Photocatalytic membranes hold significant potential for promoting pollutant degradation and reducing membrane fouling in filtration systems.Although extensive research has been conducted on the independent design of p...Photocatalytic membranes hold significant potential for promoting pollutant degradation and reducing membrane fouling in filtration systems.Although extensive research has been conducted on the independent design of photocatalysts or membrane materials to improve their catalytic and filtration performance,the complex structures and interface mechanisms,as well as insufficient light utilization,are still often overlooked,limiting the overall performance improvement of photocatalytic membranes.This work provides an overview of enhancement strategies involving restricted area effects,external fields,such as mechanical,magnetic,thermal,and electrical fields,as well as coupling techniques with advanced oxidation processes(e.g.,O_(3),Fenton,and persulfate oxidation)for dual enhancement of photocatalysts and membranes.In addition,the synthesis method of photocatalytic membranes and the influence of factors,such as light source type,frequency,and relative position on photocatalytic membrane performance were also studied.Finally,economic feasibility and pollutant removal performance were further evaluated to determine the promising enhancement strategies,paving the way for more efficient and scalable applications of photocatalytic membranes.展开更多
The photo-dissociation dynamics of LiF is investigated with newly constructed accurate ab initio potential energy curves （PECs） using the time-dependent quantum wave packet method. The oscillations and decay of the ...The photo-dissociation dynamics of LiF is investigated with newly constructed accurate ab initio potential energy curves （PECs） using the time-dependent quantum wave packet method. The oscillations and decay of the wave packet on the adiabats as a function of time are given, which can be compared with the femtosecond transition-state （FTS） spectroscopy. The photo-absorption spectra and the kinetic-energy distribution of the dissociation fragments, which can exhibit the vibration-level structure and the dispersion of the wave packet, respectively, are also obtained. The investigation shows a blue shift of the band center for the photo-absorption spectrum and multiple peaks in the kinetic-energy spectrum with increasing laser intensity, which can be attributed to external field effects. By analyzing the oscillations of the wave packet evolving on the upper adiabat, an approximate inversion scheme is devised to roughly deduce its shape.展开更多
The changing of wave structure in excitable media in extemal field is studied and the curvature relation of wave front is analyzed. Under external stimulus the normal velocity of wave front has linear relation with me...The changing of wave structure in excitable media in extemal field is studied and the curvature relation of wave front is analyzed. Under external stimulus the normal velocity of wave front has linear relation with mean curvature of wave front, plane velocity and external field. The simulation methods have been used to analyze BarEiswirth model with extemal field and obtain the wave pattern of excitable media contained external stimulus. These theoretical analysis and simulation results are identical with experiments of BZ reaction. So the results here theoretically explain the BZ phenomenon under extemal field and the simulation results here have rich wave pattems.展开更多
A mass transport model was developed to predict the transport rate of ions within biofilms, which was experimentally verified using the fluxes of NH4^＋ and Ca^2＋ through the heterotrophic biofilms with the thickness...A mass transport model was developed to predict the transport rate of ions within biofilms, which was experimentally verified using the fluxes of NH4^＋ and Ca^2＋ through the heterotrophic biofilms with the thickness varying from 230 to 1430μm under the effect of external field in the range of-20 V/m to 60 V/m. It is found that the result predicted by the model is in agreement with the experimentally obtained one, with the error less than 5 percent for the thin biofilms. The error increases with the increase of the biofilm thickness. The transport rate of ions caused by electric migration is affected by the charges, field strength, and biofilm thickness and so on.展开更多
We investigate the dynamics of entanglement through negativity and witness operators in a system of four noninteracting qubits driven by a classical phase noisy laser characterized by a classical random external field...We investigate the dynamics of entanglement through negativity and witness operators in a system of four noninteracting qubits driven by a classical phase noisy laser characterized by a classical random external field(CREF).The qubits are initially prepared in the GHZ-type and W-type states and interact with the CREF in two different qubit-field configurations,namely,common environment and independent environments in which the cases of equal and different field phase probabilities are distinguished.We find that entanglement exhibits different decaying behavior,depending on the input states of the qubits,the qubit-field coupling configuration,and field phase probabilities.On the one hand,we demonstrate that the coupling of the qubits in a common environment is an alternative and more efficient strategy to completely shield the system from the detrimental impacts of the decoherence process induced by a CREF,independent of the input state and the field phase probabilities considered.Also,we show that GHZ-type states have strong dynamics under CREF as compared to W-type states.On the other hand,we demonstrate that in the model investigated the system robustness’s can be greatly improved by increasing the number of qubits constituting the system.展开更多
