On June 3,Scopus,a database owned by Elsevier,released CiteScore 2024 metrics for academic journal evaluation.Both the Chinese and English editions of Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved record highs in the...On June 3,Scopus,a database owned by Elsevier,released CiteScore 2024 metrics for academic journal evaluation.Both the Chinese and English editions of Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved record highs in the past year,ranking among the top in various categories.The CiteScore of the Chinese edition increased to 9.9 in 2024 from 8.4 in 2023,ranking 13th out of 330 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geology category and 2lst out of 239 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology category.展开更多
Geothermal exploration and development in North Africa have advanced significantly,driven by the region's rich geothermal resources and rising energy demand.The countries of Mauritania,Morocco,Algeria,Tunisia,Liby...Geothermal exploration and development in North Africa have advanced significantly,driven by the region's rich geothermal resources and rising energy demand.The countries of Mauritania,Morocco,Algeria,Tunisia,Libya,and Egypt are located near tectonic plate boundaries(African and Eurasian plates),giving them substantial geothermal potential.Various exploration activities,including geological surveys and geophysical studies,have been conducted to assess geothermal reservoirs and identify suitable development sites.This article reviews the progress made in geothermal exploration across the region,highlighting the key activities undertaken to evaluate geothermal resources.It also explores how government policies have played a critical role either in fostering or in freezing geothermal development.The different conducted assessments such as analyzing geological structures,hydrothermal systems,and subsurface temperatures lead to identify suitable sites for geothermal development and improve the understanding of subsurface conditions and ongoing projects.Today,some countries in North Africa are positioning themselves to become important players in the global geothermal energy landscape,and with continued investment and concerted efforts,the region has the potential to emerge as a prominent player in the global geothermal energy landscape.展开更多
Multiple sets of marine shale sequences occur in western Hubei Province and its adjacent areas within the Middle-Upper Yangtze region,offering substantial resource potential.However,their shale gas preservation condit...Multiple sets of marine shale sequences occur in western Hubei Province and its adjacent areas within the Middle-Upper Yangtze region,offering substantial resource potential.However,their shale gas preservation conditions differ significantly due to the heterogeneous porosity and fracture system resulting from multistage tectonic reworking.This necessitates developing region-specific evaluation systems and exploitation techniques.Drawing on previous application cases and guided by the research paradigm of geology-engineering integration,this study presents key technologies potentially applicable to shales in western Hubei Province,spanning from reservoir and sweet spot evaluation to fractu ring scheme design and fracturing perfo rmance monitoring.Several insights are gained accordingly.In terms of pore evaluation,the pore heterogeneity caused by compaction and rebound can be quantified using ideal shape coefficients and fractal dimensions,both of which are influenced by structural deformations,thereby guiding reservoir classification.For seismic data interpretation,pre-stack elastic inversion and azimuthal anisotropy inversion can be employed as core techniques,overcoming the limitation of individual post-stack attributes in typically detecting only major faults.Furthermore,the inversion boundaries are constrained using log-seismic joint quality control and geomechanical simulation,contributing to enhanced reliability of sweet spot evaluation and efficient exploration in areas with complex structures.For fracturing scheme design,scientifically formulated well shut-in strategies,tailored to regional geological characteristics,are essential to activate the fracture-matrix imbibition effect.Parameters with vastly different scales used in the design,such as meter-scale fracture halflength and millidarcy-scale fracture conductivity,can be co-optimized using artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms such as the genetic algorithm(GA)and the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation(SPSA)algorithm.Dynamic monitoring of fracturing performance can be achieved using trace chemical tracer technology,thereby reducing target ambiguity caused by structural complexity.Research on shale gas in the structurally complex areas of western Hubei faces multiple challenges,spanning from basic geological understanding to development engineering.These challenges create an urgent need for deep interdisciplinary collaboration.Therefore,this study highlights research into geology-engineering integration,aiming to enhance the efficiency of shale gas exploration and development in western Hubei.展开更多
In October 2024,at the 27th ChinaASEAN Leaders'Meeting,the leaders of China and ten ASEAN nations announced the substantial conclusion of the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 Upgrade Negotiations,and proposed that the two side...In October 2024,at the 27th ChinaASEAN Leaders'Meeting,the leaders of China and ten ASEAN nations announced the substantial conclusion of the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 Upgrade Negotiations,and proposed that the two sides would strive to formally sign in 2025 the Protocol on Further Upgrading the China-ASEAN Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement and pertinent agreements under the Agreement.展开更多
The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can ...The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.展开更多
