To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS metho...To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.展开更多
[Objective] The study was to explore the most effective and feasible method for sugarcane stalks RNA extraction.[Method] SDS extraction method,kit extraction method and GHCL extraction method were used to extract the ...[Objective] The study was to explore the most effective and feasible method for sugarcane stalks RNA extraction.[Method] SDS extraction method,kit extraction method and GHCL extraction method were used to extract the sugarcane RNA in stalks,and the quality of the extracted RNA was compared.[Result] RNA extracted by kit extraction method had a high-yield,the bands were clear and RNA had a good integrity,there was no significant degradation of RNA,and the OD260 nm/OD280 nm value was closed to 2.0.[Conclusion] Kit extraction method was the effectively method to extract sugarcane RNA,and this study had provided a theoretical basis for the molecular biology study of sugarcane.展开更多
Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and preservatives has led to the search for suitable essential oils. Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillat...Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and preservatives has led to the search for suitable essential oils. Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillation. This study assessed its chemical constituents. Cytotoxicity of the oils was investigated using hatchability and lethality tests on brine shrimps. A total of 16 and 26 compounds were isolated from the hydrodistillation extraction （HDE） and solvent-free microwave extraction （SME） oils, respectively, which accounted for 97.515% and 97.816% of total identifiable constituents, respectively. At 24 h when the most eggs had hatched, values of the SME （56.7%） and HDIE （60.0%） oils were significantly different （P〈0.05） from those of sea water （63.3%） and chloramphenicol （15.0%）. Larva lethality was different significantly （P〈0.05） between HDE and SME oils at different concentrations and incubation periods. The median lethal concentration （LC50） of the oils was 〉 1000 mg/ml recommended as an index for non-toxicity which gives the oil advantage over some antioxidant, antimicrobial, therapeutic, and preservative chemicals.展开更多
Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,...Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.Methods:Twenty-two barrows(initial body weight:32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum,and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design.A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch,soy protein isolate and sucrose.Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch.All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.Results:The endogenous loss of ether extract(EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat(AEE;P < 0.01).There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources(P < 0.05).The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil,corn oil,canola oil,rice oil and flaxseed oil(P < 0.01).The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%.Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE(P < 0.01),there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil.The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat(P < 0.05),whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids(LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat(P < 0.01).The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75-0.15 × LSFA-0.74 × C18:0-0.03 × C18:1(Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88,P < 0.01).Conclusions:When calculating the SID of fat,the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method,whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat.Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition,especially by the contents of C16:0,LSFA and U/S.展开更多
The pervasive presence of microplastics in marine environments has raised significant concerns. This review addresses the pressing issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential implications fo...The pervasive presence of microplastics in marine environments has raised significant concerns. This review addresses the pressing issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential implications for both the environment and human health. It outlines the current state of microplastic occurrence, distribution, and extraction methods within marine organisms. Microplastics have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their harmful effects on ecosystems and their potential human health risks. These particles infiltrate marine environments through runoff and atmospheric deposition, ultimately contaminating beaches and posing threats to marine life. Despite the gravity of this issue, there has been limited research on the presence and distribution of microplastics in marine organisms. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the occurrence, distribution, and various extraction methods used to detect microplastics in marine organisms. It emphasizes the urgent need for targeted measures to manage microplastic pollution, highlights the significant role of human activities in contributing to this problem, and underscores the importance of reducing human-induced pollution to safeguard marine ecosystems. While this paper contributes to the understanding of microplastic pollution in marine environments and underscores the critical importance of taking action to protect marine organisms and preserve our oceans for future generations, it also emphasizes that, in effectively tackling the microplastic problem, a well-coordinated approach is essential, involving research initiatives, policy adjustments, public involvement, and innovative technologies. Crucially, prompt and resolute responses must exist to counteract the escalating peril posed by microplastics to the oceans and the global environment.展开更多