Metal–air batteries are an appealing option for energy storage,boasting a high energy density and environmental sustainability.Researchers focus on the catalyst design to solve the problem of sluggish cathode reactio...Metal–air batteries are an appealing option for energy storage,boasting a high energy density and environmental sustainability.Researchers focus on the catalyst design to solve the problem of sluggish cathode reaction kinetic.However,in some cases,where thermodynamic regulation is required,the role of catalysts is limited.Based on catalysts changing reaction kinetics,external fields can change the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction,further reduce overpotential,and accelerate the reaction rate.By selecting appropriate external fields and adjusting controllable variables,greater flexibility and potential are provided for reaction control.This paper reviews the basic principles by which several external fields influence metal–air batteries.Additionally,some design strategies of photoelectrode materials,the similarities and differences of different magnetic field effects,and some research progress of the ultrasonic field,stress field,and microwave field are systematically summarized.Multifield coupling can also interact and produce additive effects.Furthermore,introducing external fields will also bring about the problem of aggravated side reactions.This paper proposes some research methods to explore the specific reaction mechanism of external field assistance in more depth.The primary objective is to furnish theoretical direction for enhancing the performance of external field-supported metal–air batteries,thereby advancing their development.展开更多
In recent years,substantial effort has been dedicated to improving the intrinsic catalytic activity of catalysts through structural modification,component regulation,and chemical state optimization.However,complexity ...In recent years,substantial effort has been dedicated to improving the intrinsic catalytic activity of catalysts through structural modification,component regulation,and chemical state optimization.However,complexity in the design and construction of catalysts,and the possibility of encountering performance ceilings,may constrain their widespread use.Currently,the introduction of in situ external fields,such as force,electric,magnetic,acoustic,light,and thermal fields,is an attractive approach to enhance the catalytic efficiency of catalysts.Such in situ physical fields feature continuity,reversibility,and controllability,and can exert external force or energy on catalysts,thereby affecting their microscopic structures and electron arrangements,accelerating their mass transfer and reaction kinetics.Mutual coupling and conversion among different external fields are also worth exploring.Various in situ external field effects work in multifaceted ways to promote catalysis in energy-environment systems by optimizing mass/energy transfer processes,modifying structures,and accelerating catalytic reaction kinetics,thereby significantly improving the catalytic properties of materials.This review summarizes and analyzes the latest developments in external field-assisted methods for boosting catalyst performance.The external field effect,related catalysis mechanism,and external field-enhanced catalysis are highlighted,and we discuss future challenges,countermeasures,and opportunities for external field-assisted catalysis and beyond.展开更多
Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature(<473 K)shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner.However,the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is g...Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature(<473 K)shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner.However,the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is generally slow at low temperature,resulting in large overpotential and low current efficiency.Thus,the application of external physical fields has emerged as an effective strategy for improving the mass and charge transfer processes during electrochemical reactions.This review highlights the challenges associated with low-temperature electrochemical processes and briefly discusses recent achievements in optimizing electrodeposition processes through the use of external physical fields.The regulating effects on the optimization of the electrodeposition process and the strategies for select-ing various external physical fields,including magnetic,supergravity,and ultrasonic fields are summarized from the perspectives of equipment and mechanisms.Finally,advanced methods for in-situ characterization of external physical field-assisted electrodeposition processes are reviewed to gain a deeper understanding of metallic electrodeposition.An in-depth exploration of the mechanism by which external physical fields affect the electrode process is essential for enhancing the efficiency of metal extraction at low temperatures.展开更多
Rare earth molten salt electrolytic slag(RMES)has emerged as a promising secondary resource for rare earth elements(REEs).This study introduces an innovative leaching technique for extracting REEs from RMES under atmo...Rare earth molten salt electrolytic slag(RMES)has emerged as a promising secondary resource for rare earth elements(REEs).This study introduces an innovative leaching technique for extracting REEs from RMES under atmospheric conditions,employing an alkali phase reconstruction method followed by an acid leaching process.Additionally,the external electric field was employed to enhance the reaction.Under the optimal reaction conditions:NaOH initial concentration of 70 wt%,NaOH-slag mass ratio of 4:1,temperature of 160℃,current density of 1000 A/m^(2),reaction time of 90 min,stirring speed of 300 r/min,HCl concentration of 4 mol/L,liquid-solid ratio of 15:1,and leaching time of 20 min,the leaching efficiencies of Nd and Pr reach up to 99.21%and 99.14%,respectively.Phase analysis indicates that the rare earth fluorides transform into rare earth hydroxides,significantly enhancing their solubility in acid solution.The imposition of an external electric field leads to pronounced disruption of the RMES surface,thereby promoting the formation of stable reactive oxygen species in the alkaline medium.This facilitates the decomposition of fluorinated rare earths and hastens the phase reconstruction,resulting in an enhanced leaching process.The achieved leaching efficiency with an external electric field is 37%higher than that without an electric field.展开更多
