Western Guizhou is a favorable region for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and development in Guizhou Province.Affected by complex geological conditions,the heterogeneity of middle-high rank coal reservoirs is strong,a...Western Guizhou is a favorable region for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and development in Guizhou Province.Affected by complex geological conditions,the heterogeneity of middle-high rank coal reservoirs is strong,and the geological and engineering control effects on enrichment and high productivity of CBM are significantly different.This paper comparatively analyzes the characteristics of middle-and high-rank coal reservoirs in the western Guizhou region,revealing the productivity characteristics and gas/water production rules of typical middle-high rank CBM high-yield wells.Moreover,it establishes a geological-engineering control model for the enrichment and high productivity of CBM in middle-high-rank coal seams in the western Guizhou region and analyzes the exploration and development potential and direction of middle-high-rank CBM in the region.The results are as follows.First,the middle-rank coal in the western Guizhou region is represented by the Liupanshui coalfield,where cleats and fractures are well developed,the content of macropores and mesopores is relatively high,the permeability is good,and the adsorption capacity is relatively weak.The high-rank coal is represented by the Zhina coalfield,where micropores are well developed,the permeability is greatly affected by burial depth,and the adsorption capacity is strong.Second,the difference in the characteristics of middle-rank and high-rank coal reservoirs in the western Guizhou region is mainly reflected in the pore-permeability conditions and adsorption capacity.The porosity and permeability of middle-rank coal samples are both greater than those of high-rank coal samples,and the development of secondary microfractures is the main reason for the relatively high permeability of middle-rank coal,while the well-developed micropores in high-rank coal provide more space for CBM preservation.Third,the CBM highyield wells in middle-rank coal seams in the western Guizhou region have the characteristics of“relatively high water production and high gas production,”while those of high-rank coal seams have the characteristics of“low water production and high gas production”or“high water production and low gas production.”The gas content and permeability of the coal reservoirs are the common constraints on whether CBM in middle-high rank coal seams can be highly productive under complex geological conditions.Fourth,the enrichment and high productivity of CBM in middle-high rank coal seams under complex geological conditions is the result of the synergistic matching of depth structure hydrology and adaptive fracturing production techniques.The CBM enrichment model,reservoir reformability,and gas/water production characteristics under geological and engineering synergistic control are unique and complex.Fifth,the middle-high rank coal seams in the western Guizhou region exhibit the basic resource characteristics of high gas content and high CBM resource abundance.Carrying out a precise evaluation of the CBM dual sweet spot system and reservoir volume stimulation are important guarantees for the efficient exploration and development of CBM in the western Guizhou region.展开更多
The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can ...The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.展开更多
Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is ...Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.展开更多
The massive amount and multi-sourced,multi-structured data in the upstream petroleum industry impose great challenge on data integration and smart application.Knowledge graph,as an emerging technology,can potentially ...The massive amount and multi-sourced,multi-structured data in the upstream petroleum industry impose great challenge on data integration and smart application.Knowledge graph,as an emerging technology,can potentially provide a way to tackle the challenges associated with oil and gas big data.This paper proposes an engineering-based method that can improve upon traditional natural language processing to construct the domain knowledge graph based on a petroleum exploration and development ontology.The exploration and development knowledge graph is constructed by assembling Sinopec’s multi-sourced heterogeneous database,and millions of nodes.The two applications based on the constructed knowledge graph are developed and validated for effectiveness and advantages in providing better knowledge services for the oil and gas industry.展开更多
Under the requirement of high-quality development, the research method of integrated model planning for offshore oil and gas exploration and development suitable for the western South China Sea is put forward. Based o...Under the requirement of high-quality development, the research method of integrated model planning for offshore oil and gas exploration and development suitable for the western South China Sea is put forward. Based on the new round of resource evaluation and exploration and development research in the western South China Sea, the in-depth research on underground oil and gas resources, surface development facilities, external factors and economic indexes are carried out to clarify the industrial layout of oil and gas development. The potential and prospect of oil and gas exploration and development were implemented, and the main external factors and corresponding measures affecting the planning were clarified in this paper. The economic evaluation model suitable for the region is established based on the analysis of internal rate of return, comprehensive barrel oil cost, critical price, financial net present value and other important indicators, and a set of planning and research methods suitable for the integration of exploration and development in the western South China Sea is finally formed. This method has been applied to the replacement reserve study of Weizhou X and Weizhou Y oil fields. It is found that the planned reserves and production are consistent with the actual ones, and good practical results have been achieved.展开更多
