Extreme environments are unstructured and change rapidly,making human exploration in unfamiliar areas difficult.Construction robotics can help reduce risks to human safety and property in these environments by integra...Extreme environments are unstructured and change rapidly,making human exploration in unfamiliar areas difficult.Construction robotics can help reduce risks to human safety and property in these environments by integrating digital technology and artificial intelligence.This technology has the potential to significantly improve the quality and efficiency of construction,making it a key area for future research.Extreme environments include hazardous work sites,polluted areas,and harsh natural conditions.Our review of construction robotics in these settings highlights several knowledge gaps.We focused on four main areas:mechanism design,perception,planning,and control.Our analysis reveals challenges in practical applications,such as creating adaptable mechanisms,accurately perceiving changing environments,planning for unstructured sites,and optimizing control models.Future research should explore:biomimetic designs inspired by nature,multimodal data fusion for perception,adaptive planning strategies,and hybrid control models that combine data-driven and mechanism-based approaches.展开更多
The concept of multi-principal component has created promising opportunities for the development of novel high-entropy ceramics for extreme environments encountered in advanced turbine engines, nuclear reactors, and h...The concept of multi-principal component has created promising opportunities for the development of novel high-entropy ceramics for extreme environments encountered in advanced turbine engines, nuclear reactors, and hypersonic vehicles, as it expands the compositional space of ceramic materials with tailored properties within a single-phase solid solution. The unique physical properties of some high-entropy carbides and borides, such as higher hardness, high-temperature strength, lower thermal conductivity, and improved irradiation resistance than the constitute ceramics, have been observed. These promising properties may be attributed to the compositional complexity, atomic-level disorder, lattice distortion, and other fundamental processes related to defect formation and phonon scattering.This manuscript serves as a critical review of the recent progress in high-entropy carbides and borides, focusing on synthesis and evaluations of their performance in extreme high-temperature, irradiation, and gaseous environments.展开更多
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors.However,traditional TENG ...With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors.However,traditional TENG materials exhibit limited mechanical durability,environmental stability,and sensing performance under extreme conditions.Therefore,this study develops a novel eutectogel based on a deep eutectic solvent(DES)and poly(itaconic acidco-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)(P(IA-co-HEA))polymer network.The careful molecular design and microstructural modification of this system result in a eutectogel with low hysteresis,excellent resilience(97.8%),high conductivity(48.02 mS m^(−1)),and strong adhesive strength.Owing to the low freezing point and low volatility of the DES,the P(IA-co-HEA)eutectogel maintains 75.7%and 69.4%tensile and compressive resilience,respectively,at-40℃.Moreover,no significant change in resilience is observed after 24 h of storage under a-0.1 MPa vacuum environment.A self-powered TENG pressure sensor containing the developed eutectogel demonstrates a fast response time(16 ms)and stable signal output over 16000contact-separation cycles.In addition,the sensor operates reliably at-60℃ and vacuum(-0.1 MPa)conditions.The high resilience of the flexible self-powered sensor makes it suitable for use in extreme environments,supporting longterm,reliable pressure monitoring.展开更多
The development of infrared engineering technologies for extreme environments remains a formidable challenge due to the inherent trade-offs among optical performance,thermal stability,and mechanical integrity in therm...The development of infrared engineering technologies for extreme environments remains a formidable challenge due to the inherent trade-offs among optical performance,thermal stability,and mechanical integrity in thermal photonic metamaterials(TPMs).This work introduces a novel multi-obj ective design framework and demonstrates the design,fabrication,and validation of a TPM operating under extreme temperatures up to 1873 K.We have established a holistic design framework integrating temperaturedependent neural network and Pareto multi-obj ective optimization to co-optimize spectral response,component light-weighting,and structural efficiency.The framework achieves 100 times faster computation than genetic algorithms.The performance of the designed TPM was evaluated under various atmospheric models and detection distances.The TPM achieved a peak radiance suppression efficiency of 82%and a maximum attenuation of-7.4 dB at 1200-1500 K.Experimentally,we fabricated an all-dielectric TPM using a refractory TiO_(2)/BeO multilayer stack with only 5 layers and 2um total thickness.The optimized structure shows high reflectivity(0.62 at 3-5 um;0.48 at 8-14μm)for radiative suppression and high emissivity(0.87 at 5-8μm)for radiative cooling.The TPM withstands 1873 K for 12 h in air with less than 3%spectral drift,retaining excellent mechanical properties.On high-temperature components,it achieves 40-50%radiative suppression and 40-60 K(~10.1 kW m^(-2))radiative cooling at 1100 K,endures over 20 times thermal shock cycles(>150 K s^(-1),700-1500 K),and maintains stable performance over 5 cycles,with 78%visible and 98%microwave transmittance.This work establishes a new paradigm in the design and application of photonic materials for extreme environments.展开更多
Convergent evolution is especially common in plants that have independently adapted to the same extreme environments(i.e.,extremophile plants).The recent burst of omics data has alleviated many limitations that have h...Convergent evolution is especially common in plants that have independently adapted to the same extreme environments(i.e.,extremophile plants).The recent burst of omics data has alleviated many limitations that have hampered molecular convergence studies of non-model extremophile plants.In this review,we summarize cases of genomic convergence in these taxa to examine the extent and type of genomic convergence during the process of adaptation to extreme environments.Despite being well studied by candidate gene approaches,convergent evolution at individual sites is rare and often has a high false-positive rate when assessed in whole genomes.By contrast,genomic convergence at higher genetic levels has been detected during adaptation to the same extreme environments.Examples include the convergence of biological pathways and changes in gene expression,gene copy number,amino acid usage,and GC content.Higher convergence levels play important roles in the adaptive evolution of extremophiles and may be more frequent and involve more genes.In several cases,multiple types of convergence events have been found to co-occur.However,empirical and theoretical studies of this higher level convergent evolution are still limited.In conclusion,both the development of powerful approaches and the detection of convergence at various genetic levels are needed to further reveal the genetic mechanisms of plant adaptation to extreme environments.展开更多