Lithium batteries have always played a key role in the field of new energy sources.However,non-controllable lithium dendrites and volume dilatation of metallic lithium in batteries with lithium metal as anodes have li...Lithium batteries have always played a key role in the field of new energy sources.However,non-controllable lithium dendrites and volume dilatation of metallic lithium in batteries with lithium metal as anodes have limited their development.Recently,a large number of studies have shown that the electrochemical performances of lithium batteries can be enhanced through the regulation of external physical fields.Especially,it significantly hinders the growth of lithium dendrites and promoting the reaction kinetics.This review summarizes recent innovations in the investigation of various physical fields of lithium batteries.The application of magnetic field in the synthesis of lithium battery electrode materials is introduced.The influence factors and regulation mechanism of various physical fields on the electrochemical performance of lithium batteries are reviewed emphatically.In addition,the current research status and existing challenges,along with future directions for the evolution of lithium batteries,are minutely discussed and prospected.New strategies for the further evolution of lithium batteries have also been provided.展开更多
In this paper, we shall construct some explicit piecewise smooth （global continuous） solutions as well as blow up solutions to the multidimensional Landau-Lifshitz equation, subject to the external magnetic fields b...In this paper, we shall construct some explicit piecewise smooth （global continuous） solutions as well as blow up solutions to the multidimensional Landau-Lifshitz equation, subject to the external magnetic fields being both discontinuous and unbounded. When the external magnetic field is continuous, some explicit exact smooth solutions and blow up solution are also constructed. We also establish some necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure that the solution of multidimensional Landau-Lifshitz equation with external magnetic field converges to the solution of equation without external magnetic field when the external magnetic field tends to zero.展开更多
Rechargeable batteries are essential for the increased demand for energy storage technologies due to their ability to adapt intermittent renewable energies into electric devices,such as electric vehicles.To boost the ...Rechargeable batteries are essential for the increased demand for energy storage technologies due to their ability to adapt intermittent renewable energies into electric devices,such as electric vehicles.To boost the battery performance,applying external fields to assist the electrochemical process has been developed and exhibits significant merits in energy efficiency and cycle stability enhancement.This perspective focuses on recent advances in the development of external field–assisted battery technologies,including photo-assisted,magnetic field–assisted,sound field–assisted,and multiple field–assisted.The workingmechanisms of external field–assisted batteries and their challenges and opportunities are highlighted.展开更多
We derive intrinsic formulation for elastic line deformed on a pseudo-hypersurface by an external field in the pseudo-Euclidean spaces E_v^n.This formulation determines elastic line deformed on a pseudo-hypersurface.
Controlling and manipulating the fluorescence of single fluorophores is of great interest in recent years for its potential uses in improving the performance of molecular photonics and molecular electronics, such as i...Controlling and manipulating the fluorescence of single fluorophores is of great interest in recent years for its potential uses in improving the performance of molecular photonics and molecular electronics, such as in organic light-emitting devices, single photon sources, organic field-effect transistors, and probes or sensors based on single molecules. This review shows how the fluorescence emission of single organic molecules can be modified using local electromagnetic fields of metallic nanostructures and electric-field-induced electron transfer. Electric-field-induced fluorescence modulation, hysteresis, and the achievement of fluorescence switch are discussed in detail.展开更多
The accomplishment of nanowelding typically requires the input of high energy,possibly causing appreciable damages to the brittle nanomaterial.Herein,we report an external field(EF,i.e.,light,direct current(DC),and al...The accomplishment of nanowelding typically requires the input of high energy,possibly causing appreciable damages to the brittle nanomaterial.Herein,we report an external field(EF,i.e.,light,direct current(DC),and alternating current(AC))-strengthened Ostwald nanowelding(ONW)strategy to enable low-temperature nanowelding of Au nanoparticles(NPs)with nanoscale spacing in solution and propose an electron localization mechanism to understand it.We reveal that the EF-derived local electrons not only greatly strengthen the dissolution of surface atoms and the reduction of Au3+ions dissolved,but also confine(together with ordered water molecules)the transport of Au^(3+)ions within the nanogap.Consequently,the electrochemical Ostwald ripening(OR)process of the Au NPs is actively strengthened,which,along with the local electron-strengthened surface atom diffusion(as a result of the strong electrostatic repulsion created),enables feasible ONW for solution processing of interdigital electrodes(IDEs)from Au NPs and high-performance transparent conductor(TC)from Ag nanowires(NWs).Our low-temperature nanowelding strategy offers an efficient interconnection technique for the processing of functional nanodevices from individual nanomaterials.展开更多