There are abundant marine shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.After almost one decade of exploration and development,three national shale gas demonstration areas have been built in the Sichuan Basin and its perip...There are abundant marine shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.After almost one decade of exploration and development,three national shale gas demonstration areas have been built in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,and large-scale commercial development of middle and deep(above 3500 m in depth)shale gas has been successfully achieved.The volume of deep shale gas resources(3500e4500 m deep)of the upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin is 6.61012 m3,with huge exploration and exploitation potential,so it is an important area for large-scale shale gas production increase in China during the 14th Five-year Plan.Deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin is influenced by complex geological engineering conditions,such as great burial depth,high temperature and pressure,and large stress and stress difference,and its high-quality development faces many challenges.After systematically summarizing the new progresses and achievements in deep shale gas exploration and development in the southern Sichuan Basin,this paper analyzes the difficulties and challenges in deep shale gas exploration and development and puts forward the next research directions.And the following research results are obtained.First,based on early practical exploration and independent innovation,key shale gas exploration and development technologies with good area selection,good well deployment,good well drilling,good well fracturing and good well management as the core are formed,and the cultivation mode of high production well is established,which supports the large-scale benefit development of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin.Second,systematical analysis indicates that the exploration and development of deep shale gas still faces a series of challenges in such three major fields as basic theory,key technology and management mode.Third,in the face of challenges,it is necessary to deepen basic theory research related to exploration and development,continuously improve key main technologies and constantly innovate mechanisms,systems and management modes.In conclusion,after years of continuous researches and pilot tests,a series of main exploration and development technologies suitable for the working conditions of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin have been basically formed,the first deep shale gas reserves of trillion cubic meters has been submitted,and the first deep shale gas production increase block of ten billion cubic meters has been selected.Thus,great progresses have been made in the exploration and development of deep shale gas,which confirms the confidence and determination in exploring and developing deep shale gas and is of great guiding significance to the rapid development of shale gas industry in China.展开更多
In recent years,with China＇s continuous investment in shale gas exploration and the continuous efforts of scientific workers,China’s shale gas exploration and development has achieved leap-forward development.In2011...In recent years,with China＇s continuous investment in shale gas exploration and the continuous efforts of scientific workers,China’s shale gas exploration and development has achieved leap-forward development.In2011,China＇s State Council approved shale gas as a new mineral resource.In 2014,shale gas was first proved at geological reserves of 106.8 billion m^3.展开更多
China's natural gas industry has experienced a great leap-forward development in the past decade.Since the second half of 2014,however,international oil price has dropped sharply and global oil and gas markets hav...China's natural gas industry has experienced a great leap-forward development in the past decade.Since the second half of 2014,however,international oil price has dropped sharply and global oil and gas markets have been sluggish.In China,economy growth rate slows down and resource environments tend to be more restricted.And energy production and consumption revolution speed up,and the development of natural gas industry experience profound changes internally and externally.Through review on the achievements in recent high-speed development and analysis on the future development of China's natural gas industry,it is believed that the growth rates of China's natural gas output and consumption will slow down and the supply and demand fundamentals present loose states.Low-permeability tight,deepeextra deep and unconventional reservoirs will be the principal targets of natural gas exploration and development and the tendency of resource deterioration is inevitable.The pressure to the decrease of gas price rises due to the sustained recession of oil price and the sharp decrease of alternative energy price.The normal means to increase benefits is to control investment strictly and reduce cost greatly.As for the new normal,five suggestions are proposed for natural gas exploration and development in China.Firstly,reinforce exploration continuously by guaranteeing work load and investment at the required level,and tamp the development basis.Secondly,pay much attention to early development evaluation,give prominence to plan implementation design and control productivity construction rhythm.Thirdly,pay attention to the top-level design of mature gas field development and adjustment,with fine description and management as the priority,and improve overall development level.Fourthly,strengthen the researches on exploration and development technologies,with the simplification and practicability of technologies as the focus,and reduce the cost effectively.And fifthly,summarize high-speed development experience of natural gas industry,pay attention to the demonstration and design of key indicators,and strengthen the study on progressive planning.展开更多
Commercial production of unconventional oil and gas resources will not be easily achieved without large-scale engineering measures,let alone the additional operation cost,increasingly stricter requirement for safety a...Commercial production of unconventional oil and gas resources will not be easily achieved without large-scale engineering measures,let alone the additional operation cost,increasingly stricter requirement for safety and environment,fluctuating low oil and gas prices,etc.,defeating the confidence of those investors.Therefore,unconventional measures are urgently needed to guide the exploration and exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources.Thus,we put forward the concept of joint exploration and development by integrating research methodologies and operating techniques for a variety of oil and gas resources to simultaneously achieve analysis,construction,gathering and exploitation of multiple hydrocarbon sources.In this way,the annoying interference between the produced mixture of hydrocarbon flow resulting in the reduction of single-well flowrate will be possibly turned into a dynamic mutual force to enhance the well's flowrate.We also point out that the inevitability of joint exploration and development is determined by the occurrence conditions of oil and gas resources,its feasibility relies on the advancement of technologies,and its arduous and long-term nature is attributed to the current energy market and environment.In spite of various problems and difficulties,we believe that joint exploration and development will be a feasible option to achieve both cost reduction and production&benefit enhancement,boost investors'confidence,raise energy comprehensive utilization,and enhance energy supply efficiency.In conclusion,the advantages of joint exploration and development outweigh its disadvantages for both countries and enterprises.展开更多