Montane volcanic ash soils contain disproportionate amounts of soil organic carbon and thereby play an often underestimated role in the global carbon cycle.Given the central role of Al and Fe in stabilizing organic ma...Montane volcanic ash soils contain disproportionate amounts of soil organic carbon and thereby play an often underestimated role in the global carbon cycle.Given the central role of Al and Fe in stabilizing organic matter in volcanic ash soils,we assessed various extraction methods of Al,Fe,and C fractions from montane volcanic ash soils in northern Ecuador,aiming at elucidating the role of Al and Fe in stabilizing soil organic matter(SOM).We found extractions with cold sodium hydroxide,ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid,sodium pyrophosphate,and sodium tetraborate to be particularly useful.Combination of these methods yielded information about the role of the mineral phase in stabilizing organic matter and the differences in type and degree of complexation of organic matter with Al and Fe in the various horizons and soil profiles.Sodium tetraborate extraction proved the only soft extraction method that yielded simultaneous information about the Al,Fe,and C fractions extracted.It also appeared to differentiate between SOM fractions of different stability.The fractions of copper chloride-and potassium chloride-extractable Al were useful in assessing the total reactive and toxic Al fractions,respectively.The classical subdivision of organic matter into humic acids,fulvic acids,and humin added little useful information.The use of fulvic acids as a proxy for mobile organic matter as done in several model-based approaches seems invalid in the soils studied.展开更多
In order to select an optimum extraction method for the target glycoprotein （TGP） from jellyfish （Rhopilema esculentum） oral-arms, a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）-assay for the determination of t...In order to select an optimum extraction method for the target glycoprotein （TGP） from jellyfish （Rhopilema esculentum） oral-arms, a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）-assay for the determination of the TGP was developed Purified target glycoprotein was taken as a standard glycoprotein. The results showed that the calibration curves for peak area plotted against concentration for TGP were linear （r= 0.9984, y=4.5895x＋47.601） over concentrations ranging from 50 to 400mgL^-1. The mean extraction recovery was 97.84% （CV2.60%）. The fractions containing TGP were isolated from jellyfish （R esculentum） oral-arms by four extraction methods： 1） water extraction （WE）, 2） phosphate buffer solution （PBS） extraction （PE）, 3） ultrasound-assisted water extraction （UA-WE）, 4） ultrasound-assisted P/3S extraction （UA-PE）. The lyophilized extract was dissolved in Milli-Q water and analyzed directly on a short TSK-GEL G4000PWXL （7.8 mm×300 ram） column. Our results indicated that the UA-PE method was the optimum extraction method selected by HPLC.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to screen the better extraction method for herbicidal active substances of Eupatorium adenophorum. [ Method ] Three com- mon extraction methods, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction an...[ Objective ] The paper was to screen the better extraction method for herbicidal active substances of Eupatorium adenophorum. [ Method ] Three com- mon extraction methods, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction and conventional extraction method, were used to prepare E. adenophorum extracts, and the herblcidal activity of E. adenophorum extracts extracted by 3 methods was studied by seed germination method. [ Result] The extraction rate of Soxhlet extraction was the highest of （22.54 ± 0.48 ）%, and the herbicidal activities of E. adenophorum extracted by Soxhlet extraction was relatively stronger. [ Conclusion] Soxhlet extraction was the better extraction method for herbicidal active substances of E. adenophorum.展开更多
Background:As an important player during food digestion,gut microbiota has attracted much attention in diet adaptation studies in birds.Microbiota extracted from feces has been widely used as a proxy for gut microbiot...Background:As an important player during food digestion,gut microbiota has attracted much attention in diet adaptation studies in birds.Microbiota extracted from feces has been widely used as a proxy for gut microbiota.Although several methods have been developed for microbial DNA extraction,their performances in the bird feces have not been systematacially evaluated yet.Methods:In this study,we applied three DNA extraction methods(Qiagen,MoBio and Bead)to extract DNA from feces of three avian dietary guilds(granivore,omnivore and carnivore),sequenced V4 region of 16S rRNA gene for each extract and evaluated the performances of DNA yield,DNA integrity,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity and alpha diversity for the three methods on each dietary guild.Results:Bead method was the best on the performance of both DNA yield and DNA integrity regardless of dietary guild.In granivore,microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels,alpha diversity and cell lysis capacity were comparable among all methods.In omnivore,Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,fol-lowed by Bead and MoBio.There were small variations on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels among different extraction methods.MoBio exhibited the best performance on cell lysis capacity.In carnivore,considerable variations were found on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels.Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,followed by MoBio and Bead.MoBio had the highest cell lysis capacity.Conclusions:DNA yield and integrity have no obvious impact on microbial composition,alpha diversity or cell lysis capacity.The microbiota results(e.g.,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity,alpha diversity)obtained from differ-ent methods are comparable in granivorous avian species but not in omnivorous or carnivorous birds.Either method could be used in granivore microbiota studies.For omnivores and carnivores,we recommend Qiagen method when the research purpose is microbial diversity and MoBio when gram-positive bacteria is the research target.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen different extraction methods for protein from potato tubers.[Methods]The bud eye,lateral and pith parts of Qingshu 168 and Kexin 1 were used as test materials,and were ex...[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen different extraction methods for protein from potato tubers.[Methods]The bud eye,lateral and pith parts of Qingshu 168 and Kexin 1 were used as test materials,and were extracted by acetone extraction,trichloroacetic acid(TCA)extraction,salt extraction,alcohol extraction and phenol extraction,respectively.The protein contents of different parts were determined by spectrophotometry.A 2-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of varieties,extraction methods,sampling parts and combinations of different factors on protein content.[Results]The protein contents of different varieties were different,and Qingshu 168 was significantly higher than Kexin 1(P<0.05),reaching 128.0 mg/L.The protein contents obtained by different extraction methods were different.Acetone extraction,salt extraction and TCA extraction showed no significant differences in the protein content,but they were significantly higher than phenol extraction and alcohol extraction(P<0.05).The protein contents obtained by the former three were in the range of153.3-159.7 mg/L.The protein content in the bud eye part of potato tubers was significantly higher than those in the lateral and pith parts(P<0.05),reaching140.7 mg/L.There were significant differences among different combinations of varieties,extraction methods and sampling parts(P<0.05).The comprehensive comparison showed that the salt extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Qingshu 168,and the TCA extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Kexin No.1.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for potato protein extraction and further research.展开更多
Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly ...Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly to substitute petroleum-based products.They are a definite class of sustainable materials of the forestry industry.They have been in operation for hundreds of years to manufacture leather and now for a growing number of applications in a variety of other industries,such as wood adhesives,metal coating,pharmaceutical/medical applications and several others.This review presents the main sources,either already or potentially commercial of this forestry by-materials,their industrial and laboratory extraction systems,their systems of analysis with their advantages and drawbacks,be these methods so simple to even appear primitive but nonetheless of proven effectiveness,or very modern and instrumental.It constitutes a basic but essential summary of what is necessary to know of these sustainable materials.In doing so,the review highlights some of the main challenges that remain to be addressed to deliver the quality and economics of tannin supply necessary to fulfill the industrial production requirements for some materials-based uses.展开更多
Polyporaceae fungi are widely found in nature and have long been an important part of the field of traditional Chinese medicine field.The numerous health benefits of Polyporaceae fungi may be related to their polysacc...Polyporaceae fungi are widely found in nature and have long been an important part of the field of traditional Chinese medicine field.The numerous health benefits of Polyporaceae fungi may be related to their polysaccharides,which have significant biological activities in terms of antitumor,immunomodulation,antioxidation,liver protection,and blood lipid-lowering effects.Studies have shown that different extraction methods have a significant impact on the structural characteristics and biological activity of polysaccharides.The structural characteristics of fungal polysaccharides,such as composition,molecular weight,branching degree,and glycosidic bond type,are closely related to their biological activity.This article has systematically reviewed the relationship between the extraction and purification methods,structural characteristics,and biological activities of 5 typical fungal polysaccharides,aiming to provide a scientific basis for the application of polypore fungal polysaccharides in the field of traditional Chinese medicine and lay the foundation for their further research and development.展开更多
Unlike primary metabolites,secondary metabolites serve critical ecological functions,including plant protection,stress tolerance,and symbiosis.This review focuses on extracting,separating,and identifying the major cla...Unlike primary metabolites,secondary metabolites serve critical ecological functions,including plant protection,stress tolerance,and symbiosis.This review focuses on extracting,separating,and identifying the major classes of secondary metabolites,including alkaloids,terpenoids,phenolics,glycosides,saponins,and coumarins.It describes optimized methods regarding plant selection,extraction by solvents,and purification of the metabolites,highlighting the latest advancements in chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.The review also describes some of the most important problems,such as the instability of the compounds or diversity of the structures,and discusses emerging technologies that solve these issues.Moreover,it examines the secondary roles of these metabolites in medicine,such as anticancer and antimicrobial drugs,sustainable agriculture biopesticides,and environmental ecology-also known as allelopathy and bioindicators.It combines traditional ethnobotanical approaches with contem-porary science,demonstrating the vital need to protect biodiversity in key ecosystems such as tropical rainforests,mountain regions,coral reefs,and arid zones as a foundation for anticipatory bio-discoveries.It organizes the methodological frameworks and outlines the steps needed to enhance the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources.展开更多
In recent years,with the rapid development of deep learning technology,relational triplet extraction techniques have also achieved groundbreaking progress.Traditional pipeline models have certain limitations due to er...In recent years,with the rapid development of deep learning technology,relational triplet extraction techniques have also achieved groundbreaking progress.Traditional pipeline models have certain limitations due to error propagation.To overcome the limitations of traditional pipeline models,recent research has focused on jointly modeling the two key subtasks-named entity recognition and relation extraction-within a unified framework.To support future research,this paper provides a comprehensive review of recently published studies in the field of relational triplet extraction.The review examines commonly used public datasets for relational triplet extraction techniques and systematically reviews current mainstream joint extraction methods,including joint decoding methods and parameter sharing methods,with joint decoding methods further divided into table filling,tagging,and sequence-to-sequence approaches.In addition,this paper also conducts small-scale replication experiments on models that have performed well in recent years for each method to verify the reproducibility of the code and to compare the performance of different models under uniform conditions.Each method has its own advantages in terms of model design,task handling,and application scenarios,but also faces challenges such as processing complex sentence structures,cross-sentence relation extraction,and adaptability in low-resource environments.Finally,this paper systematically summarizes each method and discusses the future development prospects of joint extraction of relational triples.展开更多