The lattice theory regarding ternary systems involving a conformationally variable polypeptide and a randomly coiled polymer presented recently is extended to the case where an external orientational field is present....The lattice theory regarding ternary systems involving a conformationally variable polypeptide and a randomly coiled polymer presented recently is extended to the case where an external orientational field is present.Chemical potentials of the components in the isotropic and anisotropic phases were obtained.The calculations carried out show that the external field exerts a marked effect on the phase behavior of the ternary systems.The isotropic-anisotropic biphasic gap is predicted to shift to lower polymer concentrations and become narrower when the external field exists.The entrance of the randomly coiled polymers into the anisotropic phase is promoted.Influences of chain conformation of polypeptide,chain length and temperature have been studied in the presence of the external field.The comparison between theory and experimental results was also carried out.展开更多
Geometry and vibrational frequencies of the ground state of Si2O2 molecule are studied using density function theory （DFT） at the level of cc-pvtz and 6-311-k＋G^＊＊. It is found that the optimizing value by B31yp/...Geometry and vibrational frequencies of the ground state of Si2O2 molecule are studied using density function theory （DFT） at the level of cc-pvtz and 6-311-k＋G^＊＊. It is found that the optimizing value by B31yp/cc-pvtz is closer to the experimental data. The excited properties under different external electric fields are also investigated by the time-dependent-DFT method. Transitions from the ground state of Si2O2 molecule to the first singlet state under different external electric fields can take place more easily. The corresponding absorption spectral line is about 360 nm in wavelength and the excitation energy is about 3.4 eV.展开更多
Molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water were performed at 258 K and density of 1.0 g/cm^3 under different strengths of an external electric field, ranging from 0 to 8.0×10^9V/m, to investigate the influenc...Molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water were performed at 258 K and density of 1.0 g/cm^3 under different strengths of an external electric field, ranging from 0 to 8.0×10^9V/m, to investigate the influence of an external field on structural and dynamic properties of water. The flexible simple point charge model is used for water molecules. An enhancement of the water hydrogen bond structure with increasing strength of the electric field has been deduced from the radial distribution functions and the analysis of hydrogen bond structure. With increasing field strength, water system has a more perfect structure, which is shnilar to ice structure. However, the electrofreezing phenomenon of liquid water has not been detected because of a too large self-diffusion coefficient. The self-diffusion coefficient decreases remarkably with increasing strength of electric field, and the self-diffusion coefficient is anisotropic.展开更多
The geometric structures of an Nit radical in different external electric fields are optimized by using the density functional B3P86/cc-PVSZ method, and the bond lengths, dipole moments, vibration frequencies and IR s...The geometric structures of an Nit radical in different external electric fields are optimized by using the density functional B3P86/cc-PVSZ method, and the bond lengths, dipole moments, vibration frequencies and IR spectrum are obtained. The potential energy curves are gained by the CCSD （T） method with the same basis set. These results indicate that the physical property parameters and potential energy curves may change with the external electric field, especially in the reverse direction electric field. The potential energy function of zero field is fitted by the Morse potential, and the fitting parameters are in good accordance with the experimental data. The potential energy functions of different external electric fields are fitted adopting the constructed potential model. The fitted critical dissociation electric parameters are shown to be consistent with the numerical calculation, and the relative errors are only 0.27% and 6.61%, hence the constructed model is reliable and accurate. The present results provide an important reference for further study of the molecular spectrum, dynamics and molecular cooling with Stark effect.展开更多
Hydrogen is a popular clean high-energy-density fuel.However,its utilization is limited by the challenges toward low-cost hydrogen production and safe hydrogen storage.Fortunately,these issues can be addressed using p...Hydrogen is a popular clean high-energy-density fuel.However,its utilization is limited by the challenges toward low-cost hydrogen production and safe hydrogen storage.Fortunately,these issues can be addressed using promising hydrogen storage materials such as B–H compounds.Hydrogen stored in B–H compounds can be released by hydrolysis at room temperature,which requires catalysts to increase the rate of the reaction.Recently,several effective approaches have been developed for hydrogen generation by catalyzing the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.This review summarizes the existing research on the use of nanoparticles loaded on hydrogels as catalysts for the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.First,the factors affecting the hydrolysis rate,such as temperature,p H,reactant concentration,and type of nano particles,were investigated.Further,the preparation methods(in situ reduction,one-pot method,template adsorption,etc.)for the hydrogel catalysts and the types of loaded catalysts were determined.Additionally,the hydrogel catalysts that can respond to magnetic fields,ultrasound fields,optical fields,and other physical fields are introduced.Finally,the issues and future developments of hydrogel-based catalysts are discussed.This review can inspire deeper investigations and provide guidance for the study of hydrogel catalysts in the field of hydrogen production via hydrolysis.展开更多
基金supported by the BRICS STI Framework Programme(No.52261145703)the Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project(National 111 Project,No.B16016)the Guangxi Key Research and Development Plan Project(AB24010117).