China has made significant progress in the exploration and development of natural gas in the past 70 years,from the gas-poor country to the world’s sixth largest gas production country.In 1949,the annual gas output i...China has made significant progress in the exploration and development of natural gas in the past 70 years,from the gas-poor country to the world’s sixth largest gas production country.In 1949,the annual gas output in China was 1117×104 m3,the proved gas reserves were 3.85×108 m3,and the average annual gas consumption and available reserves of per person were 0.0206 m3 and 0.7107 m3,respectively.By 2018,the average domestic annual gas production per person was 114.8576 m3 and the reserves were 12011.08 m3,and the average domestic annual gas production and reserves per person in the past 70 years increased by 5575 times and 16900 times,respectively.The exploration and development of large gas fields is the main way to rapidly develop the natural gas industry.72 large gas fields have been discovered in China so far,mainly distributed in three basins,Sichuan(25),Ordos(13)and Tarim(10).In 2018,the total gas production of the large gas fields in these three basins was 1039.26×108 m3,accounting for 65%of the total gas production in China.By the end of 2018,the cumulative proved gas reserves of the 72 large gas fields had amounted to 124504×108 m3,accounting for 75%of the total national gas reserves(16.7×1012 m3).New theories of natural gas have promoted the development of China’s natural gas industry faster.Since 1979,the new theory of coal-derived gas has boosted the discovery of gas fields mainly from coal-measure source rocks in China.In 2018,the gas production of large coal-derived gas fields in China accounted for 50.93%and 75.47%of the total national gas production and total gas production of large gas fields,respectively.Guided by shale gas theories,shale gas fields such as Fuling,Changning,Weiyuan and Weirong have been discovered.In 2018,the total proved geological reserves of shale gas were 10455.67×108 m3,and the annual gas production was 108.8×108 m3,demonstrating a good prospect of shale gas in China.展开更多
The massive amount and multi-sourced,multi-structured data in the upstream petroleum industry impose great challenge on data integration and smart application.Knowledge graph,as an emerging technology,can potentially ...The massive amount and multi-sourced,multi-structured data in the upstream petroleum industry impose great challenge on data integration and smart application.Knowledge graph,as an emerging technology,can potentially provide a way to tackle the challenges associated with oil and gas big data.This paper proposes an engineering-based method that can improve upon traditional natural language processing to construct the domain knowledge graph based on a petroleum exploration and development ontology.The exploration and development knowledge graph is constructed by assembling Sinopec’s multi-sourced heterogeneous database,and millions of nodes.The two applications based on the constructed knowledge graph are developed and validated for effectiveness and advantages in providing better knowledge services for the oil and gas industry.展开更多
Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship b...Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in "sweet spot segments" are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as "artificial gas reservoirs" and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry:(1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas;(2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata;(3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development;(4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems;(5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.展开更多
Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is ...Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.展开更多
Under the requirement of high-quality development, the research method of integrated model planning for offshore oil and gas exploration and development suitable for the western South China Sea is put forward. Based o...Under the requirement of high-quality development, the research method of integrated model planning for offshore oil and gas exploration and development suitable for the western South China Sea is put forward. Based on the new round of resource evaluation and exploration and development research in the western South China Sea, the in-depth research on underground oil and gas resources, surface development facilities, external factors and economic indexes are carried out to clarify the industrial layout of oil and gas development. The potential and prospect of oil and gas exploration and development were implemented, and the main external factors and corresponding measures affecting the planning were clarified in this paper. The economic evaluation model suitable for the region is established based on the analysis of internal rate of return, comprehensive barrel oil cost, critical price, financial net present value and other important indicators, and a set of planning and research methods suitable for the integration of exploration and development in the western South China Sea is finally formed. This method has been applied to the replacement reserve study of Weizhou X and Weizhou Y oil fields. It is found that the planned reserves and production are consistent with the actual ones, and good practical results have been achieved.展开更多
