The periodic assembly and dispersal of continental fragments, referred to as the supercontinent cycle, bear close relation to the evolution of mantle convection and plate tectonics. Supercontinent formation involves c...The periodic assembly and dispersal of continental fragments, referred to as the supercontinent cycle, bear close relation to the evolution of mantle convection and plate tectonics. Supercontinent formation involves complex processes of ＂introversion＂ （closure of interior oceans）, ＂extroversion＂ （closure of exterior oceans）, or a combination of these processes in uniting dispersed continental fragments, Recent developments in numerical modeling and advancements in computation techniques enable us to simulate Earth＇s mantle convection with drifting continents under realistic convection vigor and rheology in Earth-like geometry （i.e., 3D spherical-shell）. We report a numerical simulation of 3D mantle convection, incorporating drifting deformable continents, to evaluate supercontinent processes in a realistic mantle convection regime. Our results show that supercontinents are assembled by a combi- nation of introversion and extroversion processes. Small-scale thermal heterogeneity dominates deep mantle convection during the supercontinent cycle, although large-scale upwelling plumes intermit- tently originate under the drifting continents and/or the supercontinent.展开更多
The supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on the Earth＇s evolution since the Late Archean but our understanding of the forces responsible for its operation remains elusive.Supercontinents appear to form by t...The supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on the Earth＇s evolution since the Late Archean but our understanding of the forces responsible for its operation remains elusive.Supercontinents appear to form by two end-member processes：extroversion,in which the oceanic lithosphere surrounding the supercontinent（exterior ocean） is preferentially subducted（e.g.Pannotia）,and introversion in which the oceanic lithosphere formed between dispersing fragments of the previous supercontinent（interior ocean） is preferentially subducted（e.g.Pangea）.Extroversion can be explained by ＂top-down＂ geodynamics, in which a supercontinent breaks up over a geoid high and amalgamates above a geoid low. Introversion,on the other hand,requires that the combined forces of slab-pull and ridge push（which operate in concert after supercontinent break-up） must be overcome in order to enable the previously dispersing continents to turn inward.Introversion may begin when subduction zones are initiated along boundaries between the interior and exterior oceans and become trapped within the interior ocean.We speculate that the reversal in continental motion required for introversion may be induced by slab avalanche events that trigger the rise of superplumes from the core-mantle boundary.展开更多
In the process of foreign language learning, many factors interact to influence the learners’ learning achievement, including teaching, the learner, and the context, among which the individual difference attracted ma...In the process of foreign language learning, many factors interact to influence the learners’ learning achievement, including teaching, the learner, and the context, among which the individual difference attracted many researchers’ attention. They attempted to find out the relationship between these individual differences, especially personality traits and the learner’s foreign language learning achievements. However, the results and findings of the researches are sometimes contradictory and not always unquestionable. This research is designed for verifying the results of other studies and finding out the relationship between personality traits and EFL learning in the Chinese context, thereby making some contributions to the EFL teaching and learning. This thesis consists of five parts. The first part is a brief introduction to the research. In the second part, some theories on personality are surveyed first, and some researches are reviewed. Part Three presents the method of the research, including a description of the research methodology, subjects, and data-collecting procedures. Part Four reports the results and the data obtained in the research. In the last part, the results of the present research are compared with those of other researches, the implications and limitations of the research are discussed, and some suggestions for further studies are also put forward.展开更多
Accompanied by growing dispatched workers in workplace, occupational commitment is more important than ever. Despite the importance of understanding the emotional aspects of occupational commitment, previous research ...Accompanied by growing dispatched workers in workplace, occupational commitment is more important than ever. Despite the importance of understanding the emotional aspects of occupational commitment, previous research has paid less attention to the role of emotion in occupational commitment. This article attempts to fill this gap by examining the relationship between dispositional trait and occupational commitment. The study examined how two dispositional traits-neuroticism and extroversion-influence occupational commitment through the linking of two discrete emotions including fear and enthusiasm. A survey study with questionnaires was conducted and sample consisted of 144 respondents from the home carers in Taiwan. The predictions were then tested through the SEM approach, with acceptable fit resulted. Results showed that enthusiasm mediated the effect of extroversion on occupational commitment but fear partially mediated the impact of neuroticism on occupational commitment. These findings suggest that workers with distinguish dispositional trait have different occupational commitment, supporting the mediating role of discrete emotion on the relationship between dispositional trait and occupational commitment.展开更多