文摘Photocatalytic membranes hold significant potential for promoting pollutant degradation and reducing membrane fouling in filtration systems.Although extensive research has been conducted on the independent design of photocatalysts or membrane materials to improve their catalytic and filtration performance,the complex structures and interface mechanisms,as well as insufficient light utilization,are still often overlooked,limiting the overall performance improvement of photocatalytic membranes.This work provides an overview of enhancement strategies involving restricted area effects,external fields,such as mechanical,magnetic,thermal,and electrical fields,as well as coupling techniques with advanced oxidation processes(e.g.,O_(3),Fenton,and persulfate oxidation)for dual enhancement of photocatalysts and membranes.In addition,the synthesis method of photocatalytic membranes and the influence of factors,such as light source type,frequency,and relative position on photocatalytic membrane performance were also studied.Finally,economic feasibility and pollutant removal performance were further evaluated to determine the promising enhancement strategies,paving the way for more efficient and scalable applications of photocatalytic membranes.
基金the International Cooperation Program for Excellent Lectures of 2008 by Shandong Provincial Education Department,Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11074151)Fundao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,Portugal
文摘The photo-dissociation dynamics of LiF is investigated with newly constructed accurate ab initio potential energy curves （PECs） using the time-dependent quantum wave packet method. The oscillations and decay of the wave packet on the adiabats as a function of time are given, which can be compared with the femtosecond transition-state （FTS） spectroscopy. The photo-absorption spectra and the kinetic-energy distribution of the dissociation fragments, which can exhibit the vibration-level structure and the dispersion of the wave packet, respectively, are also obtained. The investigation shows a blue shift of the band center for the photo-absorption spectrum and multiple peaks in the kinetic-energy spectrum with increasing laser intensity, which can be attributed to external field effects. By analyzing the oscillations of the wave packet evolving on the upper adiabat, an approximate inversion scheme is devised to roughly deduce its shape.
文摘The changing of wave structure in excitable media in extemal field is studied and the curvature relation of wave front is analyzed. Under external stimulus the normal velocity of wave front has linear relation with mean curvature of wave front, plane velocity and external field. The simulation methods have been used to analyze BarEiswirth model with extemal field and obtain the wave pattern of excitable media contained external stimulus. These theoretical analysis and simulation results are identical with experiments of BZ reaction. So the results here theoretically explain the BZ phenomenon under extemal field and the simulation results here have rich wave pattems.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40506028 30270258) the Encouraging Foundation for Outstanding YouthScientists of Shandong Province (No. 03BS120) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2005037237)
文摘A mass transport model was developed to predict the transport rate of ions within biofilms, which was experimentally verified using the fluxes of NH4^＋ and Ca^2＋ through the heterotrophic biofilms with the thickness varying from 230 to 1430μm under the effect of external field in the range of-20 V/m to 60 V/m. It is found that the result predicted by the model is in agreement with the experimentally obtained one, with the error less than 5 percent for the thin biofilms. The error increases with the increase of the biofilm thickness. The transport rate of ions caused by electric migration is affected by the charges, field strength, and biofilm thickness and so on.
文摘We investigate the dynamics of entanglement through negativity and witness operators in a system of four noninteracting qubits driven by a classical phase noisy laser characterized by a classical random external field(CREF).The qubits are initially prepared in the GHZ-type and W-type states and interact with the CREF in two different qubit-field configurations,namely,common environment and independent environments in which the cases of equal and different field phase probabilities are distinguished.We find that entanglement exhibits different decaying behavior,depending on the input states of the qubits,the qubit-field coupling configuration,and field phase probabilities.On the one hand,we demonstrate that the coupling of the qubits in a common environment is an alternative and more efficient strategy to completely shield the system from the detrimental impacts of the decoherence process induced by a CREF,independent of the input state and the field phase probabilities considered.Also,we show that GHZ-type states have strong dynamics under CREF as compared to W-type states.On the other hand,we demonstrate that in the model investigated the system robustness’s can be greatly improved by increasing the number of qubits constituting the system.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2012500)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273081,No.52433002)the Young Talent Support Plan of Xi’an Jiaotong University.