The spontaneous growth and evolution mechanism of metal whiskers have long been scientific problems.With the development of the integration of electronic and electrical productions,short circuits and system failures a...The spontaneous growth and evolution mechanism of metal whiskers have long been scientific problems.With the development of the integration of electronic and electrical productions,short circuits and system failures are raised by metal whiskers continuously.In the meantime,the related theories and mechanisms of whiskering problem are still vague,leading to a deficiency in the studies of environmental factors influencing the whisker phenomenon.Besides,the extreme environments such as aerospace,have been proven the accelerators to the formation of metal whiskers,resulting in a severe threaten to equipment and devices working in such environments including satellite and military equipment.To establish a comprehensive understanding to the whiskering process associated with their applicable control strategies,this study analyzes the growth phenomenon,influencing factors,formation process and evolution mechanism of metal whiskers in extreme service environments,puts forward the corresponding controlling strategies,offers a reference for the establishment of Chinese extreme aerospace strategic environment,and improves the reliability of aerospace systems.展开更多
In order to properly utilize the abundant CO_(2)and water resources,various catalytic materials have been developed to convert them into valuable chemicals as renewable fuels electrochemically or photochemically.Curre...In order to properly utilize the abundant CO_(2)and water resources,various catalytic materials have been developed to convert them into valuable chemicals as renewable fuels electrochemically or photochemically.Currently,most studies are conducted under mild laboratory conditions,but for some extreme environments,such as Mars and space stations,there is an urgent need to develop new catalysts satisfying such special requirements.Conventional catalytic materials mainly focus on metals and narrow bandgap semiconductor materials,while the research on wide and ultrawide bandgap materials that can inherently withstand extreme conditions has not received enough attention.Given the robust stability and excellent physico-chemical properties of diamond,it can be expected to perform in harsh environments for electrocatalysis or photocatalysis that has not been investigated thoroughly.Here,this review summarizes the catalytic functionality of diamond-based electrodes with various but tunable product selectivity to obtain the varied C_(1)or C_(2+)products,and discusses some important factors playing a key role in manipulating the catalytic activity.Moreover,the unique solvation electron effect of diamond gives it a significant advantage in photocatalytic conversions which is also summarized in this mini-review.In the end,prospects are made for the application of diamond-based catalysts under various extreme conditions.The challenges that may be faced in practical applications are also summarized and future breakthrough directions are proposed at the end.展开更多
Tropical coral islands represent one of the extremely stressful ecosystems,characterized by high salinity,seasonal drought,heat,strong ultraviolet radiation,and infertile soil,which constraint species occurrence,limit...Tropical coral islands represent one of the extremely stressful ecosystems,characterized by high salinity,seasonal drought,heat,strong ultraviolet radiation,and infertile soil,which constraint species occurrence,limit plant growth and development,and reduce species richness comparing to tropical continental islands with mesophytic habitats(Li et al.,2024;Ren et al.,2017;Tu et al.,2022,2024).Coupled with global climate changes,these adverse conditions have been being exacerbated,leading to extensive degradation of ecosystems throughout the tropical coral islands(Li et al.,2021).Native insular plant resources provide enormous potentials in island greening and ecological restoration,since they have colonized and become well adapted to the specialized habitat on tropical coral islands,evolving a series of functional traits and molecular strategies to accommodate the abiotic stresses.Thus,understanding the genomic make-up of these plants will help uncover molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to tropical coral islands.However,contrary to the numerous genomic studies done for other extreme habitats,such as deserts(Hu et al.,2021;Ma et al.,2013),alpine regions(Zhang et al.,2023),intertidal habitats(Feng et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2020;Natarajan et al.,2021),and karst caves(Feng et al.,2020),molecular adaptation of plants on the tropical coral islands remains to be elucidated.展开更多
Radiative cooling is a passive thermal management strategy that leverages the natural ability of materials to dissipate heat through infrared radiation.It has significant implications for energy efficiency,climate ada...Radiative cooling is a passive thermal management strategy that leverages the natural ability of materials to dissipate heat through infrared radiation.It has significant implications for energy efficiency,climate adaptation,and sustainable technology development,with applications in personal thermal management,building temperature regulation,and aerospace engineering.However,radiative cooling performance is susceptible to environmental aging and special environmental conditions,limiting its applicability in extreme environments.Herein,a critical review of extreme environmental radiative cooling is presented,focusing on enhancing environmental durability and cooling efficiency.This review first introduces the design principles of heat exchange channels,which are tailored based on the thermal flow equilibrium to optimize radiative cooling capacity in various extreme environments.Subsequently,recent advancements in radiative cooling materials and micronano structures that align with these principles are systematically discussed,with a focus on their implementation in terrestrial dwelling environments,terrestrial extreme environments,aeronautical environments,and space environments.Moreover,this review evaluates the cooling effects and anti-environmental abilities of extreme radiative cooling devices.Lastly,key challenges hindering the development of radiative cooling devices for extreme environmental applications are outlined,and potential strategies to overcome these limitations are proposed,aiming to prompt their future commercialization.展开更多
As unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are increasingly designed to perform long-duration missions in highly complex and often extreme environments, traditional design methods face significant and growing challenges^(...As unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are increasingly designed to perform long-duration missions in highly complex and often extreme environments, traditional design methods face significant and growing challenges^([1,2]).展开更多
NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)is considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity.However,its practical application is limited by irreversible deamination,structural ...NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)is considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity.However,its practical application is limited by irreversible deamination,structural collapse,and sluggish reaction kinetics during cycling.Herein,K+and C_(3)N_(4)co-intercalated NVO(KNVO-C_(3)N_(4))nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing are synthesized for the first time to achieve high-rate,stable,and wide-temperature cathodes.Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that there is an optimal C_(3)N_(4)content to achieve higher reaction kinetics.The synergistic effect of K^(+)and C_(3)N_(4)co-intercalation significantly reduces the electrostatic interaction between Zn^(2+)and the[VOn]layer,improves the specific capacity and cycling stability.Consequently,the KNVO-C_(3)N_(4)electrode displays outstanding electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments.It exhibits excellent rate performance(228.4 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)),long-term cycling stability(174.2 m Ah g^(-1) after 10,000 cycles at 20 A g^(-1)),and power/energy density(210.0 Wh kg^(-1)at 14,200 W kg^(-1))at room temperature.Notably,it shows remarkable storage performance at-20℃(111.3 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1))and 60℃(208.6 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)).This strategy offers a novel approach to developing high-performance cathodes capable of operating under extreme temperatures.展开更多
Stress response of a tension leg platform （TLP） in extreme environments was investigated in this paper. A location on one of the gussets was selected as the object point, where directional stresses were numerically ...Stress response of a tension leg platform （TLP） in extreme environments was investigated in this paper. A location on one of the gussets was selected as the object point, where directional stresses were numerically simulated and also experimentally verified by a strain gage. Environmental loading and the platform＇s structural strength were analyzed in accordance with industrial standards, utilizing linear wave theory and the finite element method （FEM）. The fast Fourier transform technique was used to calculate the stress response amplitude operators （RAO） from the records of measurements. A comparison was performed between the stress RAO of the numerical simulation and that of the actual measurements. The results indicated that the stress RAO of the numerical simulation fitted well with measured data at specified wave headings with different periods.展开更多
With the increasing scarcity of Earth’s resources and the development of space science and technology,the exploration, development, and utilization of deep space-specific material resources(minerals, water ice, volat...With the increasing scarcity of Earth’s resources and the development of space science and technology,the exploration, development, and utilization of deep space-specific material resources(minerals, water ice, volatile compounds, etc.) are not only important to supplement the resources and reserves on Earth but also provide a material foundation for establishing extraterrestrial research bases. To achieve large depth in-situ condition-preserved coring(ICP-Coring) in the extreme lunar environment, first, lunar rock simulant was selected(SZU-1), which has a material composition, element distribution, and physical and mechanical properties that are approximately equivalent to those of lunar mare basalt. Second, the influence of the lunar-based in-situ environment on the phase, microstructure, and thermal physical properties(specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion coefficient)of SZU-1 was explored and compared with the measured lunar rock data. It was found that in an air atmosphere, low temperature has a more pronounced effect on the relative content of olivine than other temperatures, while in a vacuum atmosphere, the relative contents of olivine and anorthite are significantly affected only at temperatures of approximately-20 and 200 ℃. When the vacuum level is less than100 Pa, the contribution of air conduction can be almost neglected, whereas it becomes dominant above this threshold. Additionally, as the testing temperature increases, the surface of SZU-1 exhibits increased microcracking, fracture opening, and unevenness, while the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity,and thermal expansion coefficient show nonlinear increases. Conversely, the thermal diffusivity exhibits a nonlinear decreasing trend. The relationship between thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and temperature can be effectively described by an exponential function(R^(2)>0.98). The research results are consistent with previous studies on real lunar rocks. These research findings are expected to be applied in the development of the test and analysis systems of ICP-Coring in a lunar environment and the exploration of the mechanism of machine-rock interaction in the in-situ drilling and coring process.展开更多
High altitude is an extreme environment that imposes hypoxic pressure on physiological processes,and natives living at high altitudes are more adaptive in certain physiological processes.So far,epigenetic modification...High altitude is an extreme environment that imposes hypoxic pressure on physiological processes,and natives living at high altitudes are more adaptive in certain physiological processes.So far,epigenetic modifications under extreme changes in hypoxic pressures are relatively less understood.Here,we recruit 32 Tibetan elite alpinists(TEAs),who have successfully mounted Everest(8848 m)at least five times.Blood samples and physiological phenotypes of TEAs and 32 matched non-alpinist Tibetan volunteers(non-TEAs)are collected for analysis.Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis identifies 23,202 differentially methylated CpGs(P_(adj)<0.05,|β|>0.1)between the two groups.Some differentially methylated CpGs are in hypoxia-related genes such as PPP1R13L,MAP3K7CL,SEPTI-9,and CUL2.In addition,Gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals several inflammation-related pathways.Phenotypic analysis indicates that 12 phenotypes are significantly different between the two groups.In particular,TEAs exhibit higher blood oxygen saturation levels and lower neutrophil count,platelet count,and heart rate.For DNA methylation association analysis,we find that two CpGs(cg16687447,cg06947206)upstream of PTEN were associated with platelet count.In conclusion,extreme hypoxia exposure leads to epigenetic modifications and phenotypic alterations of TEA,providing us clues for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying changes under extreme hypoxia conditions.展开更多
The femtosecond laser has emerged as a powerful tool for micro-and nanoscale device fabrication. Through nonlinear ionization processes, nanometer-sized material modifications can be inscribed in transparent materials...The femtosecond laser has emerged as a powerful tool for micro-and nanoscale device fabrication. Through nonlinear ionization processes, nanometer-sized material modifications can be inscribed in transparent materials for device fabrication. This paper describes femtosecond precision inscription of nanograting in silica fiber cores to form both distributed and point fiber sensors for sensing applications in extreme environmental conditions. Through the use of scanning electron microscope imaging and laser processing optimization,high-temperature stable, Type II femtosecond laser modifications were continuously inscribed,point by point, with only an insertion loss at 1 d B m~(-1) or 0.001 d B per point sensor device.High-temperature performance of fiber sensors was tested at 1000℃, which showed a temperature fluctuation of ±5.5℃ over 5 days. The low laser-induced insertion loss in optical fibers enabled the fabrication of a 1.4 m, radiation-resilient distributed fiber sensor. The in-pile testing of the distributed fiber sensor further showed that fiber sensors can execute stable and distributed temperature measurements in extreme radiation environments. Overall, this paper demonstrates that femtosecond-laser-fabricated fiber sensors are suitable measurement devices for applications in extreme environments.展开更多