To attain maximum recovery of useful compounds from slaughterhouse waste (Suet, Tongue, Pancreas) of selected ruminant (cow, goat, lamb, and bull), the fat extraction efficiency of popular methods was compared along w...To attain maximum recovery of useful compounds from slaughterhouse waste (Suet, Tongue, Pancreas) of selected ruminant (cow, goat, lamb, and bull), the fat extraction efficiency of popular methods was compared along with fatty acid (FAs) composition. Four selected methods including Soxhlet (SOX), acid hydrolysis, Bligh & dyer (B&D), and Folch (FOL) were assessed. After methylation, extracted lipids were analyzed by Gas chromatography for FA composition. Data indicated that all selected methods were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other, particularly higher differences were noticed for low lipid-containing products (Tongue, Pancreas) as well as their respective FA Composition. Based on Analysis of Variance and Principal component analysis, the effective method for lipid and FA Composition analysis was the FOL method. The Soxhlet method was only effective for samples with high-fat content i.e., suet, while the B&D method gave comparatively low lipid content in analyzed samples. Hence based on the results, excellent fat and fatty acid extraction was achieved with the FOL method.展开更多
It was only in the past 20 years that countries in Asia began to search for an alternative to protect moon bears from being killed for their bile and other body parts. In the early 1980s, a new method of extracting bi...It was only in the past 20 years that countries in Asia began to search for an alternative to protect moon bears from being killed for their bile and other body parts. In the early 1980s, a new method of extracting bile from living bears was developed in North Korea. In 1983, Chinese scientists imported this technique from North Korea. According to the Animals Asia Foundation, the most original method of bile extraction is to embed a latex catheter, a narrow展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare three RNA extraction methods and thus find out the suitable one for isolating intact and high quality total RNA from Pinus bungeana.[Method] Employing three extraction ...[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare three RNA extraction methods and thus find out the suitable one for isolating intact and high quality total RNA from Pinus bungeana.[Method] Employing three extraction methods of Trizol,RNeasy Mini Kit,LiCl precipitation,total RNAs of P.bungeana were extracted from pine leaf samples,and their integrity and purity were detected via agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry for a comparative study.[Result] Among the three extraction methods,LiCl precipitation method demonstrated higher yield and better integrity of total extracted RNA,with OD260/OD280 ratio between 1.8-2.0 and clear 28 S and 18 S bands in electrophoresis pattern.[Conclusion] LiCl precipitation method could be used to extract highly pure and intact total RNA from P.bungeana.展开更多
It's a subject that gets not only animal rights activists hot under the collar, but also the vast majority of caring people concerned about cruelty to animals. At a press conference in early 2006, the world's ...It's a subject that gets not only animal rights activists hot under the collar, but also the vast majority of caring people concerned about cruelty to animals. At a press conference in early 2006, the world's attention was once again drawn to the fate of Asiatic black bears (or moon bears) in China, so long tortured in the cruel practice of bile extraction. Only this展开更多
Doxorubicin(DOX)is a widely employed tumor therapy,yet its substantial toxic side effects pose a considerable challenge.Bletilla striata has demonstrated efficacy in preventing and treating these toxic side effects in...Doxorubicin(DOX)is a widely employed tumor therapy,yet its substantial toxic side effects pose a considerable challenge.Bletilla striata has demonstrated efficacy in preventing and treating these toxic side effects in clinical practice,with polysaccharides identified as the principal active component.In the present study,16 fractions of B.striata polysaccharides(BsPs)were extracted using diverse methods,including hot-water extraction(HWE),ultrasonic-assisted extraction(UAE),enzyme-assisted extraction(EAE),dilute acid-water extraction(ACWE),and dilute alkali-water extraction(ALWE).These extractions were subsequently precipitated at final ethanol concentrations of 80%and 95%,respectively.The investigation encompassed yields,total carbohydrate content(TCC),total protein content(TPC),preliminary structural properties,and anti-DOX myocardial cytotoxic activity.Results indicated that the extraction method significantly influenced the physicochemical properties,associated functional properties,and anti-DOX myocardial cytotoxic activity of BsPs.HWE and UAE yielded higher BsPs quantities.The relative molecular weight(RMW)distribution of BsPs differed notably between HWE or UAE,EAE,ACWE,and ALWE.The RMW of primary BsPs obtained from HWE and UAE(1.9×10^(7)-1.7×10^(7) Da)exceeded that from EAE(7.5×10^(3)-2.8×10^(4) Da)and ALWE(5.1×10^(4)-1.7×10^(4) Da),with smaller molecular weights primarily precipitated by higher ethanol concentrations.BsPs were composed of Man and Glu,with partial fractions containing small amounts of Gal or Ara,displaying varying molar ratios.Notably,BsPs from ACWE exhibited the most significant structural differences,lacking 1,4-α-D-Glcp and a triple-helical structure.Furthermore,BsPs obtained from HWE,UAE,and EAE demonstrated heightened anti-DOX myocardial cytotoxic activity compared to other methods.This study underscored the influence of extraction methods on BsPs’structure and myocardial protective activity,offering a foundation for exploring structural diversity and employing specific extraction methods to extract polysaccharides with robust myocardial protective properties efficiently.展开更多
In this study,the structural characters,antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides(HRPs)obtained by the commonly used hot water(HRP-W),pressurized hot water(HRP-H),ultrasonic...In this study,the structural characters,antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides(HRPs)obtained by the commonly used hot water(HRP-W),pressurized hot water(HRP-H),ultrasonic(HRP-U),acid(HRP-C)and alkali(HRP-A)assisted extraction methods were investigated.The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield,monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,particle size,triple-helical structure,and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability.The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities.Moreover,the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network(HRP-C,HRP-W and HRP-U),which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity.The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301372)Key Project of Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province(2011C12030)Innovation Training Project of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University(201301004)~~
文摘To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.