文摘Metal–air batteries are an appealing option for energy storage,boasting a high energy density and environmental sustainability.Researchers focus on the catalyst design to solve the problem of sluggish cathode reaction kinetic.However,in some cases,where thermodynamic regulation is required,the role of catalysts is limited.Based on catalysts changing reaction kinetics,external fields can change the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction,further reduce overpotential,and accelerate the reaction rate.By selecting appropriate external fields and adjusting controllable variables,greater flexibility and potential are provided for reaction control.This paper reviews the basic principles by which several external fields influence metal–air batteries.Additionally,some design strategies of photoelectrode materials,the similarities and differences of different magnetic field effects,and some research progress of the ultrasonic field,stress field,and microwave field are systematically summarized.Multifield coupling can also interact and produce additive effects.Furthermore,introducing external fields will also bring about the problem of aggravated side reactions.This paper proposes some research methods to explore the specific reaction mechanism of external field assistance in more depth.The primary objective is to furnish theoretical direction for enhancing the performance of external field-supported metal–air batteries,thereby advancing their development.
基金financially sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22179104,22379117)the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing(Wuhan University of Technology)(2023-ZT-1).
文摘In recent years,substantial effort has been dedicated to improving the intrinsic catalytic activity of catalysts through structural modification,component regulation,and chemical state optimization.However,complexity in the design and construction of catalysts,and the possibility of encountering performance ceilings,may constrain their widespread use.Currently,the introduction of in situ external fields,such as force,electric,magnetic,acoustic,light,and thermal fields,is an attractive approach to enhance the catalytic efficiency of catalysts.Such in situ physical fields feature continuity,reversibility,and controllability,and can exert external force or energy on catalysts,thereby affecting their microscopic structures and electron arrangements,accelerating their mass transfer and reaction kinetics.Mutual coupling and conversion among different external fields are also worth exploring.Various in situ external field effects work in multifaceted ways to promote catalysis in energy-environment systems by optimizing mass/energy transfer processes,modifying structures,and accelerating catalytic reaction kinetics,thereby significantly improving the catalytic properties of materials.This review summarizes and analyzes the latest developments in external field-assisted methods for boosting catalyst performance.The external field effect,related catalysis mechanism,and external field-enhanced catalysis are highlighted,and we discuss future challenges,countermeasures,and opportunities for external field-assisted catalysis and beyond.
基金supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP243)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2906100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92475202)are acknowledged.
文摘Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature(<473 K)shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner.However,the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is generally slow at low temperature,resulting in large overpotential and low current efficiency.Thus,the application of external physical fields has emerged as an effective strategy for improving the mass and charge transfer processes during electrochemical reactions.This review highlights the challenges associated with low-temperature electrochemical processes and briefly discusses recent achievements in optimizing electrodeposition processes through the use of external physical fields.The regulating effects on the optimization of the electrodeposition process and the strategies for select-ing various external physical fields,including magnetic,supergravity,and ultrasonic fields are summarized from the perspectives of equipment and mechanisms.Finally,advanced methods for in-situ characterization of external physical field-assisted electrodeposition processes are reviewed to gain a deeper understanding of metallic electrodeposition.An in-depth exploration of the mechanism by which external physical fields affect the electrode process is essential for enhancing the efficiency of metal extraction at low temperatures.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangxi Province(20224BAB204038)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2022QNRC001)+2 种基金the Ganzhou City Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project(2023CYZ26999)Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of LowCarbon Processing and Utilization of Strategic Metal Mineral Resources(2023SSY01041)the Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2023-S642)。
文摘Rare earth molten salt electrolytic slag(RMES)has emerged as a promising secondary resource for rare earth elements(REEs).This study introduces an innovative leaching technique for extracting REEs from RMES under atmospheric conditions,employing an alkali phase reconstruction method followed by an acid leaching process.Additionally,the external electric field was employed to enhance the reaction.Under the optimal reaction conditions:NaOH initial concentration of 70 wt%,NaOH-slag mass ratio of 4:1,temperature of 160℃,current density of 1000 A/m^(2),reaction time of 90 min,stirring speed of 300 r/min,HCl concentration of 4 mol/L,liquid-solid ratio of 15:1,and leaching time of 20 min,the leaching efficiencies of Nd and Pr reach up to 99.21%and 99.14%,respectively.Phase analysis indicates that the rare earth fluorides transform into rare earth hydroxides,significantly enhancing their solubility in acid solution.The imposition of an external electric field leads to pronounced disruption of the RMES surface,thereby promoting the formation of stable reactive oxygen species in the alkaline medium.This facilitates the decomposition of fluorinated rare earths and hastens the phase reconstruction,resulting in an enhanced leaching process.The achieved leaching efficiency with an external electric field is 37%higher than that without an electric field.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(Nos.12172118 and 12172205)the Research Program of Local Science Research Development under the Guidance of Central(No.216Z4402G)+1 种基金Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(No.JZX2023004)support from"Yuanguang"Scholar Program of Hebei University of Technology。
文摘Lithium batteries have always played a key role in the field of new energy sources.However,non-controllable lithium dendrites and volume dilatation of metallic lithium in batteries with lithium metal as anodes have limited their development.Recently,a large number of studies have shown that the electrochemical performances of lithium batteries can be enhanced through the regulation of external physical fields.Especially,it significantly hinders the growth of lithium dendrites and promoting the reaction kinetics.This review summarizes recent innovations in the investigation of various physical fields of lithium batteries.The application of magnetic field in the synthesis of lithium battery electrode materials is introduced.The influence factors and regulation mechanism of various physical fields on the electrochemical performance of lithium batteries are reviewed emphatically.In addition,the current research status and existing challenges,along with future directions for the evolution of lithium batteries,are minutely discussed and prospected.New strategies for the further evolution of lithium batteries have also been provided.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10861014)The Institute of Mathematical Sciences,Chinese University of Hongkong.