Severe environmental conditions affect organisms in two major ways. The environment may be predictably severe such as in deserts, polar and alpine regions, or individuals may be exposed to temporarily extreme conditio...Severe environmental conditions affect organisms in two major ways. The environment may be predictably severe such as in deserts, polar and alpine regions, or individuals may be exposed to temporarily extreme conditions through weather, presence of predators, lack of food, social status etc. Existence in an extreme environment may be possible, but then to breed or molt in addition can present major bottlenecks that have resulted in the evolution of hormone-behavior adaptations to cope with unpredictable events. Examples of hormone-behavior adaptations in extreme conditions include attenuated testosterone secretion because territoriality and excess courtship may be too costly when there is one opportunity to reproduce. The individual may even become insensitive to testosterone when target areas of the brain regulating reproductive behavior no longer respond to the hormone. A second example is reduced sensitivity to glucocorticoids following acute stress during the breeding season or molt that allows successful reproduction and/or a vital renewal of the integument to endure extreme conditions during the rest of the year. Reduced sensitivity could involve： （a） modulated response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, （b） reduced sensitivity to high glucocorticoid levels, or （c） a combination of （a） and （b）. Moreover, corticosteroid binding proteins （CBP） buffer responses to stress by reducing the movement of glucocorticoids into target cells. Finally, intracellular enzymes （11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and variants） can deactivate glucocorticoids entering cells thus reducing interaction with receptors. These mechanisms have important implications for climate change and increasing extremes of weather [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 363-374, 2011].展开更多
Bufotes taxkorensis and B. zamdaensis are toads endemic to China. Both species inhabit highelevation and saline environments, and so provide a unique opportunity to investigate the adaptive responses of amphibians to ...Bufotes taxkorensis and B. zamdaensis are toads endemic to China. Both species inhabit highelevation and saline environments, and so provide a unique opportunity to investigate the adaptive responses of amphibians to extreme habitats. In the present study, we first observed and measured the histological structures of their skin and kidney in B.taxkorensis and B. zamdaensis. We then compared these results with similar findings for the low-elevation seawater dweller Fejervarya cancrivora and, finally,contrasted them with available data on species living in diverse habitats. Our results revealed the following adaptations:(1) In the Bufotes species, the epidermis and dermis both contain capillary vessels, facilitating blood-gas exchange and promoting adaptation to high-elevation hypoxia. The thick pigment layers present in the ventral skin of B. taxkorensis also help in adaptation to lower temperatures. In addition, the relative epidermis thickness of the dorsal and ventral skin is significantly greater in Bufotes species than in F.cancrivora, indicating adaptation to a terrestrial habitat.Comparing the terrestrial and semiaquatic species, we find that total dorsal and ventral thicknesses are both significantly greater in terrestrial than in semiaquatic species, helping to reduce water evaporation and damage from crawling, and thus promoting adaptation to terrestrial life.(2) The relative kidney filtration area of the Bufotes species is not significantly different from that of F. cancrivora, but accounts for only half that of terrestrial Bufo species. This lower total relative filtration area prevents excessive urea from being filtered out, avoiding excessive loss of body water and promoting adaptation to saline conditions. At the same time, the relative diameter of the proximal segment of Bufotes species is found to be similar to that of the semiaquatic F. cancrivora,facilitating the resorption of water and ions to increase plasma osmolality and promoting adaptation to saline environments. The findings of the present study offer insights into the adaptive mechanisms of amphibians in extreme environments and different habitats.展开更多
Extreme environments challenge the structural health monitoring of advanced equipment.In-situ dynamic tracking temperature is of particular value due to its enormous impact on material properties.However,the realizati...Extreme environments challenge the structural health monitoring of advanced equipment.In-situ dynamic tracking temperature is of particular value due to its enormous impact on material properties.However,the realization of such integrated temperature sensors typically requires complicated layer-by-layer molding and sintering processes including additional thermal barrier coatings.Herein,we report a laser-induced in-situ conductive passivation strategy for the fabrication of a thin-film based wide-range temperature sensor.The instantaneous thermal effect of laser irradiation creates crystalline conductive traces in response to temperature variations.Synchronously,it also allows the formation of an amorphous antioxidative layer without necessitating extra protective coatings.Such configuration enables precise real-time sensing across-50℃to 950℃following the Steinhart-Hart equation.It also exhibits durable performance with only 1.2%drift over 20 hours during long-term high-temperature,instant thermal shock,frequent wearing,and severe vibration.This in-situ,facile laser manufacturing strategy holds great promise in structural health monitoring and fault diagnosis for advanced equipment working in extreme environments.展开更多
Almost all solid surfaces are rough.The randomness and complexity of roughness make the behavior of contact deformation,electrical conductivity,and heat transfer between solids elusive.If the solids are subjected to f...Almost all solid surfaces are rough.The randomness and complexity of roughness make the behavior of contact deformation,electrical conductivity,and heat transfer between solids elusive.If the solids are subjected to further tensile,bending,or torsional deformation,will more complex or new contact phenomena occur?Clarifying this issue is of great significance to developing and designing some major equipment serving in extreme environments.展开更多
基金supported in the Strategic Research and Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023-XZ-90 and 2023-JB-09-10)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0500301 and 2023YFB3711300)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72171092 and 71821001)the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province(2021CFA091).
