshu75-55 exhibited strong suppression of Fob:spores rarely germinated in vascular bundles or on trichomes by 3 hpi,and mature hyphae were absent in stems at 24 hpi.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)confirmed significantly higher Fob biomass in Xinzhonghua than in Xiangshu75-55 by 16 hpi.Additionally,transcriptional profiling revealed distinct pathogen-host interactions during the compatible and incompatible reactions.In Xinzhonghua,Fob virulence genes FobPGX1,FobICL1,FobCTF2,FobFUB5 and FobFUB6 were upregulated within 16 hpi.Conversely,host defense genes IbMAPKK9,IbWRKY61,IbWRKY75,IbSWEET10,IbBBX24 and IbPIF4 were activated in Xiangshu75-55 during the same period.This study provides spatiotemporal cytological and molecular insights into Fob pathogenicity and host resistance,offering a foundation for early disease detection and improved Fusarium wilt management in sweet potato.展开更多
Wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)is an important disease worldwide.Detection of latent infection of leaves by the pathogen in late autumn is valuable for estimating the inoculum potent...Wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)is an important disease worldwide.Detection of latent infection of leaves by the pathogen in late autumn is valuable for estimating the inoculum potential to assess disease risks in the spring.We developed a new tool for rapid detection and quantification of latent infection of seedlings by the pathogen.The method was based on recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)coupled with an end-point detection via lateral flow device(LFD).The limit of detection is 100 agμL^(-1)of Bgt DNA,without noticeable interference from either other common wheat pathogens or wheat material(Triticum aestivum).It was evaluated on wheat seedlings for this accuracy and sensitivity in detecting latent infection of Bgt.We further extended this RPALFD assay to estimate the level of latent infection by Bgt based on imaging analysis.There was a strong correlation between the image-based and real-time PCR assay estimates of Bgt DNA.The present results suggested that this new tool can provide rapid and accurate quantification of Bgt in latently infected leaves and can be further development as an on-site monitoring tool.展开更多
基金financially supported by Xinjiang Major Science and Technology Projects,China (2023A02009)。
文摘In China,Xinjiang is a relatively independent epidemic region of wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,due to great population genetic divergence of Xinjiang with other inland epidemic regions.In this region,race evolution was usually slower than inland populations.However,many new races have recently been found,and therefore,it is necessary for more understanding of the virulence evolution of the Xinjiang population.So,in this study,a 65 sexual progenies,derived from a Xinjiang single-urediospore isolate BGTB-1 of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici by selfing on alternate host barberry(Berberis aggregata).It was phenotyped on the 25 single Yr lines,and genotyped by 19 kompetitive allele-specific PCRsingle nucleotide polymorphism(KASP-SNP) markers.As a result,the 65 progenies were identified as 56 various virulence patterns(VPs),and neither of which was identical to the parental isolate,showed 100% virulence variation.Compared with the parental isolate,of all progenies,39(60.0%) had increased virulence,and 18(27.7%) had decreased virulence.All progenies exhibited avirulence to Yr10,Yr15,Yr32,and YrTr1 loci,and avirulence and virulence segregation at the remaining 21 Yr resistance loci.The results showed avirulence to Yr5,Yr7,and Yr76(A:V≈3:1) loci is controlled by a single dominant gene,and that to Yr6,Yr25,and Yr44(A:V≈1:3) loci by a single recessive gene.However,avirulence to the remaining 15 resistant loci including Yr1,Yr2,Yr3,Yr4,Yr8,Yr9,Yr17,Yr26(=Yr24),Yr28,Yr29,Yr43,YrSP,Yr27,YrA,and YrExp2,with various avirulence and virulence segregation ratios,is controlled by two genes with different gene effects,indicating complex genetic traits of the parental isolate.Totally,65 dissimilar genotypes detected among progenies using overall molecular markers,by which a linkage map was constructed,with a genetic distance of 441.0 cM.Interestingly,although the parental isolate was avirulent to Yr5,but 17 progenies showed virulence,showing the change of pathogenicity from avirulence to virulence at this resistance locus.It was for the first time to report that progenies with virulence to Yr5 produced sexually from avirulent parental isolate at this resistance locus.To our knowledge,this study offers an insight into inheritance,sexual reproduction and virulence variation of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici in Xinjiang,facilitating us to understand evolution of the rust pathogen in this region and accounting for Xinjiang population distinguished form other inland populations.Additionally,it is necessary to further confirm the roles of sexual reproduction in the emergence of new races and affecting population genetic diversity of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici under natural conditions in Xinjiang.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072461)the Open Foundation of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plant Nematology,China(2021-SKL-01).