This study intends to investigate the moderating effect of occupation on the associations between anger and mental health between introverted and extroverted women. Available sampling was used for collecting the data....This study intends to investigate the moderating effect of occupation on the associations between anger and mental health between introverted and extroverted women. Available sampling was used for collecting the data. Sample consisted of 384 women including 192 employed women and 192 housewives women (Mean age = 31.63). A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for the participants. Instruments in the present study included general health questionnaire (GHQ- 28), aggression as well as the scale that assessed respondents’ introversion and extroversion. Results showed that aggression negatively related to mental health. In contrast, there was positive relation-ship between control wrath and mental health. Meaningly, women with high level of conciliation tended to possess high mental health. Furthermore, occupation didn’t play the moderating role in the associations between anger and mental health between introverted and extroverted women.展开更多
Experienced classroom educators are familiar with students commonly thought of as introverted or shy— the noticeably quiet students who are reluctant to speak in class, and generally shun the spotlight. Many educator...Experienced classroom educators are familiar with students commonly thought of as introverted or shy— the noticeably quiet students who are reluctant to speak in class, and generally shun the spotlight. Many educators find such students perplexing and frustrating because they rarely raise their hands in class, or engage in conversation afterward. It is difficult for educators to discern whether they are reaching such students or whether they are engaged or bored. Introverted students differ from their more extroverted peers in terms of information processing, classroom behavior, and preferences regarding assignments and activities. As educators, we often ask ourselves whether we are doing all we can, as educators and advisers, to foster such students’ learning and personal development, and this question is highly relevant in contemporary education. Introverts are thought to comprise approximately 40 percent of the student body. In addition, cultural background may foster behaviors similar to those observed in shy and/or introverted individuals. In this article, introversion, extroversion and shyness are compared and contrasted conceptually, as well as in terms of related social and academic behaviors and processes. The questions of whether introversion and shyness confer problematic traits, whether students should be helped to overcome or signature strengths, and whether they might be guided to develop further, are also addressed. Best practice guidelines intended to help nurse-faculty respond more helpfully to quiet students as educators and advisors are offered.展开更多
Individual learner＇s differences, such as sex, age, aptitude, motivation, personality and strategies, are important factors in English learning as foreign language （EFL）. Among these, personal types should be paid ...Individual learner＇s differences, such as sex, age, aptitude, motivation, personality and strategies, are important factors in English learning as foreign language （EFL）. Among these, personal types should be paid more attention to since different personalities mean different learning styles, and different learning styles lead to different levels of proficiency. The present study tries to explore the personal types in terms of extroversion and introversion of the students majoring in physical culture. Based on the investigation in personality types, the implications are discussed and some suggestions are put forward.展开更多
基金supported partly by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientifc Research (B) (No. 23340132) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan
文摘The periodic assembly and dispersal of continental fragments, referred to as the supercontinent cycle, bear close relation to the evolution of mantle convection and plate tectonics. Supercontinent formation involves complex processes of ＂introversion＂ （closure of interior oceans）, ＂extroversion＂ （closure of exterior oceans）, or a combination of these processes in uniting dispersed continental fragments, Recent developments in numerical modeling and advancements in computation techniques enable us to simulate Earth＇s mantle convection with drifting continents under realistic convection vigor and rheology in Earth-like geometry （i.e., 3D spherical-shell）. We report a numerical simulation of 3D mantle convection, incorporating drifting deformable continents, to evaluate supercontinent processes in a realistic mantle convection regime. Our results show that supercontinents are assembled by a combi- nation of introversion and extroversion processes. Small-scale thermal heterogeneity dominates deep mantle convection during the supercontinent cycle, although large-scale upwelling plumes intermit- tently originate under the drifting continents and/or the supercontinent.
基金the continuing support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council,Canada through Discovery and Research Capacity grantsRDN is supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-0308105+1 种基金a Baker Award from Ohio Universitya contribution to the International Geoscience Program,IGCP Project 597
文摘The supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on the Earth＇s evolution since the Late Archean but our understanding of the forces responsible for its operation remains elusive.Supercontinents appear to form by two end-member processes：extroversion,in which the oceanic lithosphere surrounding the supercontinent（exterior ocean） is preferentially subducted（e.g.Pannotia）,and introversion in which the oceanic lithosphere formed between dispersing fragments of the previous supercontinent（interior ocean） is preferentially subducted（e.g.Pangea）.Extroversion can be explained by ＂top-down＂ geodynamics, in which a supercontinent breaks up over a geoid high and amalgamates above a geoid low. Introversion,on the other hand,requires that the combined forces of slab-pull and ridge push（which operate in concert after supercontinent break-up） must be overcome in order to enable the previously dispersing continents to turn inward.Introversion may begin when subduction zones are initiated along boundaries between the interior and exterior oceans and become trapped within the interior ocean.We speculate that the reversal in continental motion required for introversion may be induced by slab avalanche events that trigger the rise of superplumes from the core-mantle boundary.