文摘Extreme environments are unstructured and change rapidly,making human exploration in unfamiliar areas difficult.Construction robotics can help reduce risks to human safety and property in these environments by integrating digital technology and artificial intelligence.This technology has the potential to significantly improve the quality and efficiency of construction,making it a key area for future research.Extreme environments include hazardous work sites,polluted areas,and harsh natural conditions.Our review of construction robotics in these settings highlights several knowledge gaps.We focused on four main areas:mechanism design,perception,planning,and control.Our analysis reveals challenges in practical applications,such as creating adaptable mechanisms,accurately perceiving changing environments,planning for unstructured sites,and optimizing control models.Future research should explore:biomimetic designs inspired by nature,multimodal data fusion for perception,adaptive planning strategies,and hybrid control models that combine data-driven and mechanism-based approaches.
基金funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-AR0001428supported by the National Science Foundation under Award ECCS: 2025298the Nebraska Research Initiative。
文摘The concept of multi-principal component has created promising opportunities for the development of novel high-entropy ceramics for extreme environments encountered in advanced turbine engines, nuclear reactors, and hypersonic vehicles, as it expands the compositional space of ceramic materials with tailored properties within a single-phase solid solution. The unique physical properties of some high-entropy carbides and borides, such as higher hardness, high-temperature strength, lower thermal conductivity, and improved irradiation resistance than the constitute ceramics, have been observed. These promising properties may be attributed to the compositional complexity, atomic-level disorder, lattice distortion, and other fundamental processes related to defect formation and phonon scattering.This manuscript serves as a critical review of the recent progress in high-entropy carbides and borides, focusing on synthesis and evaluations of their performance in extreme high-temperature, irradiation, and gaseous environments.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB3805702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52130303, 52327802)。
文摘With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors.However,traditional TENG materials exhibit limited mechanical durability,environmental stability,and sensing performance under extreme conditions.Therefore,this study develops a novel eutectogel based on a deep eutectic solvent(DES)and poly(itaconic acidco-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)(P(IA-co-HEA))polymer network.The careful molecular design and microstructural modification of this system result in a eutectogel with low hysteresis,excellent resilience(97.8%),high conductivity(48.02 mS m^(−1)),and strong adhesive strength.Owing to the low freezing point and low volatility of the DES,the P(IA-co-HEA)eutectogel maintains 75.7%and 69.4%tensile and compressive resilience,respectively,at-40℃.Moreover,no significant change in resilience is observed after 24 h of storage under a-0.1 MPa vacuum environment.A self-powered TENG pressure sensor containing the developed eutectogel demonstrates a fast response time(16 ms)and stable signal output over 16000contact-separation cycles.In addition,the sensor operates reliably at-60℃ and vacuum(-0.1 MPa)conditions.The high resilience of the flexible self-powered sensor makes it suitable for use in extreme environments,supporting longterm,reliable pressure monitoring.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA1210500,2023YFB4606105)Fundamental Research Center Projects(52488301)of National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)+1 种基金Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences(ZDBS-LYJSC030)of Chinese Academy of SciencesWestern Light Program(xbzg-zdsys-202402)of Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘The development of infrared engineering technologies for extreme environments remains a formidable challenge due to the inherent trade-offs among optical performance,thermal stability,and mechanical integrity in thermal photonic metamaterials(TPMs).This work introduces a novel multi-obj ective design framework and demonstrates the design,fabrication,and validation of a TPM operating under extreme temperatures up to 1873 K.We have established a holistic design framework integrating temperaturedependent neural network and Pareto multi-obj ective optimization to co-optimize spectral response,component light-weighting,and structural efficiency.The framework achieves 100 times faster computation than genetic algorithms.The performance of the designed TPM was evaluated under various atmospheric models and detection distances.The TPM achieved a peak radiance suppression efficiency of 82%and a maximum attenuation of-7.4 dB at 1200-1500 K.Experimentally,we fabricated an all-dielectric TPM using a refractory TiO_(2)/BeO multilayer stack with only 5 layers and 2um total thickness.The optimized structure shows high reflectivity(0.62 at 3-5 um;0.48 at 8-14μm)for radiative suppression and high emissivity(0.87 at 5-8μm)for radiative cooling.The TPM withstands 1873 K for 12 h in air with less than 3%spectral drift,retaining excellent mechanical properties.On high-temperature components,it achieves 40-50%radiative suppression and 40-60 K(~10.1 kW m^(-2))radiative cooling at 1100 K,endures over 20 times thermal shock cycles(>150 K s^(-1),700-1500 K),and maintains stable performance over 5 cycles,with 78%visible and 98%microwave transmittance.This work establishes a new paradigm in the design and application of photonic materials for extreme environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830005 and 31971540)the National Key Research and Development Plan(2017FY100705)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515010752).
文摘Convergent evolution is especially common in plants that have independently adapted to the same extreme environments(i.e.,extremophile plants).The recent burst of omics data has alleviated many limitations that have hampered molecular convergence studies of non-model extremophile plants.In this review,we summarize cases of genomic convergence in these taxa to examine the extent and type of genomic convergence during the process of adaptation to extreme environments.Despite being well studied by candidate gene approaches,convergent evolution at individual sites is rare and often has a high false-positive rate when assessed in whole genomes.By contrast,genomic convergence at higher genetic levels has been detected during adaptation to the same extreme environments.Examples include the convergence of biological pathways and changes in gene expression,gene copy number,amino acid usage,and GC content.Higher convergence levels play important roles in the adaptive evolution of extremophiles and may be more frequent and involve more genes.In several cases,multiple types of convergence events have been found to co-occur.However,empirical and theoretical studies of this higher level convergent evolution are still limited.In conclusion,both the development of powerful approaches and the detection of convergence at various genetic levels are needed to further reveal the genetic mechanisms of plant adaptation to extreme environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41976194).
