This study assesses the performance of temperature extremes over China in two regional climate models(RCMs),RegCM4 and WRF, driven by the ECMWF's 20 th century reanalysis. Based on the advice of the Expert Team on...This study assesses the performance of temperature extremes over China in two regional climate models(RCMs),RegCM4 and WRF, driven by the ECMWF's 20 th century reanalysis. Based on the advice of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices(ETCCDI), 12 extreme temperature indices(i.e., TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn, TX90 p, TN90 p,TX10 p, TN10 p WSDI, ID, FD, and CSDI) are derived from the simulations of two RCMs and compared with those from the daily station-based observational data for the period 1981–2010. Overall, the two RCMs demonstrate satisfactory capability in representing the spatiotemporal distribution of the extreme indices over most regions. RegCM performs better than WRF in reproducing the mean temperature extremes, especially over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Moreover, both models capture well the decreasing trends in ID, FD, CSDI, TX10 p, and TN10 p, and the increasing trends in TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn, WSDI, TX90 p,and TN90 p, over China. Compared with observation, RegCM tends to underestimate the trends of temperature extremes,while WRF tends to overestimate them over the TP. For instance, the linear trends of TXx over the TP from observation,RegCM, and WRF are 0.53?C(10 yr)^(-1), 0.44?C(10 yr)^(-1), and 0.75?C(10 yr)^(-1), respectively. However, WRF performs better than RegCM in reproducing the interannual variability of the extreme-temperature indices. Our findings are helpful towards improving our understanding of the physical realism of RCMs in terms of different time scales, thus enabling us in future work to address the sources of model biases.展开更多
Li metal batteries(LMBs) are considered as the next-generation energy storage systems because of their high energy density.However,due to the high reactivity of Li metal with the electrolyte,the unwanted safety concer...Li metal batteries(LMBs) are considered as the next-generation energy storage systems because of their high energy density.However,due to the high reactivity of Li metal with the electrolyte,the unwanted safety concerns inhibit the practical application of LMBs.To overcome these drawbacks,exploring suitable electrolytes is considered to be urgent.Great effort has been made to modify electrolytes to achieve the stability of LMBs.In this review,different kinds of LMBs are firstly introduced.Then,the regulation of electrode–electrolyte interphase is discussed.Next,recent advances on the functional electrolytes for LMBs are overviewed,including fireproof electrolytes,extreme-temperature electrolytes and high-voltage electrolytes.Finally,the perspective on the development of future electrolytes is provided.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2016YFA0602401)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41575089)
文摘This study assesses the performance of temperature extremes over China in two regional climate models(RCMs),RegCM4 and WRF, driven by the ECMWF's 20 th century reanalysis. Based on the advice of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices(ETCCDI), 12 extreme temperature indices(i.e., TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn, TX90 p, TN90 p,TX10 p, TN10 p WSDI, ID, FD, and CSDI) are derived from the simulations of two RCMs and compared with those from the daily station-based observational data for the period 1981–2010. Overall, the two RCMs demonstrate satisfactory capability in representing the spatiotemporal distribution of the extreme indices over most regions. RegCM performs better than WRF in reproducing the mean temperature extremes, especially over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Moreover, both models capture well the decreasing trends in ID, FD, CSDI, TX10 p, and TN10 p, and the increasing trends in TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn, WSDI, TX90 p,and TN90 p, over China. Compared with observation, RegCM tends to underestimate the trends of temperature extremes,while WRF tends to overestimate them over the TP. For instance, the linear trends of TXx over the TP from observation,RegCM, and WRF are 0.53?C(10 yr)^(-1), 0.44?C(10 yr)^(-1), and 0.75?C(10 yr)^(-1), respectively. However, WRF performs better than RegCM in reproducing the interannual variability of the extreme-temperature indices. Our findings are helpful towards improving our understanding of the physical realism of RCMs in terms of different time scales, thus enabling us in future work to address the sources of model biases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51971090 and U21A20311)。
文摘Li metal batteries(LMBs) are considered as the next-generation energy storage systems because of their high energy density.However,due to the high reactivity of Li metal with the electrolyte,the unwanted safety concerns inhibit the practical application of LMBs.To overcome these drawbacks,exploring suitable electrolytes is considered to be urgent.Great effort has been made to modify electrolytes to achieve the stability of LMBs.In this review,different kinds of LMBs are firstly introduced.Then,the regulation of electrode–electrolyte interphase is discussed.Next,recent advances on the functional electrolytes for LMBs are overviewed,including fireproof electrolytes,extreme-temperature electrolytes and high-voltage electrolytes.Finally,the perspective on the development of future electrolytes is provided.