The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area in Yunnan(hereinafter referred to as demonstration area)is China's third largest national shale gas production base after ChangningeWeiyuan in Sichuan and Fuling ...The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area in Yunnan(hereinafter referred to as demonstration area)is China's third largest national shale gas production base after ChangningeWeiyuan in Sichuan and Fuling in Chongqing.And after more than ten years of deep and careful cultivation,a series of important achievements have been obtained in the exploration and development.From the perspective of exploration and development history,theory and technology,this paper systematically summarizes the exploration discovery process and productivity construction progress of shale gas in the demonstration area,expounds the geological exploration theories and key technologies of mountain shale gas,and predicts their development prospect and direction.And the following research results are obtained.First,the exploration and development in the demonstration area has gone through five development stages,and so far,three major productivity construction zones have been formed,including Huangjinba and Zijinba middleedeep shale gas zones and Taiyang shallow shale gas zone,with cumulative proved geological reserves more than 3100×10^(8) m^(3) and cumulative gas production more than 72×10^(8) m^(3).It has been constructed into the third largest green shale gas demonstration base in China.Second,the“multi-field coordination and multi-element coupling”mountain shale gas enrichment,accumulation and occurrence theory of“sedimentary background controlling source rock and reservoir,reworking intensity controlling preservation,and three-dimensional sealing controlling enrichment”is put forward innovatively,and the“three-dimensional sealing system”accumulation model of extrabasinal shallow shale gas is established.Third,a series of zone selection and evaluation technologies for mountain shale gas in strongly reworked complex structural areas have been developed,and the concept of geologyeengineering integration has first been adopted to create transparent shale gas reservoirs and cultivate high-yield wells.A major exploration breakthrough has been achieved from marginal basin medium deep shale gas layers to extrabasin ultra shallow to medium shallow ones,and domestic first large-scale monoblock shallow shale gas field with reserves over 2570×10^(8) m^(3) has been discovered.Fourth,a landmark technological achievement and efficient development model with geologyeengineering integration and shale geomechanical evaluation as the core has been formed,which leads the clean,green and efficient exploration and development of mountain shale gas.In conclusion,it is necessary to implement the exploration strategic idea of“two outgoing”in the demonstration area,i.e.,“walking out of the stable area of the basin and marching into the complex structure areas in the Dianqianbei Depression”and“walking out of the WufengeLongmaxi Formation and exploring other layers for breakthrough”.What's more,it is recommended to carry out the double-layer stereoscopic horizontal well pattern deployment of“Leping Formation CBM(coal measure gas)þLongmaxi Formation shale gas”appropriately in a large scale,so as to establish a new integrated development model for the three-dimensional efficient development of mountain shale gas and CBM.展开更多
Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and cl...Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and close to the“African Twin Ocean Railway”,which is an important strategic position.Mozambique has abundant mineral resources and vast reserves of advantageous minerals.The natural gas reserves of Mozambique ranked second in Africa.It also has world--class scale graphite and rich iron,gold,copper,niobium-tantalum and other resources.In recent years,the mining industry in this country has been rising and attracting many foreign companies to invest,including international mining giants such as Vale,Rio Tinto and large mining enterprises of China.This paper systematically studies the mineral resources endowment,exploration and development situations of natural gas,graphite,titanium-zircon placer deposits,niobium-tantalum,gold,iron and other strategic minerals in Mozambique,comprehensively analyzes the mining investment environment and the current situation of exploration and development of Chinese enterprises in Mozambique,and replans four safeguard areas of strategic mineral resources in critical short supply.Mozambique generally has good prospects of mining investment and a stable foundation for cooperation with China.Chinese enterprises can focus on oil and natural gas,graphite,titanium,zirconium,niobium,tantalum,and iron,which complement the needs of China,expand the mining capacity cooperation,and improve the ability to secure strategic mineral resources supply.展开更多
In the turn of 12th and 13th“Five-Year Plan”of China,the global oil and gas market changes greatly.In this regard,the target post-evaluation of the“12th Five-Year”oil and gas exploration and development planning w...In the turn of 12th and 13th“Five-Year Plan”of China,the global oil and gas market changes greatly.In this regard,the target post-evaluation of the“12th Five-Year”oil and gas exploration and development planning was conducted,which is of significant importance to scientifically and reasonably making the specific“13th Five-Year”oil and gas exploration and development target planning.The post-evaluation results indicate that,in the period of“12th Five-Year Plan”,the oil and gas exploration and development targets of China were satisfactorily completed,but some deficiencies still existed.For example,the target of oil production(2×10^(8)t)was overfulfilled,while the target of oil reserves(65×10^(8)t)remained 6.4%outstanding.The target of gas reserves(3.5×10^(12)m^(3))was overfulfilled,while the target of gas production(1385×10^(8)m^(3))remained 6.2%outstanding.Moreover,the targets of unconventional gases were not satisfactorily completed-shale gas being better than coalbed methane(CBM).Failures to fulfill some targets in“12th Five-Year Plan”were primarily attributed to the slowdown of oil and gas consumption growth,sharp drop of oil price,downgrading of resources,and changes of statistic basis under the new normal.The forecast results suggest that,in the period of“13th Five-Year Plan”,given USD50e70/bbl of world oil price,China's annual average incremental conventional oil and gas in place will be 10.0×10^(8)-12.0×10^(8)t and 6000×10^(8)-8000×10^(8)m^(3)respectively,annual average incremental shale gas and CBM in place will be 1000×10^(8)e2000×10^(8)m^(3)and 500×10^(8)e1000×10^(8)m^(3)respectively,and annual oil production will be about 2.0×10^(8)t.By 2020,China's annual gas production will approach 1800×10^(8)-2000×10^(8)m^(3)(shale gas:200×10^(8)m^(3),and CBM:150×10^(8)m^(3)).展开更多
PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company(hereinafter referred to as Changqing Oilfield)built the largest oil and gas production base of China in the Ordos Basin in 2013,achieving the yearly natural gas production of 375&...PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company(hereinafter referred to as Changqing Oilfield)built the largest oil and gas production base of China in the Ordos Basin in 2013,achieving the yearly natural gas production of 375×10^(8) m^(3) in 2015.For the further sustainable and stable production and quality and benefit improvement,such great achievements made in the 12th Five-Year Plan were first summarized,and the relevant favorable conditions for natural gas development were also analyzed as follows:abundant natural gas resources;increasingly mature E&P technologies;continuously improved delicacy management;and a surging demand for natural gas.Then,challenges to natural gas development were also discussed,including obvious deterioration of natural gas resources;diminished capacity of stable production of produced gasfields;increasing number of low-yield wells;and prominent supplyedemand contradiction in present natural gas market.Finally,its prospect in the 13th Five-Year Plan was studied:to carry out natural gas exploration with focus on Upper Paleozoic tight gas,Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks,and new areas and new domains,so as to achieve rapid growth of natural gas reserves and orderly replacement in exploration domains;to make rational development planning with focus on the stable production of mature gasfields;and to enhance tight gas recovery and strengthen capacity building in new areas,so as to achieve a steady rise of annual gas production in the giant gas province.It is expected that by the end of 13th Five-Year Plan period,Changqing Oilfield will achieve its annual gas production of up to 400×10^(8) m^(3).展开更多
At present,the increase in proved reserves and production of coalbed methane(CBM)in China depends mainly on several CBM bases in the southern Qinshui Basin and in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin.Therefore,it is ...At present,the increase in proved reserves and production of coalbed methane(CBM)in China depends mainly on several CBM bases in the southern Qinshui Basin and in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin.Therefore,it is urgent to find new batches of exploration and development strategic replacement areas.For this purpose,we investigated the resources,reservoir properties,preservation conditions,and development conditions of CBM in China,and put forward eight general factors and four critical factors that can be used in establishing selection criteria of strategic replacement areas for affecting the CBM exploration and development in China.The eight general factors are resource abundance,coalbed thickness,gas content,original permeability,burial depth,hydrogeological conditions,coalbed depositional environment,and landforms,and the four critical factors include genetic type,stability type,later reservoir reformation,and damage degree of coal structure.Comparison shows that the low-rank coal area in the northwestern area,the northeastern medium-low rank coal area,and the southwestern medium-high rank and structurally-complex coal area are the major replacement areas for CBM following the northern area of China.Key factors affecting CBM enrichment in each of the three key areas,respectively,are:a)genetic type and stability of coal seams,b)genetic type and reconstruction of the reservoir by volcanic intrusion,and c)stability of coal seams and damage degree of coal structure.Based on these factors,a system for selection and evaluation of strategic replacement areas for CBM development was established.Fifteen blocks in the above three areas were evaluated by using multi-layered fuzzy mathematics,selecting eight favorable areas and seven relatively favorable areas that contain 1.8 trillion m^(3) of predicted CBM geological resources.The eight favorable areas include the Wucaiwan-Dajing coal exploration area in the Zhundong coalfield(eastern Junggar Basin),the Hami-Dananhu mining area in the Turpan-Hami Basin,the Longdong coalfield(eastern Gansu Province),the Yilan and Hegang coalfields in eastern Heilongjiang Province,the Hunchun coalfield in Jilin Province,the southern Sichuan coalfield,and the Shuicheng coalfield in Guizhou Province.These favorable areas were recommended to be the CBM exploration and pilot development target areas in the near future.展开更多
Developing deep fragmented soft coalbed methane(CBM)can significantly enhance domestic natural gas supplies,reduce reliance on imported energy,and bolster national energy security.This manuscript provides a comprehens...Developing deep fragmented soft coalbed methane(CBM)can significantly enhance domestic natural gas supplies,reduce reliance on imported energy,and bolster national energy security.This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of commonly employed coalbed methane extraction technologies.It then delves into several critical issues in the current stage of CBM exploration and development in China,including the compatibility of existing technologies with CBM reservoirs,the characteristics and occurrence states of CBM reservoirs,critical desorption pressure,and gas generation mechanisms.Our research indicates that current CBM exploration and development technologies in China have reached an internationally advanced level,yet the industry is facing unprecedented challenges.Despite progress in low-permeability,high-value coal seams,significant breakthroughs have not been achieved in exploring other types of coal seams.For different coal reservoirs,integrated extraction technologies have been developed,such as surface pre-depressurisation and segmented hydraulic fracturing of coal seam roof strata.Additionally,techniques like large-scale volume fracturing in horizontal wells have been established,significantly enhancing reservoir stimulation effects and coalbed methane recovery rates.However,all of these technologies are fundamentally based on permeation.These technologies lack direct methods aimed at enhancing the diffusion rate of CBM,thereby failing to fully reflect the unique characteristics of CBM.Current CBM exploration and development theories and technologies are not universally applicable to all coal seams.They do not adequately account for the predominantly adsorbed state of CBM,and the complex and variable gas generation mechanisms further constrain CBM development in China.Finally,continuous exploration of new deep CBM exploration technologies is necessary.Integrating more effective reservoir stimulation technologies is essential to enhance technical adaptability concerning CBM reservoir characteristics,gas occurrence states,and gas generation mechanisms,ultimately achieving efficient CBM development.We conclude that while China possesses a substantial foundation of deep fractured CBM resources,industry development is constrained and requires continuous exploration of new CBM exploration and development technologies to utilize these resources effectively.展开更多
基金supported by the“Belt and Road”Innovation Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BZ2022015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030810 and 42102207)Geological Exploration Foundation of Guizhou Province(No.52000021MGQSE7S7K6PRP).