基金Supported by Schools Fund of Hainan University(hd09xm62 )Higher Education Research Foundation Program of Hainan Provin-cial Education Department (Hjkj2010-17)Technology Foundation Program of South China Tropical Agricultural University(Rnd0710)~~
文摘[Objective] The study was to explore the most effective and feasible method for sugarcane stalks RNA extraction.[Method] SDS extraction method,kit extraction method and GHCL extraction method were used to extract the sugarcane RNA in stalks,and the quality of the extracted RNA was compared.[Result] RNA extracted by kit extraction method had a high-yield,the bands were clear and RNA had a good integrity,there was no significant degradation of RNA,and the OD260 nm/OD280 nm value was closed to 2.0.[Conclusion] Kit extraction method was the effectively method to extract sugarcane RNA,and this study had provided a theoretical basis for the molecular biology study of sugarcane.
文摘Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and preservatives has led to the search for suitable essential oils. Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillation. This study assessed its chemical constituents. Cytotoxicity of the oils was investigated using hatchability and lethality tests on brine shrimps. A total of 16 and 26 compounds were isolated from the hydrodistillation extraction （HDE） and solvent-free microwave extraction （SME） oils, respectively, which accounted for 97.515% and 97.816% of total identifiable constituents, respectively. At 24 h when the most eggs had hatched, values of the SME （56.7%） and HDIE （60.0%） oils were significantly different （P〈0.05） from those of sea water （63.3%） and chloramphenicol （15.0%）. Larva lethality was different significantly （P〈0.05） between HDE and SME oils at different concentrations and incubation periods. The median lethal concentration （LC50） of the oils was 〉 1000 mg/ml recommended as an index for non-toxicity which gives the oil advantage over some antioxidant, antimicrobial, therapeutic, and preservative chemicals.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972597)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1300202)S&T Program of Hebei(199A7310H).
文摘Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.Methods:Twenty-two barrows(initial body weight:32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum,and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design.A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch,soy protein isolate and sucrose.Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch.All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.Results:The endogenous loss of ether extract(EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat(AEE;P < 0.01).There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources(P < 0.05).The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil,corn oil,canola oil,rice oil and flaxseed oil(P < 0.01).The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%.Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE(P < 0.01),there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil.The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat(P < 0.05),whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids(LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat(P < 0.01).The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75-0.15 × LSFA-0.74 × C18:0-0.03 × C18:1(Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88,P < 0.01).Conclusions:When calculating the SID of fat,the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method,whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat.Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition,especially by the contents of C16:0,LSFA and U/S.
文摘The pervasive presence of microplastics in marine environments has raised significant concerns. This review addresses the pressing issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential implications for both the environment and human health. It outlines the current state of microplastic occurrence, distribution, and extraction methods within marine organisms. Microplastics have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their harmful effects on ecosystems and their potential human health risks. These particles infiltrate marine environments through runoff and atmospheric deposition, ultimately contaminating beaches and posing threats to marine life. Despite the gravity of this issue, there has been limited research on the presence and distribution of microplastics in marine organisms. This review aims to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the occurrence, distribution, and various extraction methods used to detect microplastics in marine organisms. It emphasizes the urgent need for targeted measures to manage microplastic pollution, highlights the significant role of human activities in contributing to this problem, and underscores the importance of reducing human-induced pollution to safeguard marine ecosystems. While this paper contributes to the understanding of microplastic pollution in marine environments and underscores the critical importance of taking action to protect marine organisms and preserve our oceans for future generations, it also emphasizes that, in effectively tackling the microplastic problem, a well-coordinated approach is essential, involving research initiatives, policy adjustments, public involvement, and innovative technologies. Crucially, prompt and resolute responses must exist to counteract the escalating peril posed by microplastics to the oceans and the global environment.
基金Supported by the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (NWO-WOTRO) (Nos.WAN 75-405and WAN 75-406)
文摘Montane volcanic ash soils contain disproportionate amounts of soil organic carbon and thereby play an often underestimated role in the global carbon cycle.Given the central role of Al and Fe in stabilizing organic matter in volcanic ash soils,we assessed various extraction methods of Al,Fe,and C fractions from montane volcanic ash soils in northern Ecuador,aiming at elucidating the role of Al and Fe in stabilizing soil organic matter(SOM).We found extractions with cold sodium hydroxide,ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid,sodium pyrophosphate,and sodium tetraborate to be particularly useful.Combination of these methods yielded information about the role of the mineral phase in stabilizing organic matter and the differences in type and degree of complexation of organic matter with Al and Fe in the various horizons and soil profiles.Sodium tetraborate extraction proved the only soft extraction method that yielded simultaneous information about the Al,Fe,and C fractions extracted.It also appeared to differentiate between SOM fractions of different stability.The fractions of copper chloride-and potassium chloride-extractable Al were useful in assessing the total reactive and toxic Al fractions,respectively.The classical subdivision of organic matter into humic acids,fulvic acids,and humin added little useful information.The use of fulvic acids as a proxy for mobile organic matter as done in several model-based approaches seems invalid in the soils studied.