文摘In this paper, we shall construct some explicit piecewise smooth （global continuous） solutions as well as blow up solutions to the multidimensional Landau-Lifshitz equation, subject to the external magnetic fields being both discontinuous and unbounded. When the external magnetic field is continuous, some explicit exact smooth solutions and blow up solution are also constructed. We also establish some necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure that the solution of multidimensional Landau-Lifshitz equation with external magnetic field converges to the solution of equation without external magnetic field when the external magnetic field tends to zero.
基金Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,Grant/Award Number:ITS/219/21FP。
文摘Rechargeable batteries are essential for the increased demand for energy storage technologies due to their ability to adapt intermittent renewable energies into electric devices,such as electric vehicles.To boost the battery performance,applying external fields to assist the electrochemical process has been developed and exhibits significant merits in energy efficiency and cycle stability enhancement.This perspective focuses on recent advances in the development of external field–assisted battery technologies,including photo-assisted,magnetic field–assisted,sound field–assisted,and multiple field–assisted.The workingmechanisms of external field–assisted batteries and their challenges and opportunities are highlighted.
文摘We derive intrinsic formulation for elastic line deformed on a pseudo-hypersurface by an external field in the pseudo-Euclidean spaces E_v^n.This formulation determines elastic line deformed on a pseudo-hypersurface.
基金Acknowledgements The project was sponsored by the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） （Grant No. 2012CB921603）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 61527824, 11434007, 11374196, 11404200, 11504216, and U1510133）, PCSIRT （No. IRT13076）, and the Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province.
文摘Controlling and manipulating the fluorescence of single fluorophores is of great interest in recent years for its potential uses in improving the performance of molecular photonics and molecular electronics, such as in organic light-emitting devices, single photon sources, organic field-effect transistors, and probes or sensors based on single molecules. This review shows how the fluorescence emission of single organic molecules can be modified using local electromagnetic fields of metallic nanostructures and electric-field-induced electron transfer. Electric-field-induced fluorescence modulation, hysteresis, and the achievement of fluorescence switch are discussed in detail.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21872047,21673070,and 91750205)lHunan Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials(No.2018TP1010).
文摘The accomplishment of nanowelding typically requires the input of high energy,possibly causing appreciable damages to the brittle nanomaterial.Herein,we report an external field(EF,i.e.,light,direct current(DC),and alternating current(AC))-strengthened Ostwald nanowelding(ONW)strategy to enable low-temperature nanowelding of Au nanoparticles(NPs)with nanoscale spacing in solution and propose an electron localization mechanism to understand it.We reveal that the EF-derived local electrons not only greatly strengthen the dissolution of surface atoms and the reduction of Au3+ions dissolved,but also confine(together with ordered water molecules)the transport of Au^(3+)ions within the nanogap.Consequently,the electrochemical Ostwald ripening(OR)process of the Au NPs is actively strengthened,which,along with the local electron-strengthened surface atom diffusion(as a result of the strong electrostatic repulsion created),enables feasible ONW for solution processing of interdigital electrodes(IDEs)from Au NPs and high-performance transparent conductor(TC)from Ag nanowires(NWs).Our low-temperature nanowelding strategy offers an efficient interconnection technique for the processing of functional nanodevices from individual nanomaterials.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50273011)Supports from Doctoral Foundation of Education Minis try of China(Grant No.20010251008)Shanghai Nami Project(Grant No.0352nm109)are also appreciated.