文摘Western Guizhou is a favorable region for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and development in Guizhou Province.Affected by complex geological conditions,the heterogeneity of middle-high rank coal reservoirs is strong,and the geological and engineering control effects on enrichment and high productivity of CBM are significantly different.This paper comparatively analyzes the characteristics of middle-and high-rank coal reservoirs in the western Guizhou region,revealing the productivity characteristics and gas/water production rules of typical middle-high rank CBM high-yield wells.Moreover,it establishes a geological-engineering control model for the enrichment and high productivity of CBM in middle-high-rank coal seams in the western Guizhou region and analyzes the exploration and development potential and direction of middle-high-rank CBM in the region.The results are as follows.First,the middle-rank coal in the western Guizhou region is represented by the Liupanshui coalfield,where cleats and fractures are well developed,the content of macropores and mesopores is relatively high,the permeability is good,and the adsorption capacity is relatively weak.The high-rank coal is represented by the Zhina coalfield,where micropores are well developed,the permeability is greatly affected by burial depth,and the adsorption capacity is strong.Second,the difference in the characteristics of middle-rank and high-rank coal reservoirs in the western Guizhou region is mainly reflected in the pore-permeability conditions and adsorption capacity.The porosity and permeability of middle-rank coal samples are both greater than those of high-rank coal samples,and the development of secondary microfractures is the main reason for the relatively high permeability of middle-rank coal,while the well-developed micropores in high-rank coal provide more space for CBM preservation.Third,the CBM highyield wells in middle-rank coal seams in the western Guizhou region have the characteristics of“relatively high water production and high gas production,”while those of high-rank coal seams have the characteristics of“low water production and high gas production”or“high water production and low gas production.”The gas content and permeability of the coal reservoirs are the common constraints on whether CBM in middle-high rank coal seams can be highly productive under complex geological conditions.Fourth,the enrichment and high productivity of CBM in middle-high rank coal seams under complex geological conditions is the result of the synergistic matching of depth structure hydrology and adaptive fracturing production techniques.The CBM enrichment model,reservoir reformability,and gas/water production characteristics under geological and engineering synergistic control are unique and complex.Fifth,the middle-high rank coal seams in the western Guizhou region exhibit the basic resource characteristics of high gas content and high CBM resource abundance.Carrying out a precise evaluation of the CBM dual sweet spot system and reservoir volume stimulation are important guarantees for the efficient exploration and development of CBM in the western Guizhou region.
基金supported by a project of shale gas in Southern China(DD20190561)initiated by the China Geological Surveythe project for High-level Innovative Talents in Science and Technology,Ministry of Natural Resources(12110600000018003918)。
文摘The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.
基金funded by the projects initiated by the China Geological Survey(DD20221794 and DD20190414).
文摘Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.
基金support is gratefully acknowledged to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42050104)National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2012BAH34F00)National Oil and Gas Major Special Project(Grant No.2016ZX05033005).
文摘The massive amount and multi-sourced,multi-structured data in the upstream petroleum industry impose great challenge on data integration and smart application.Knowledge graph,as an emerging technology,can potentially provide a way to tackle the challenges associated with oil and gas big data.This paper proposes an engineering-based method that can improve upon traditional natural language processing to construct the domain knowledge graph based on a petroleum exploration and development ontology.The exploration and development knowledge graph is constructed by assembling Sinopec’s multi-sourced heterogeneous database,and millions of nodes.The two applications based on the constructed knowledge graph are developed and validated for effectiveness and advantages in providing better knowledge services for the oil and gas industry.
文摘Under the requirement of high-quality development, the research method of integrated model planning for offshore oil and gas exploration and development suitable for the western South China Sea is put forward. Based on the new round of resource evaluation and exploration and development research in the western South China Sea, the in-depth research on underground oil and gas resources, surface development facilities, external factors and economic indexes are carried out to clarify the industrial layout of oil and gas development. The potential and prospect of oil and gas exploration and development were implemented, and the main external factors and corresponding measures affecting the planning were clarified in this paper. The economic evaluation model suitable for the region is established based on the analysis of internal rate of return, comprehensive barrel oil cost, critical price, financial net present value and other important indicators, and a set of planning and research methods suitable for the integration of exploration and development in the western South China Sea is finally formed. This method has been applied to the replacement reserve study of Weizhou X and Weizhou Y oil fields. It is found that the planned reserves and production are consistent with the actual ones, and good practical results have been achieved.
基金Project supported by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of Petro China Company Limited“Research and test on key technologies for effective exploitation of deep shale gas”(No.2019F-31).