基金support from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA09Z438)
文摘In order to select an optimum extraction method for the target glycoprotein （TGP） from jellyfish （Rhopilema esculentum） oral-arms, a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）-assay for the determination of the TGP was developed Purified target glycoprotein was taken as a standard glycoprotein. The results showed that the calibration curves for peak area plotted against concentration for TGP were linear （r= 0.9984, y=4.5895x＋47.601） over concentrations ranging from 50 to 400mgL^-1. The mean extraction recovery was 97.84% （CV2.60%）. The fractions containing TGP were isolated from jellyfish （R esculentum） oral-arms by four extraction methods： 1） water extraction （WE）, 2） phosphate buffer solution （PBS） extraction （PE）, 3） ultrasound-assisted water extraction （UA-WE）, 4） ultrasound-assisted P/3S extraction （UA-PE）. The lyophilized extract was dissolved in Milli-Q water and analyzed directly on a short TSK-GEL G4000PWXL （7.8 mm×300 ram） column. Our results indicated that the UA-PE method was the optimum extraction method selected by HPLC.
基金Supported by Youth Fund Project of Yunnan Agricultural University
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to screen the better extraction method for herbicidal active substances of Eupatorium adenophorum. [ Method ] Three com- mon extraction methods, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction and conventional extraction method, were used to prepare E. adenophorum extracts, and the herblcidal activity of E. adenophorum extracts extracted by 3 methods was studied by seed germination method. [ Result] The extraction rate of Soxhlet extraction was the highest of （22.54 ± 0.48 ）%, and the herbicidal activities of E. adenophorum extracted by Soxhlet extraction was relatively stronger. [ Conclusion] Soxhlet extraction was the better extraction method for herbicidal active substances of E. adenophorum.
基金This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31930013,31872240)the National Key Program of Research and Development,Ministry of Science and Technology(2016YFC0503200)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020086)to SP.
文摘Background:As an important player during food digestion,gut microbiota has attracted much attention in diet adaptation studies in birds.Microbiota extracted from feces has been widely used as a proxy for gut microbiota.Although several methods have been developed for microbial DNA extraction,their performances in the bird feces have not been systematacially evaluated yet.Methods:In this study,we applied three DNA extraction methods(Qiagen,MoBio and Bead)to extract DNA from feces of three avian dietary guilds(granivore,omnivore and carnivore),sequenced V4 region of 16S rRNA gene for each extract and evaluated the performances of DNA yield,DNA integrity,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity and alpha diversity for the three methods on each dietary guild.Results:Bead method was the best on the performance of both DNA yield and DNA integrity regardless of dietary guild.In granivore,microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels,alpha diversity and cell lysis capacity were comparable among all methods.In omnivore,Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,fol-lowed by Bead and MoBio.There were small variations on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels among different extraction methods.MoBio exhibited the best performance on cell lysis capacity.In carnivore,considerable variations were found on microbial relative abundance at both species and phylum levels.Qiagen had the best performance on alpha diversity,followed by MoBio and Bead.MoBio had the highest cell lysis capacity.Conclusions:DNA yield and integrity have no obvious impact on microbial composition,alpha diversity or cell lysis capacity.The microbiota results(e.g.,microbial composition,cell lysis capacity,alpha diversity)obtained from differ-ent methods are comparable in granivorous avian species but not in omnivorous or carnivorous birds.Either method could be used in granivore microbiota studies.For omnivores and carnivores,we recommend Qiagen method when the research purpose is microbial diversity and MoBio when gram-positive bacteria is the research target.
基金Supported by National Spark Program(2013GA880001)Innovation Project of College of Bioscience and Bioengineering,North Minzu University(2014S10)Hetian Region Science and Technology Bureau Project(202023)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen different extraction methods for protein from potato tubers.[Methods]The bud eye,lateral and pith parts of Qingshu 168 and Kexin 1 were used as test materials,and were extracted by acetone extraction,trichloroacetic acid(TCA)extraction,salt extraction,alcohol extraction and phenol extraction,respectively.The protein contents of different parts were determined by spectrophotometry.A 2-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of varieties,extraction methods,sampling parts and combinations of different factors on protein content.[Results]The protein contents of different varieties were different,and Qingshu 168 was significantly higher than Kexin 1(P<0.05),reaching 128.0 mg/L.The protein contents obtained by different extraction methods were different.Acetone extraction,salt extraction and TCA extraction showed no significant differences in the protein content,but they were significantly higher than phenol extraction and alcohol extraction(P<0.05).The protein contents obtained by the former three were in the range of153.3-159.7 mg/L.The protein content in the bud eye part of potato tubers was significantly higher than those in the lateral and pith parts(P<0.05),reaching140.7 mg/L.There were significant differences among different combinations of varieties,extraction methods and sampling parts(P<0.05).The comprehensive comparison showed that the salt extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Qingshu 168,and the TCA extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Kexin No.1.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for potato protein extraction and further research.