文摘The lattice theory regarding ternary systems involving a conformationally variable polypeptide and a randomly coiled polymer presented recently is extended to the case where an external orientational field is present.Chemical potentials of the components in the isotropic and anisotropic phases were obtained.The calculations carried out show that the external field exerts a marked effect on the phase behavior of the ternary systems.The isotropic-anisotropic biphasic gap is predicted to shift to lower polymer concentrations and become narrower when the external field exists.The entrance of the randomly coiled polymers into the anisotropic phase is promoted.Influences of chain conformation of polypeptide,chain length and temperature have been studied in the presence of the external field.The comparison between theory and experimental results was also carried out.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10774039)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,China (Grant No. 092300410249)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Education Bureau of Henan Province,China (Grant No. 2010A140008)the Foundation for University Young Core Instructors of Henan Province,China (Grant No. 2009GGJS-044)
文摘Geometry and vibrational frequencies of the ground state of Si2O2 molecule are studied using density function theory （DFT） at the level of cc-pvtz and 6-311-k＋G^＊＊. It is found that the optimizing value by B31yp/cc-pvtz is closer to the experimental data. The excited properties under different external electric fields are also investigated by the time-dependent-DFT method. Transitions from the ground state of Si2O2 molecule to the first singlet state under different external electric fields can take place more easily. The corresponding absorption spectral line is about 360 nm in wavelength and the excitation energy is about 3.4 eV.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（Grant No. 20276055）
文摘Molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water were performed at 258 K and density of 1.0 g/cm^3 under different strengths of an external electric field, ranging from 0 to 8.0×10^9V/m, to investigate the influence of an external field on structural and dynamic properties of water. The flexible simple point charge model is used for water molecules. An enhancement of the water hydrogen bond structure with increasing strength of the electric field has been deduced from the radial distribution functions and the analysis of hydrogen bond structure. With increasing field strength, water system has a more perfect structure, which is shnilar to ice structure. However, the electrofreezing phenomenon of liquid water has not been detected because of a too large self-diffusion coefficient. The self-diffusion coefficient decreases remarkably with increasing strength of electric field, and the self-diffusion coefficient is anisotropic.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11147158 and 11264020the Jiangxi Province Natural Science Foundation under Grant No 2010GQW0031the Jiangxi Province Scientific Research Program of the Education Bureau under Grant No GJJ12483
文摘The geometric structures of an Nit radical in different external electric fields are optimized by using the density functional B3P86/cc-PVSZ method, and the bond lengths, dipole moments, vibration frequencies and IR spectrum are obtained. The potential energy curves are gained by the CCSD （T） method with the same basis set. These results indicate that the physical property parameters and potential energy curves may change with the external electric field, especially in the reverse direction electric field. The potential energy function of zero field is fitted by the Morse potential, and the fitting parameters are in good accordance with the experimental data. The potential energy functions of different external electric fields are fitted adopting the constructed potential model. The fitted critical dissociation electric parameters are shown to be consistent with the numerical calculation, and the relative errors are only 0.27% and 6.61%, hence the constructed model is reliable and accurate. The present results provide an important reference for further study of the molecular spectrum, dynamics and molecular cooling with Stark effect.
基金supported by National Natural Science Fund of China(Grant No.12172118,52071125)the Research Program of Local Science and Technology Development under the Guidance of Central(216Z4402G)+1 种基金Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(BJK2022015)support from“Yuanguang”Scholar Program of Hebei University of Technology。
文摘Hydrogen is a popular clean high-energy-density fuel.However,its utilization is limited by the challenges toward low-cost hydrogen production and safe hydrogen storage.Fortunately,these issues can be addressed using promising hydrogen storage materials such as B–H compounds.Hydrogen stored in B–H compounds can be released by hydrolysis at room temperature,which requires catalysts to increase the rate of the reaction.Recently,several effective approaches have been developed for hydrogen generation by catalyzing the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.This review summarizes the existing research on the use of nanoparticles loaded on hydrogels as catalysts for the hydrolysis of B–H compounds.First,the factors affecting the hydrolysis rate,such as temperature,p H,reactant concentration,and type of nano particles,were investigated.Further,the preparation methods(in situ reduction,one-pot method,template adsorption,etc.)for the hydrogel catalysts and the types of loaded catalysts were determined.Additionally,the hydrogel catalysts that can respond to magnetic fields,ultrasound fields,optical fields,and other physical fields are introduced.Finally,the issues and future developments of hydrogel-based catalysts are discussed.This review can inspire deeper investigations and provide guidance for the study of hydrogel catalysts in the field of hydrogen production via hydrolysis.