文摘The velvet protein family serves as a crucial factor in coordinating development and secondary metabolism in numerous pathogenic fungi.However,no previous research has examined the function of the velvet protein family in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum(FON),a pathogen causing a highly destructive disease in watermelon.In this study,∆fovel1 and∆folae1 deletion mutants and∆fovel1-C and∆folae1-C corresponding complementation mutants of FON were validated.Additionally,the phenotypic,biochemical,and virulence effects of the deletion mutants were investigated.Compared to the wild-type strains,the∆fovel1 and∆folae1 mutants exhibited altered mycelial phenotype,reduced conidiation,and decreased production of bikaverin and fusaric acid.Furthermore,their virulence on watermelon plant roots significantly decreased.All these alterations in mutants were restored in corresponding complementation strains.Notably,yeast two-hybrid results demonstrated an interaction between FoVel1 and FoLae1.This study reveals that FoVEL1 and FoLAE1 play essential roles in secondary metabolism,conidiation,and virulence in FON.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic and functional roles of VEL1 and LAE1 in pathogenic fungi.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFD1401000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072358 and 32272507)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province, China (2020JZ-15)。
文摘Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst), is an airborne disease. In China, it frequently develops initially in central Shaanxi and southwestern Gansu, and from there, inoculum spreads to the eastern wheat production regions. Field investigations have suggested that Pst could spread from the west to the east within central Shaanxi andthat Gansu could serve as the inoculum source for central Shaanxi, but there is no direct evidence for this hypothetical dispersal route. In the current study, 321 Pst isolates collected from central Shaanxi and Gansu in the 2019–2020 and2020–2021 winter wheat cropping seasons were genotyped using 23 pairs of KASP-SNP markers. The dispersion among subpopulations was analyzed using several approaches, and overall, the populations were found to exhibit high levels of genetic diversity. There was little genetic divergence(0.05>FST>0) within central Shaanxi. However, significant gene flow(Nm>4) driven by wind-oriented dispersal from west(Baoji) to east(Weinan) occurred. There was also gene flow among the 4 Gansu subpopulations of Tianshui, Longnan, Pingliang, and Qingyang. Migration of the pathogen occurred between central Shaanxi and Gansu. Migration from Gansu to central Shaanxi was major compared with that from central Shaanxi to Gansu that was minor. Genetic variation occurred among isolates, instead of among subpopulations and within isolates. Linkage disequilibrium revealed that there was strong genetic recombination in the subpopulations from Gansu and central Shaanxi. Therefore, the present study provides molecular evidence that Pst spread from west to east in central Shaanxi and showed that Gansu(especially Longnan and Tianshui) was one of the major origins of the pathogen inoculum of wheat stripe rust in central Shaanxi. The results revealed the west-to-east transmission route of wheat stripe rust in central Shaanxi, being used to guide integrated management of the disease.
文摘Organofluorines play a crucial role in medicine,agrochemicals,and materials science.Adding fluorine to molecules creates structures with specific beneficial properties or tunes properties through interactions with their environment.Many popular pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals contain fluorine because it enhances hydrogen bonding at protein’s active sites.