文摘The spontaneous growth and evolution mechanism of metal whiskers have long been scientific problems.With the development of the integration of electronic and electrical productions,short circuits and system failures are raised by metal whiskers continuously.In the meantime,the related theories and mechanisms of whiskering problem are still vague,leading to a deficiency in the studies of environmental factors influencing the whisker phenomenon.Besides,the extreme environments such as aerospace,have been proven the accelerators to the formation of metal whiskers,resulting in a severe threaten to equipment and devices working in such environments including satellite and military equipment.To establish a comprehensive understanding to the whiskering process associated with their applicable control strategies,this study analyzes the growth phenomenon,influencing factors,formation process and evolution mechanism of metal whiskers in extreme service environments,puts forward the corresponding controlling strategies,offers a reference for the establishment of Chinese extreme aerospace strategic environment,and improves the reliability of aerospace systems.
基金Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,Grant/Award Number:2022A1515011794Shenzhen Constantly-Supported Project for Universities and Colleges,Grant/Award Number:GXWD20231130110722002National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52102162。
文摘In order to properly utilize the abundant CO_(2)and water resources,various catalytic materials have been developed to convert them into valuable chemicals as renewable fuels electrochemically or photochemically.Currently,most studies are conducted under mild laboratory conditions,but for some extreme environments,such as Mars and space stations,there is an urgent need to develop new catalysts satisfying such special requirements.Conventional catalytic materials mainly focus on metals and narrow bandgap semiconductor materials,while the research on wide and ultrawide bandgap materials that can inherently withstand extreme conditions has not received enough attention.Given the robust stability and excellent physico-chemical properties of diamond,it can be expected to perform in harsh environments for electrocatalysis or photocatalysis that has not been investigated thoroughly.Here,this review summarizes the catalytic functionality of diamond-based electrodes with various but tunable product selectivity to obtain the varied C_(1)or C_(2+)products,and discusses some important factors playing a key role in manipulating the catalytic activity.Moreover,the unique solvation electron effect of diamond gives it a significant advantage in photocatalytic conversions which is also summarized in this mini-review.In the end,prospects are made for the application of diamond-based catalysts under various extreme conditions.The challenges that may be faced in practical applications are also summarized and future breakthrough directions are proposed at the end.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170232,32070222,32271613)the National Key R&D Programof China(Key Special Project for Marine Environmental Security and Sustainable Development of Coral Reefs 2021-400)+1 种基金Guangdong Science and Technology Program(2024B1212050007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3100405)。
文摘Tropical coral islands represent one of the extremely stressful ecosystems,characterized by high salinity,seasonal drought,heat,strong ultraviolet radiation,and infertile soil,which constraint species occurrence,limit plant growth and development,and reduce species richness comparing to tropical continental islands with mesophytic habitats(Li et al.,2024;Ren et al.,2017;Tu et al.,2022,2024).Coupled with global climate changes,these adverse conditions have been being exacerbated,leading to extensive degradation of ecosystems throughout the tropical coral islands(Li et al.,2021).Native insular plant resources provide enormous potentials in island greening and ecological restoration,since they have colonized and become well adapted to the specialized habitat on tropical coral islands,evolving a series of functional traits and molecular strategies to accommodate the abiotic stresses.Thus,understanding the genomic make-up of these plants will help uncover molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to tropical coral islands.However,contrary to the numerous genomic studies done for other extreme habitats,such as deserts(Hu et al.,2021;Ma et al.,2013),alpine regions(Zhang et al.,2023),intertidal habitats(Feng et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2020;Natarajan et al.,2021),and karst caves(Feng et al.,2020),molecular adaptation of plants on the tropical coral islands remains to be elucidated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172120)Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(No.24CL2900500).
文摘Radiative cooling is a passive thermal management strategy that leverages the natural ability of materials to dissipate heat through infrared radiation.It has significant implications for energy efficiency,climate adaptation,and sustainable technology development,with applications in personal thermal management,building temperature regulation,and aerospace engineering.However,radiative cooling performance is susceptible to environmental aging and special environmental conditions,limiting its applicability in extreme environments.Herein,a critical review of extreme environmental radiative cooling is presented,focusing on enhancing environmental durability and cooling efficiency.This review first introduces the design principles of heat exchange channels,which are tailored based on the thermal flow equilibrium to optimize radiative cooling capacity in various extreme environments.Subsequently,recent advancements in radiative cooling materials and micronano structures that align with these principles are systematically discussed,with a focus on their implementation in terrestrial dwelling environments,terrestrial extreme environments,aeronautical environments,and space environments.Moreover,this review evaluates the cooling effects and anti-environmental abilities of extreme radiative cooling devices.Lastly,key challenges hindering the development of radiative cooling devices for extreme environmental applications are outlined,and potential strategies to overcome these limitations are proposed,aiming to prompt their future commercialization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52405033)。
文摘As unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are increasingly designed to perform long-duration missions in highly complex and often extreme environments, traditional design methods face significant and growing challenges^([1,2]).