文摘In the process of foreign language learning, many factors interact to influence the learners’ learning achievement, including teaching, the learner, and the context, among which the individual difference attracted many researchers’ attention. They attempted to find out the relationship between these individual differences, especially personality traits and the learner’s foreign language learning achievements. However, the results and findings of the researches are sometimes contradictory and not always unquestionable. This research is designed for verifying the results of other studies and finding out the relationship between personality traits and EFL learning in the Chinese context, thereby making some contributions to the EFL teaching and learning. This thesis consists of five parts. The first part is a brief introduction to the research. In the second part, some theories on personality are surveyed first, and some researches are reviewed. Part Three presents the method of the research, including a description of the research methodology, subjects, and data-collecting procedures. Part Four reports the results and the data obtained in the research. In the last part, the results of the present research are compared with those of other researches, the implications and limitations of the research are discussed, and some suggestions for further studies are also put forward.
文摘Accompanied by growing dispatched workers in workplace, occupational commitment is more important than ever. Despite the importance of understanding the emotional aspects of occupational commitment, previous research has paid less attention to the role of emotion in occupational commitment. This article attempts to fill this gap by examining the relationship between dispositional trait and occupational commitment. The study examined how two dispositional traits-neuroticism and extroversion-influence occupational commitment through the linking of two discrete emotions including fear and enthusiasm. A survey study with questionnaires was conducted and sample consisted of 144 respondents from the home carers in Taiwan. The predictions were then tested through the SEM approach, with acceptable fit resulted. Results showed that enthusiasm mediated the effect of extroversion on occupational commitment but fear partially mediated the impact of neuroticism on occupational commitment. These findings suggest that workers with distinguish dispositional trait have different occupational commitment, supporting the mediating role of discrete emotion on the relationship between dispositional trait and occupational commitment.
文摘This study intends to investigate the moderating effect of occupation on the associations between anger and mental health between introverted and extroverted women. Available sampling was used for collecting the data. Sample consisted of 384 women including 192 employed women and 192 housewives women (Mean age = 31.63). A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for the participants. Instruments in the present study included general health questionnaire (GHQ- 28), aggression as well as the scale that assessed respondents’ introversion and extroversion. Results showed that aggression negatively related to mental health. In contrast, there was positive relation-ship between control wrath and mental health. Meaningly, women with high level of conciliation tended to possess high mental health. Furthermore, occupation didn’t play the moderating role in the associations between anger and mental health between introverted and extroverted women.
文摘Experienced classroom educators are familiar with students commonly thought of as introverted or shy— the noticeably quiet students who are reluctant to speak in class, and generally shun the spotlight. Many educators find such students perplexing and frustrating because they rarely raise their hands in class, or engage in conversation afterward. It is difficult for educators to discern whether they are reaching such students or whether they are engaged or bored. Introverted students differ from their more extroverted peers in terms of information processing, classroom behavior, and preferences regarding assignments and activities. As educators, we often ask ourselves whether we are doing all we can, as educators and advisers, to foster such students’ learning and personal development, and this question is highly relevant in contemporary education. Introverts are thought to comprise approximately 40 percent of the student body. In addition, cultural background may foster behaviors similar to those observed in shy and/or introverted individuals. In this article, introversion, extroversion and shyness are compared and contrasted conceptually, as well as in terms of related social and academic behaviors and processes. The questions of whether introversion and shyness confer problematic traits, whether students should be helped to overcome or signature strengths, and whether they might be guided to develop further, are also addressed. Best practice guidelines intended to help nurse-faculty respond more helpfully to quiet students as educators and advisors are offered.
文摘Individual learner＇s differences, such as sex, age, aptitude, motivation, personality and strategies, are important factors in English learning as foreign language （EFL）. Among these, personal types should be paid more attention to since different personalities mean different learning styles, and different learning styles lead to different levels of proficiency. The present study tries to explore the personal types in terms of extroversion and introversion of the students majoring in physical culture. Based on the investigation in personality types, the implications are discussed and some suggestions are put forward.