文摘Essential oils(EOs)derived from medicinal plants are gaining recognition as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides in the management of plant pathogens.This study investigates the chemical composition,chromatographic profile,and antifungal of Mentha rotundifolia essential oil against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.albedinis(Foa),the pathogen responsible for Bayoud disease in date palm.The oil was extracted through hydrodistillation and characterized using thin-layer chromatography(TLC)and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC-MS),revealing multiple fractions corresponding to terpenoid constituents and 23 chemical constituents,predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes(68.51%),with piperitenone oxide as the major component(62.53%).The antifungal efficacy was evaluated against ten(10)isolates of F.o.a across seven(07)concentrations different concentrations.(0;0.25;0.5;0.75;1;1.25;1.5μL/mL).The results obtained show a progressive decrease in the diameters of the colonies of F.o.a isolates by increasing the doses of EOMR.The percentage of inhibition varies from 7.82 to 83.41%;However,the dose of 1.75μL/mL showed 100%inhibition for all F.o.a isolates tested.These outcomes demonstrate the potential of M.rotundifolia essential oil as a natural,environmentally friendly antifungal agent,supporting its application in sustainable management strategies for Bayoud disease in date palm.
基金supported by the following grants,Earmarked fund for CARS-10-Sweet potato,High-quality development of agriculture“5511”collaborative innovation project(XTCXGC2021005)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province(2021J01495)+1 种基金Basic Scientific Research Special Project for Fujian Provincial Public Research Institutes(2021R1031008)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXTD2021012-1).
文摘Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.batatas(Fob)is a devastating disease threatening global sweet potato production.To elucidate Fob’s pathogenicitymechanisms and informeffective control strategies,we generated a green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged Fob strain to track infection dynamics in sweet potato susceptible cultivar Xinzhonghua and resistant cultivar Xiangshu75-55,respectively.Through cytological observation,we found in the susceptible Xinzhonghua,Fob predominantly colonized stem villi,injured root growth points,and directly invaded vascular bundles through stemwounds.Spore germination peaked at 2-3 h post-inoculation(hpi),followed by cyclical mycelial expansion and sporulation within vascular tissues with sustaining infection.In contrast,the resistant Xiangshu75-55 exhibited strong suppression of Fob:spores rarely germinated in vascular bundles or on trichomes by 3 hpi,and mature hyphae were absent in stems at 24 hpi.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR)confirmed significantly higher Fob biomass in Xinzhonghua than in Xiangshu75-55 by 16 hpi.Additionally,transcriptional profiling revealed distinct pathogen-host interactions during the compatible and incompatible reactions.In Xinzhonghua,Fob virulence genes FobPGX1,FobICL1,FobCTF2,FobFUB5 and FobFUB6 were upregulated within 16 hpi.Conversely,host defense genes IbMAPKK9,IbWRKY61,IbWRKY75,IbSWEET10,IbBBX24 and IbPIF4 were activated in Xiangshu75-55 during the same period.This study provides spatiotemporal cytological and molecular insights into Fob pathogenicity and host resistance,offering a foundation for early disease detection and improved Fusarium wilt management in sweet potato.
基金supported by the funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072359)。
文摘Wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)is an important disease worldwide.Detection of latent infection of leaves by the pathogen in late autumn is valuable for estimating the inoculum potential to assess disease risks in the spring.We developed a new tool for rapid detection and quantification of latent infection of seedlings by the pathogen.The method was based on recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)coupled with an end-point detection via lateral flow device(LFD).The limit of detection is 100 agμL^(-1)of Bgt DNA,without noticeable interference from either other common wheat pathogens or wheat material(Triticum aestivum).It was evaluated on wheat seedlings for this accuracy and sensitivity in detecting latent infection of Bgt.We further extended this RPALFD assay to estimate the level of latent infection by Bgt based on imaging analysis.There was a strong correlation between the image-based and real-time PCR assay estimates of Bgt DNA.The present results suggested that this new tool can provide rapid and accurate quantification of Bgt in latently infected leaves and can be further development as an on-site monitoring tool.