基金the financial support provided by the PolyU Postdoc Matching Fund 1-W34P,ITF project ITP/023/22TP,PolyU RCRE fund 1-BBCB,IWEAR fund 1-CD8E,MTR Research Funding Scheme(PTU24019)the Hong Kong Polytechnic University(P0043508 and P0044761)。
文摘NH_(4)V_(4)O_(10)(NVO)is considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity.However,its practical application is limited by irreversible deamination,structural collapse,and sluggish reaction kinetics during cycling.Herein,K+and C_(3)N_(4)co-intercalated NVO(KNVO-C_(3)N_(4))nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing are synthesized for the first time to achieve high-rate,stable,and wide-temperature cathodes.Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that there is an optimal C_(3)N_(4)content to achieve higher reaction kinetics.The synergistic effect of K^(+)and C_(3)N_(4)co-intercalation significantly reduces the electrostatic interaction between Zn^(2+)and the[VOn]layer,improves the specific capacity and cycling stability.Consequently,the KNVO-C_(3)N_(4)electrode displays outstanding electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments.It exhibits excellent rate performance(228.4 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)),long-term cycling stability(174.2 m Ah g^(-1) after 10,000 cycles at 20 A g^(-1)),and power/energy density(210.0 Wh kg^(-1)at 14,200 W kg^(-1))at room temperature.Notably,it shows remarkable storage performance at-20℃(111.3 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1))and 60℃(208.6 m Ah g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)).This strategy offers a novel approach to developing high-performance cathodes capable of operating under extreme temperatures.
基金supported by the Fund of "111 Project" (Grant No.B07019) from the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and the Ministry of Education of China
文摘Stress response of a tension leg platform （TLP） in extreme environments was investigated in this paper. A location on one of the gussets was selected as the object point, where directional stresses were numerically simulated and also experimentally verified by a strain gage. Environmental loading and the platform＇s structural strength were analyzed in accordance with industrial standards, utilizing linear wave theory and the finite element method （FEM）. The fast Fourier transform technique was used to calculate the stress response amplitude operators （RAO） from the records of measurements. A comparison was performed between the stress RAO of the numerical simulation and that of the actual measurements. The results indicated that the stress RAO of the numerical simulation fitted well with measured data at specified wave headings with different periods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2013603 and 52225403)the Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(No.2019ZT08G315)the Shenzhen National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.RCJC20210706091948015).
文摘With the increasing scarcity of Earth’s resources and the development of space science and technology,the exploration, development, and utilization of deep space-specific material resources(minerals, water ice, volatile compounds, etc.) are not only important to supplement the resources and reserves on Earth but also provide a material foundation for establishing extraterrestrial research bases. To achieve large depth in-situ condition-preserved coring(ICP-Coring) in the extreme lunar environment, first, lunar rock simulant was selected(SZU-1), which has a material composition, element distribution, and physical and mechanical properties that are approximately equivalent to those of lunar mare basalt. Second, the influence of the lunar-based in-situ environment on the phase, microstructure, and thermal physical properties(specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion coefficient)of SZU-1 was explored and compared with the measured lunar rock data. It was found that in an air atmosphere, low temperature has a more pronounced effect on the relative content of olivine than other temperatures, while in a vacuum atmosphere, the relative contents of olivine and anorthite are significantly affected only at temperatures of approximately-20 and 200 ℃. When the vacuum level is less than100 Pa, the contribution of air conduction can be almost neglected, whereas it becomes dominant above this threshold. Additionally, as the testing temperature increases, the surface of SZU-1 exhibits increased microcracking, fracture opening, and unevenness, while the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity,and thermal expansion coefficient show nonlinear increases. Conversely, the thermal diffusivity exhibits a nonlinear decreasing trend. The relationship between thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and temperature can be effectively described by an exponential function(R^(2)>0.98). The research results are consistent with previous studies on real lunar rocks. These research findings are expected to be applied in the development of the test and analysis systems of ICP-Coring in a lunar environment and the exploration of the mechanism of machine-rock interaction in the in-situ drilling and coring process.
基金The Science and Technology Department of Tibet(08080002)2019 School-level Cultivation Project of Tibet University(ZDTSJH19-08)+4 种基金the Special Funds from the Central Finance to Support the Development of Local Universities(ZFYJY201902011.Index of Tibetan Finance and Education[2018]No.54,[2019]No.1-19,[2020]No.79)This work was also supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2018M640333)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2017SHZDZX01)Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality(18490750300)Major Project of Special Development Funds of Zhangjiang National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone(ZJ2019-ZD-004).
文摘High altitude is an extreme environment that imposes hypoxic pressure on physiological processes,and natives living at high altitudes are more adaptive in certain physiological processes.So far,epigenetic modifications under extreme changes in hypoxic pressures are relatively less understood.Here,we recruit 32 Tibetan elite alpinists(TEAs),who have successfully mounted Everest(8848 m)at least five times.Blood samples and physiological phenotypes of TEAs and 32 matched non-alpinist Tibetan volunteers(non-TEAs)are collected for analysis.Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis identifies 23,202 differentially methylated CpGs(P_(adj)<0.05,|β|>0.1)between the two groups.Some differentially methylated CpGs are in hypoxia-related genes such as PPP1R13L,MAP3K7CL,SEPTI-9,and CUL2.In addition,Gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals several inflammation-related pathways.Phenotypic analysis indicates that 12 phenotypes are significantly different between the two groups.In particular,TEAs exhibit higher blood oxygen saturation levels and lower neutrophil count,platelet count,and heart rate.For DNA methylation association analysis,we find that two CpGs(cg16687447,cg06947206)upstream of PTEN were associated with platelet count.In conclusion,extreme hypoxia exposure leads to epigenetic modifications and phenotypic alterations of TEA,providing us clues for exploring the molecular mechanism underlying changes under extreme hypoxia conditions.