文摘Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly to substitute petroleum-based products.They are a definite class of sustainable materials of the forestry industry.They have been in operation for hundreds of years to manufacture leather and now for a growing number of applications in a variety of other industries,such as wood adhesives,metal coating,pharmaceutical/medical applications and several others.This review presents the main sources,either already or potentially commercial of this forestry by-materials,their industrial and laboratory extraction systems,their systems of analysis with their advantages and drawbacks,be these methods so simple to even appear primitive but nonetheless of proven effectiveness,or very modern and instrumental.It constitutes a basic but essential summary of what is necessary to know of these sustainable materials.In doing so,the review highlights some of the main challenges that remain to be addressed to deliver the quality and economics of tannin supply necessary to fulfill the industrial production requirements for some materials-based uses.
基金funded by the Career Development Support Plan for Young and Middle-aged Teachers at Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(ZQN2021014)Open Subject of Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources of the Ministry of Natural Resources(HY202105).
文摘Polyporaceae fungi are widely found in nature and have long been an important part of the field of traditional Chinese medicine field.The numerous health benefits of Polyporaceae fungi may be related to their polysaccharides,which have significant biological activities in terms of antitumor,immunomodulation,antioxidation,liver protection,and blood lipid-lowering effects.Studies have shown that different extraction methods have a significant impact on the structural characteristics and biological activity of polysaccharides.The structural characteristics of fungal polysaccharides,such as composition,molecular weight,branching degree,and glycosidic bond type,are closely related to their biological activity.This article has systematically reviewed the relationship between the extraction and purification methods,structural characteristics,and biological activities of 5 typical fungal polysaccharides,aiming to provide a scientific basis for the application of polypore fungal polysaccharides in the field of traditional Chinese medicine and lay the foundation for their further research and development.
文摘Unlike primary metabolites,secondary metabolites serve critical ecological functions,including plant protection,stress tolerance,and symbiosis.This review focuses on extracting,separating,and identifying the major classes of secondary metabolites,including alkaloids,terpenoids,phenolics,glycosides,saponins,and coumarins.It describes optimized methods regarding plant selection,extraction by solvents,and purification of the metabolites,highlighting the latest advancements in chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.The review also describes some of the most important problems,such as the instability of the compounds or diversity of the structures,and discusses emerging technologies that solve these issues.Moreover,it examines the secondary roles of these metabolites in medicine,such as anticancer and antimicrobial drugs,sustainable agriculture biopesticides,and environmental ecology-also known as allelopathy and bioindicators.It combines traditional ethnobotanical approaches with contem-porary science,demonstrating the vital need to protect biodiversity in key ecosystems such as tropical rainforests,mountain regions,coral reefs,and arid zones as a foundation for anticipatory bio-discoveries.It organizes the methodological frameworks and outlines the steps needed to enhance the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources.
基金funding from Key Areas Science and Technology Research Plan of Xinjiang Production And Construction Corps Financial Science and Technology Plan Project under Grant Agreement No.2023AB048 for the project:Research and Application Demonstration of Data-driven Elderly Care System.
文摘In recent years,with the rapid development of deep learning technology,relational triplet extraction techniques have also achieved groundbreaking progress.Traditional pipeline models have certain limitations due to error propagation.To overcome the limitations of traditional pipeline models,recent research has focused on jointly modeling the two key subtasks-named entity recognition and relation extraction-within a unified framework.To support future research,this paper provides a comprehensive review of recently published studies in the field of relational triplet extraction.The review examines commonly used public datasets for relational triplet extraction techniques and systematically reviews current mainstream joint extraction methods,including joint decoding methods and parameter sharing methods,with joint decoding methods further divided into table filling,tagging,and sequence-to-sequence approaches.In addition,this paper also conducts small-scale replication experiments on models that have performed well in recent years for each method to verify the reproducibility of the code and to compare the performance of different models under uniform conditions.Each method has its own advantages in terms of model design,task handling,and application scenarios,but also faces challenges such as processing complex sentence structures,cross-sentence relation extraction,and adaptability in low-resource environments.Finally,this paper systematically summarizes each method and discusses the future development prospects of joint extraction of relational triples.