文摘There are abundant marine shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.After almost one decade of exploration and development,three national shale gas demonstration areas have been built in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,and large-scale commercial development of middle and deep(above 3500 m in depth)shale gas has been successfully achieved.The volume of deep shale gas resources(3500e4500 m deep)of the upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin is 6.61012 m3,with huge exploration and exploitation potential,so it is an important area for large-scale shale gas production increase in China during the 14th Five-year Plan.Deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin is influenced by complex geological engineering conditions,such as great burial depth,high temperature and pressure,and large stress and stress difference,and its high-quality development faces many challenges.After systematically summarizing the new progresses and achievements in deep shale gas exploration and development in the southern Sichuan Basin,this paper analyzes the difficulties and challenges in deep shale gas exploration and development and puts forward the next research directions.And the following research results are obtained.First,based on early practical exploration and independent innovation,key shale gas exploration and development technologies with good area selection,good well deployment,good well drilling,good well fracturing and good well management as the core are formed,and the cultivation mode of high production well is established,which supports the large-scale benefit development of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin.Second,systematical analysis indicates that the exploration and development of deep shale gas still faces a series of challenges in such three major fields as basic theory,key technology and management mode.Third,in the face of challenges,it is necessary to deepen basic theory research related to exploration and development,continuously improve key main technologies and constantly innovate mechanisms,systems and management modes.In conclusion,after years of continuous researches and pilot tests,a series of main exploration and development technologies suitable for the working conditions of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin have been basically formed,the first deep shale gas reserves of trillion cubic meters has been submitted,and the first deep shale gas production increase block of ten billion cubic meters has been selected.Thus,great progresses have been made in the exploration and development of deep shale gas,which confirms the confidence and determination in exploring and developing deep shale gas and is of great guiding significance to the rapid development of shale gas industry in China.
文摘In recent years,with China＇s continuous investment in shale gas exploration and the continuous efforts of scientific workers,China’s shale gas exploration and development has achieved leap-forward development.In2011,China＇s State Council approved shale gas as a new mineral resource.In 2014,shale gas was first proved at geological reserves of 106.8 billion m^3.
基金CNPC Scientific Research and Technology Development Project“Key Technologies for Natural Gas Development”(No.:2014B-1502).
文摘China's natural gas industry has experienced a great leap-forward development in the past decade.Since the second half of 2014,however,international oil price has dropped sharply and global oil and gas markets have been sluggish.In China,economy growth rate slows down and resource environments tend to be more restricted.And energy production and consumption revolution speed up,and the development of natural gas industry experience profound changes internally and externally.Through review on the achievements in recent high-speed development and analysis on the future development of China's natural gas industry,it is believed that the growth rates of China's natural gas output and consumption will slow down and the supply and demand fundamentals present loose states.Low-permeability tight,deepeextra deep and unconventional reservoirs will be the principal targets of natural gas exploration and development and the tendency of resource deterioration is inevitable.The pressure to the decrease of gas price rises due to the sustained recession of oil price and the sharp decrease of alternative energy price.The normal means to increase benefits is to control investment strictly and reduce cost greatly.As for the new normal,five suggestions are proposed for natural gas exploration and development in China.Firstly,reinforce exploration continuously by guaranteeing work load and investment at the required level,and tamp the development basis.Secondly,pay much attention to early development evaluation,give prominence to plan implementation design and control productivity construction rhythm.Thirdly,pay attention to the top-level design of mature gas field development and adjustment,with fine description and management as the priority,and improve overall development level.Fourthly,strengthen the researches on exploration and development technologies,with the simplification and practicability of technologies as the focus,and reduce the cost effectively.And fifthly,summarize high-speed development experience of natural gas industry,pay attention to the demonstration and design of key indicators,and strengthen the study on progressive planning.
文摘Commercial production of unconventional oil and gas resources will not be easily achieved without large-scale engineering measures,let alone the additional operation cost,increasingly stricter requirement for safety and environment,fluctuating low oil and gas prices,etc.,defeating the confidence of those investors.Therefore,unconventional measures are urgently needed to guide the exploration and exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources.Thus,we put forward the concept of joint exploration and development by integrating research methodologies and operating techniques for a variety of oil and gas resources to simultaneously achieve analysis,construction,gathering and exploitation of multiple hydrocarbon sources.In this way,the annoying interference between the produced mixture of hydrocarbon flow resulting in the reduction of single-well flowrate will be possibly turned into a dynamic mutual force to enhance the well's flowrate.We also point out that the inevitability of joint exploration and development is determined by the occurrence conditions of oil and gas resources,its feasibility relies on the advancement of technologies,and its arduous and long-term nature is attributed to the current energy market and environment.In spite of various problems and difficulties,we believe that joint exploration and development will be a feasible option to achieve both cost reduction and production&benefit enhancement,boost investors'confidence,raise energy comprehensive utilization,and enhance energy supply efficiency.In conclusion,the advantages of joint exploration and development outweigh its disadvantages for both countries and enterprises.
基金Project supported by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project PetroChina Company Limited“Research on microscopic characteristics and enrichment mechanism of shallow shale gas reservoirs in Zhaotong”(No.2021DJ1903)“Field test of downhole fiber intelligent monitoring technology”(No.2020F-44).