基金supported in part through Department of Energy Grants DE-NE0008686 and DE-FE00028992the NEET ASI program under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517。
文摘The femtosecond laser has emerged as a powerful tool for micro-and nanoscale device fabrication. Through nonlinear ionization processes, nanometer-sized material modifications can be inscribed in transparent materials for device fabrication. This paper describes femtosecond precision inscription of nanograting in silica fiber cores to form both distributed and point fiber sensors for sensing applications in extreme environmental conditions. Through the use of scanning electron microscope imaging and laser processing optimization,high-temperature stable, Type II femtosecond laser modifications were continuously inscribed,point by point, with only an insertion loss at 1 d B m~(-1) or 0.001 d B per point sensor device.High-temperature performance of fiber sensors was tested at 1000℃, which showed a temperature fluctuation of ±5.5℃ over 5 days. The low laser-induced insertion loss in optical fibers enabled the fabrication of a 1.4 m, radiation-resilient distributed fiber sensor. The in-pile testing of the distributed fiber sensor further showed that fiber sensors can execute stable and distributed temperature measurements in extreme radiation environments. Overall, this paper demonstrates that femtosecond-laser-fabricated fiber sensors are suitable measurement devices for applications in extreme environments.
基金JCW is grateful for grant number IOS-0750540 from the National Science Foundation and for support from the Endowed Professorship in Physiology, University of California, Davis. F.A. was supported by a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship （PolarClimStress） from the European Science Foundation. Current address for EA. is： Centre d＇Etudes Biologiques de Chize＇, CNRS, Villiers en Bois 79360, France.
文摘Severe environmental conditions affect organisms in two major ways. The environment may be predictably severe such as in deserts, polar and alpine regions, or individuals may be exposed to temporarily extreme conditions through weather, presence of predators, lack of food, social status etc. Existence in an extreme environment may be possible, but then to breed or molt in addition can present major bottlenecks that have resulted in the evolution of hormone-behavior adaptations to cope with unpredictable events. Examples of hormone-behavior adaptations in extreme conditions include attenuated testosterone secretion because territoriality and excess courtship may be too costly when there is one opportunity to reproduce. The individual may even become insensitive to testosterone when target areas of the brain regulating reproductive behavior no longer respond to the hormone. A second example is reduced sensitivity to glucocorticoids following acute stress during the breeding season or molt that allows successful reproduction and/or a vital renewal of the integument to endure extreme conditions during the rest of the year. Reduced sensitivity could involve： （a） modulated response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, （b） reduced sensitivity to high glucocorticoid levels, or （c） a combination of （a） and （b）. Moreover, corticosteroid binding proteins （CBP） buffer responses to stress by reducing the movement of glucocorticoids into target cells. Finally, intracellular enzymes （11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and variants） can deactivate glucocorticoids entering cells thus reducing interaction with receptors. These mechanisms have important implications for climate change and increasing extremes of weather [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 363-374, 2011].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32200378)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program (2022xjkk0205-1)+1 种基金the Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Xizang (ZL202203601)China Biodiversity Observation Networks (Sino BON-Amphibian & Reptile)。
文摘Bufotes taxkorensis and B. zamdaensis are toads endemic to China. Both species inhabit highelevation and saline environments, and so provide a unique opportunity to investigate the adaptive responses of amphibians to extreme habitats. In the present study, we first observed and measured the histological structures of their skin and kidney in B.taxkorensis and B. zamdaensis. We then compared these results with similar findings for the low-elevation seawater dweller Fejervarya cancrivora and, finally,contrasted them with available data on species living in diverse habitats. Our results revealed the following adaptations:(1) In the Bufotes species, the epidermis and dermis both contain capillary vessels, facilitating blood-gas exchange and promoting adaptation to high-elevation hypoxia. The thick pigment layers present in the ventral skin of B. taxkorensis also help in adaptation to lower temperatures. In addition, the relative epidermis thickness of the dorsal and ventral skin is significantly greater in Bufotes species than in F.cancrivora, indicating adaptation to a terrestrial habitat.Comparing the terrestrial and semiaquatic species, we find that total dorsal and ventral thicknesses are both significantly greater in terrestrial than in semiaquatic species, helping to reduce water evaporation and damage from crawling, and thus promoting adaptation to terrestrial life.(2) The relative kidney filtration area of the Bufotes species is not significantly different from that of F. cancrivora, but accounts for only half that of terrestrial Bufo species. This lower total relative filtration area prevents excessive urea from being filtered out, avoiding excessive loss of body water and promoting adaptation to saline conditions. At the same time, the relative diameter of the proximal segment of Bufotes species is found to be similar to that of the semiaquatic F. cancrivora,facilitating the resorption of water and ions to increase plasma osmolality and promoting adaptation to saline environments. The findings of the present study offer insights into the adaptive mechanisms of amphibians in extreme environments and different habitats.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475610,52105593)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LDQ24E050001)+1 种基金the"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang(2023C03007,2024C01173)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00085)。
文摘Extreme environments challenge the structural health monitoring of advanced equipment.In-situ dynamic tracking temperature is of particular value due to its enormous impact on material properties.However,the realization of such integrated temperature sensors typically requires complicated layer-by-layer molding and sintering processes including additional thermal barrier coatings.Herein,we report a laser-induced in-situ conductive passivation strategy for the fabrication of a thin-film based wide-range temperature sensor.The instantaneous thermal effect of laser irradiation creates crystalline conductive traces in response to temperature variations.Synchronously,it also allows the formation of an amorphous antioxidative layer without necessitating extra protective coatings.Such configuration enables precise real-time sensing across-50℃to 950℃following the Steinhart-Hart equation.It also exhibits durable performance with only 1.2%drift over 20 hours during long-term high-temperature,instant thermal shock,frequent wearing,and severe vibration.This in-situ,facile laser manufacturing strategy holds great promise in structural health monitoring and fault diagnosis for advanced equipment working in extreme environments.
文摘Almost all solid surfaces are rough.The randomness and complexity of roughness make the behavior of contact deformation,electrical conductivity,and heat transfer between solids elusive.If the solids are subjected to further tensile,bending,or torsional deformation,will more complex or new contact phenomena occur?Clarifying this issue is of great significance to developing and designing some major equipment serving in extreme environments.