文摘To attain maximum recovery of useful compounds from slaughterhouse waste (Suet, Tongue, Pancreas) of selected ruminant (cow, goat, lamb, and bull), the fat extraction efficiency of popular methods was compared along with fatty acid (FAs) composition. Four selected methods including Soxhlet (SOX), acid hydrolysis, Bligh & dyer (B&D), and Folch (FOL) were assessed. After methylation, extracted lipids were analyzed by Gas chromatography for FA composition. Data indicated that all selected methods were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other, particularly higher differences were noticed for low lipid-containing products (Tongue, Pancreas) as well as their respective FA Composition. Based on Analysis of Variance and Principal component analysis, the effective method for lipid and FA Composition analysis was the FOL method. The Soxhlet method was only effective for samples with high-fat content i.e., suet, while the B&D method gave comparatively low lipid content in analyzed samples. Hence based on the results, excellent fat and fatty acid extraction was achieved with the FOL method.
文摘It was only in the past 20 years that countries in Asia began to search for an alternative to protect moon bears from being killed for their bile and other body parts. In the early 1980s, a new method of extracting bile from living bears was developed in North Korea. In 1983, Chinese scientists imported this technique from North Korea. According to the Animals Asia Foundation, the most original method of bile extraction is to embed a latex catheter, a narrow
基金Supported by National Program on Key Basic Research Project(2009CB119204)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to compare three RNA extraction methods and thus find out the suitable one for isolating intact and high quality total RNA from Pinus bungeana.[Method] Employing three extraction methods of Trizol,RNeasy Mini Kit,LiCl precipitation,total RNAs of P.bungeana were extracted from pine leaf samples,and their integrity and purity were detected via agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry for a comparative study.[Result] Among the three extraction methods,LiCl precipitation method demonstrated higher yield and better integrity of total extracted RNA,with OD260/OD280 ratio between 1.8-2.0 and clear 28 S and 18 S bands in electrophoresis pattern.[Conclusion] LiCl precipitation method could be used to extract highly pure and intact total RNA from P.bungeana.
文摘It's a subject that gets not only animal rights activists hot under the collar, but also the vast majority of caring people concerned about cruelty to animals. At a press conference in early 2006, the world's attention was once again drawn to the fate of Asiatic black bears (or moon bears) in China, so long tortured in the cruel practice of bile extraction. Only this
基金Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(Grant No.QKHJC-ZK[2023]YB524)Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou,China(Grant No.QKPTRC[2019]035)+2 种基金Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(Grant No.QKH[2019]1346)Science and Technology Department of Zunyi city of Guizhou province of China(Grant No.[2020]7)Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Zunyi Medical University(Grant No.S202310661248).
文摘Doxorubicin(DOX)is a widely employed tumor therapy,yet its substantial toxic side effects pose a considerable challenge.Bletilla striata has demonstrated efficacy in preventing and treating these toxic side effects in clinical practice,with polysaccharides identified as the principal active component.In the present study,16 fractions of B.striata polysaccharides(BsPs)were extracted using diverse methods,including hot-water extraction(HWE),ultrasonic-assisted extraction(UAE),enzyme-assisted extraction(EAE),dilute acid-water extraction(ACWE),and dilute alkali-water extraction(ALWE).These extractions were subsequently precipitated at final ethanol concentrations of 80%and 95%,respectively.The investigation encompassed yields,total carbohydrate content(TCC),total protein content(TPC),preliminary structural properties,and anti-DOX myocardial cytotoxic activity.Results indicated that the extraction method significantly influenced the physicochemical properties,associated functional properties,and anti-DOX myocardial cytotoxic activity of BsPs.HWE and UAE yielded higher BsPs quantities.The relative molecular weight(RMW)distribution of BsPs differed notably between HWE or UAE,EAE,ACWE,and ALWE.The RMW of primary BsPs obtained from HWE and UAE(1.9×10^(7)-1.7×10^(7) Da)exceeded that from EAE(7.5×10^(3)-2.8×10^(4) Da)and ALWE(5.1×10^(4)-1.7×10^(4) Da),with smaller molecular weights primarily precipitated by higher ethanol concentrations.BsPs were composed of Man and Glu,with partial fractions containing small amounts of Gal or Ara,displaying varying molar ratios.Notably,BsPs from ACWE exhibited the most significant structural differences,lacking 1,4-α-D-Glcp and a triple-helical structure.Furthermore,BsPs obtained from HWE,UAE,and EAE demonstrated heightened anti-DOX myocardial cytotoxic activity compared to other methods.This study underscored the influence of extraction methods on BsPs’structure and myocardial protective activity,offering a foundation for exploring structural diversity and employing specific extraction methods to extract polysaccharides with robust myocardial protective properties efficiently.
基金The Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515010730)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001647)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972022)Financial and moral assistance supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515011996)111 Project(B17018)。
文摘In this study,the structural characters,antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides(HRPs)obtained by the commonly used hot water(HRP-W),pressurized hot water(HRP-H),ultrasonic(HRP-U),acid(HRP-C)and alkali(HRP-A)assisted extraction methods were investigated.The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield,monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,particle size,triple-helical structure,and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability.The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities.Moreover,the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network(HRP-C,HRP-W and HRP-U),which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity.The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.