文摘The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area in Yunnan(hereinafter referred to as demonstration area)is China's third largest national shale gas production base after ChangningeWeiyuan in Sichuan and Fuling in Chongqing.And after more than ten years of deep and careful cultivation,a series of important achievements have been obtained in the exploration and development.From the perspective of exploration and development history,theory and technology,this paper systematically summarizes the exploration discovery process and productivity construction progress of shale gas in the demonstration area,expounds the geological exploration theories and key technologies of mountain shale gas,and predicts their development prospect and direction.And the following research results are obtained.First,the exploration and development in the demonstration area has gone through five development stages,and so far,three major productivity construction zones have been formed,including Huangjinba and Zijinba middleedeep shale gas zones and Taiyang shallow shale gas zone,with cumulative proved geological reserves more than 3100×10^(8) m^(3) and cumulative gas production more than 72×10^(8) m^(3).It has been constructed into the third largest green shale gas demonstration base in China.Second,the“multi-field coordination and multi-element coupling”mountain shale gas enrichment,accumulation and occurrence theory of“sedimentary background controlling source rock and reservoir,reworking intensity controlling preservation,and three-dimensional sealing controlling enrichment”is put forward innovatively,and the“three-dimensional sealing system”accumulation model of extrabasinal shallow shale gas is established.Third,a series of zone selection and evaluation technologies for mountain shale gas in strongly reworked complex structural areas have been developed,and the concept of geologyeengineering integration has first been adopted to create transparent shale gas reservoirs and cultivate high-yield wells.A major exploration breakthrough has been achieved from marginal basin medium deep shale gas layers to extrabasin ultra shallow to medium shallow ones,and domestic first large-scale monoblock shallow shale gas field with reserves over 2570×10^(8) m^(3) has been discovered.Fourth,a landmark technological achievement and efficient development model with geologyeengineering integration and shale geomechanical evaluation as the core has been formed,which leads the clean,green and efficient exploration and development of mountain shale gas.In conclusion,it is necessary to implement the exploration strategic idea of“two outgoing”in the demonstration area,i.e.,“walking out of the stable area of the basin and marching into the complex structure areas in the Dianqianbei Depression”and“walking out of the WufengeLongmaxi Formation and exploring other layers for breakthrough”.What's more,it is recommended to carry out the double-layer stereoscopic horizontal well pattern deployment of“Leping Formation CBM(coal measure gas)þLongmaxi Formation shale gas”appropriately in a large scale,so as to establish a new integrated development model for the three-dimensional efficient development of mountain shale gas and CBM.
基金Supported by projects of China Geological Survey(Nos.DD20190457,DD20160119 and DD20190415).
文摘Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and close to the“African Twin Ocean Railway”,which is an important strategic position.Mozambique has abundant mineral resources and vast reserves of advantageous minerals.The natural gas reserves of Mozambique ranked second in Africa.It also has world--class scale graphite and rich iron,gold,copper,niobium-tantalum and other resources.In recent years,the mining industry in this country has been rising and attracting many foreign companies to invest,including international mining giants such as Vale,Rio Tinto and large mining enterprises of China.This paper systematically studies the mineral resources endowment,exploration and development situations of natural gas,graphite,titanium-zircon placer deposits,niobium-tantalum,gold,iron and other strategic minerals in Mozambique,comprehensively analyzes the mining investment environment and the current situation of exploration and development of Chinese enterprises in Mozambique,and replans four safeguard areas of strategic mineral resources in critical short supply.Mozambique generally has good prospects of mining investment and a stable foundation for cooperation with China.Chinese enterprises can focus on oil and natural gas,graphite,titanium,zirconium,niobium,tantalum,and iron,which complement the needs of China,expand the mining capacity cooperation,and improve the ability to secure strategic mineral resources supply.
文摘In the turn of 12th and 13th“Five-Year Plan”of China,the global oil and gas market changes greatly.In this regard,the target post-evaluation of the“12th Five-Year”oil and gas exploration and development planning was conducted,which is of significant importance to scientifically and reasonably making the specific“13th Five-Year”oil and gas exploration and development target planning.The post-evaluation results indicate that,in the period of“12th Five-Year Plan”,the oil and gas exploration and development targets of China were satisfactorily completed,but some deficiencies still existed.For example,the target of oil production(2×10^(8)t)was overfulfilled,while the target of oil reserves(65×10^(8)t)remained 6.4%outstanding.The target of gas reserves(3.5×10^(12)m^(3))was overfulfilled,while the target of gas production(1385×10^(8)m^(3))remained 6.2%outstanding.Moreover,the targets of unconventional gases were not satisfactorily completed-shale gas being better than coalbed methane(CBM).Failures to fulfill some targets in“12th Five-Year Plan”were primarily attributed to the slowdown of oil and gas consumption growth,sharp drop of oil price,downgrading of resources,and changes of statistic basis under the new normal.The forecast results suggest that,in the period of“13th Five-Year Plan”,given USD50e70/bbl of world oil price,China's annual average incremental conventional oil and gas in place will be 10.0×10^(8)-12.0×10^(8)t and 6000×10^(8)-8000×10^(8)m^(3)respectively,annual average incremental shale gas and CBM in place will be 1000×10^(8)e2000×10^(8)m^(3)and 500×10^(8)e1000×10^(8)m^(3)respectively,and annual oil production will be about 2.0×10^(8)t.By 2020,China's annual gas production will approach 1800×10^(8)-2000×10^(8)m^(3)(shale gas:200×10^(8)m^(3),and CBM:150×10^(8)m^(3)).
文摘PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company(hereinafter referred to as Changqing Oilfield)built the largest oil and gas production base of China in the Ordos Basin in 2013,achieving the yearly natural gas production of 375×10^(8) m^(3) in 2015.For the further sustainable and stable production and quality and benefit improvement,such great achievements made in the 12th Five-Year Plan were first summarized,and the relevant favorable conditions for natural gas development were also analyzed as follows:abundant natural gas resources;increasingly mature E&P technologies;continuously improved delicacy management;and a surging demand for natural gas.Then,challenges to natural gas development were also discussed,including obvious deterioration of natural gas resources;diminished capacity of stable production of produced gasfields;increasing number of low-yield wells;and prominent supplyedemand contradiction in present natural gas market.Finally,its prospect in the 13th Five-Year Plan was studied:to carry out natural gas exploration with focus on Upper Paleozoic tight gas,Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks,and new areas and new domains,so as to achieve rapid growth of natural gas reserves and orderly replacement in exploration domains;to make rational development planning with focus on the stable production of mature gasfields;and to enhance tight gas recovery and strengthen capacity building in new areas,so as to achieve a steady rise of annual gas production in the giant gas province.It is expected that by the end of 13th Five-Year Plan period,Changqing Oilfield will achieve its annual gas production of up to 400×10^(8) m^(3).
基金work has been supported by the China Geological Survey Scientific Research Project 1212011220794the National Science and Technology Major Project 2011ZX 05033-002.
文摘At present,the increase in proved reserves and production of coalbed methane(CBM)in China depends mainly on several CBM bases in the southern Qinshui Basin and in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin.Therefore,it is urgent to find new batches of exploration and development strategic replacement areas.For this purpose,we investigated the resources,reservoir properties,preservation conditions,and development conditions of CBM in China,and put forward eight general factors and four critical factors that can be used in establishing selection criteria of strategic replacement areas for affecting the CBM exploration and development in China.The eight general factors are resource abundance,coalbed thickness,gas content,original permeability,burial depth,hydrogeological conditions,coalbed depositional environment,and landforms,and the four critical factors include genetic type,stability type,later reservoir reformation,and damage degree of coal structure.Comparison shows that the low-rank coal area in the northwestern area,the northeastern medium-low rank coal area,and the southwestern medium-high rank and structurally-complex coal area are the major replacement areas for CBM following the northern area of China.Key factors affecting CBM enrichment in each of the three key areas,respectively,are:a)genetic type and stability of coal seams,b)genetic type and reconstruction of the reservoir by volcanic intrusion,and c)stability of coal seams and damage degree of coal structure.Based on these factors,a system for selection and evaluation of strategic replacement areas for CBM development was established.Fifteen blocks in the above three areas were evaluated by using multi-layered fuzzy mathematics,selecting eight favorable areas and seven relatively favorable areas that contain 1.8 trillion m^(3) of predicted CBM geological resources.The eight favorable areas include the Wucaiwan-Dajing coal exploration area in the Zhundong coalfield(eastern Junggar Basin),the Hami-Dananhu mining area in the Turpan-Hami Basin,the Longdong coalfield(eastern Gansu Province),the Yilan and Hegang coalfields in eastern Heilongjiang Province,the Hunchun coalfield in Jilin Province,the southern Sichuan coalfield,and the Shuicheng coalfield in Guizhou Province.These favorable areas were recommended to be the CBM exploration and pilot development target areas in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074045,52274074)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Chongqing(CSTB2022NSCQ-JQX0028).
文摘Developing deep fragmented soft coalbed methane(CBM)can significantly enhance domestic natural gas supplies,reduce reliance on imported energy,and bolster national energy security.This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of commonly employed coalbed methane extraction technologies.It then delves into several critical issues in the current stage of CBM exploration and development in China,including the compatibility of existing technologies with CBM reservoirs,the characteristics and occurrence states of CBM reservoirs,critical desorption pressure,and gas generation mechanisms.Our research indicates that current CBM exploration and development technologies in China have reached an internationally advanced level,yet the industry is facing unprecedented challenges.Despite progress in low-permeability,high-value coal seams,significant breakthroughs have not been achieved in exploring other types of coal seams.For different coal reservoirs,integrated extraction technologies have been developed,such as surface pre-depressurisation and segmented hydraulic fracturing of coal seam roof strata.Additionally,techniques like large-scale volume fracturing in horizontal wells have been established,significantly enhancing reservoir stimulation effects and coalbed methane recovery rates.However,all of these technologies are fundamentally based on permeation.These technologies lack direct methods aimed at enhancing the diffusion rate of CBM,thereby failing to fully reflect the unique characteristics of CBM.Current CBM exploration and development theories and technologies are not universally applicable to all coal seams.They do not adequately account for the predominantly adsorbed state of CBM,and the complex and variable gas generation mechanisms further constrain CBM development in China.Finally,continuous exploration of new deep CBM exploration technologies is necessary.Integrating more effective reservoir stimulation technologies is essential to enhance technical adaptability concerning CBM reservoir characteristics,gas occurrence states,and gas generation mechanisms,ultimately achieving efficient CBM development.We conclude that while China possesses a substantial foundation of deep fractured CBM resources,industry development is constrained and requires continuous exploration of new CBM exploration and development technologies to utilize these resources effectively.