Based on the investigation of tight oil exploration and development in North America, the successful cases of tight oil exploration and development in North America are summarized. The geological differences between c...Based on the investigation of tight oil exploration and development in North America, the successful cases of tight oil exploration and development in North America are summarized. The geological differences between continental tight oil in China and marine tight oil in North America is analyzed to explore the technical strategies for the industrial development of continental tight oil in China. The experiences of large-scale exploration and profitable development of tight oil in North America can be taken as references from the following 6 perspectives, namely exploring new profitable strata in mature exploration areas, strengthening the economic evaluation of sweet spots and focusing on the investment for high-profitability sweet spots, optimizing the producing of tight oil reserves by means of repetitive fracturing and 3 D fracturing, optimizing drilling and completion technologies to reduce the cost, adopting commodity hedging to ensure the sustainable profit, and strengthening other resources exploration to improve the profit of whole project. In light of the high abundance of tight oil in China, we can draw on successful experience from North America, four suggestions are proposed in sight of the geological setting of China's lacustrine tight oil:(1) Evaluating the potential of tight oil resources and optimizing the strategic area for tight oil exploration;(2) selecting "sweet spot zone" and "sweet spot interval" accurately for precise and high efficient development;(3) adopting advanced tight oil fracturing technology to realize economic development;(4) innovating management system to promote the large-scale profitable development of tight oil.展开更多
Exploration of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic formations in the Sichuan Basin starts from the 1950s,and is tortuous and complex.To summarize the exploration experiences is of great significance of reference for exploratio...Exploration of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic formations in the Sichuan Basin starts from the 1950s,and is tortuous and complex.To summarize the exploration experiences is of great significance of reference for exploration of oil and gas in deep carbonate rocks of the Sichuan Basin.Gas accumulation in the Anyue oversize gasfield is chiefly controlled by the Deyang-Anyue intra-platform rift and central Sichuan paleouplift.The intra-platform rift controls the scale hydrocarbon generation center and effective hydrocarbon plays.The Anyue gasfield is characterized by near-source hydrocarbon accumulation.The marginal zone of intra-platform rift and high part of the paleouplift control the scale distribution of favorable facies belts of reservoir development,and overlapped by paleokarstic reformation,the reservoirs are widely distributed.The intra-platform rift and paleouplift jointly control formation of the scale traps and hydrocarbon enrichment.Gas reservoir features and major controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation have some differences in the main play strata,such as Longwangmiao Formation,and Member 4 and Member 2 of Dengying Formation.The gas reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation is a lithologic gas reservoir under the tectonic setting,and the inherited paleouplift is a key for reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation.The gas reservoir in the Member 4 of Dengying Formation is mainly controlled by large structural-stratigraphic composite traps,and the gas reservoir in the Member 2 of Dengying Formation is the structural trap.Distribution of the large gasfields in the Dengying Formation is controlled by the intra-platform rift,near-source hydrocarbon-reservoir configuration controlled by the ancient erosion plane and stratigraphic sealing in the updip direction.For exploration and development of the Anyue gasfield,four series of technologies are developed,namely,reservoir seismic fine description technology,well logging fine evaluation technology of gas layers,fast drilling technology of complex strata,and stimulation technology for high temperature and high pressure gas layers.Technical progresses provide powerful guarantee for efficient exploration and development of the oversize gasfields.展开更多
China is rich in shale gas resources and has broad prospects for development. However, the quality ofshale gas resources in China is different from that in the United States, so independent unique technologies are urg...China is rich in shale gas resources and has broad prospects for development. However, the quality ofshale gas resources in China is different from that in the United States, so independent unique technologies are urgently required in China. In this regard, PetroChina has carried out theoretical andtechnical researches systematically on shale gas in Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan according toits geology-engineering characteristics. Guided by the “three-control” theory for marine shale gasenrichment and high yield (i.e. sedimentary diagenesis controls reservoir, preservation conditions control accumulation, and continuous thickness of Type I reservoir controls production), six key explorationand development technologies in southern China have been innovatively developed for marine shale gaswhich experienced multi-stage tectonic evolution. The technologies include comprehensive geologicalevaluation technology, development optimization technology, optimal and fast drilling technology forhorizontal well, volume fracturing technology for horizontal well, factory-like operation technology, andefficient clean production technology. These technologies have enabled the large-scale commercial recovery of shale gas. By the end of 2019, PetroChina had obtained proved geological reserves of1.06 1012 m3, had built production capacity of 10 109 m3, and had cumulative gas production of20 109 m3 in southern Sichuan. The remarkable results of application are of great significance forvigorously developing shale gas industry to reduce external dependence, ensure national energy security,and realize the strategy of "ecological priority and green development".展开更多
Fifty-one large gas fields had been proved in China until 2013.Specifically,exploration characteristics of those discovered since 2000 are as follows:(1)Large gas fields are only found in basins with sedimentary area ...Fifty-one large gas fields had been proved in China until 2013.Specifically,exploration characteristics of those discovered since 2000 are as follows:(1)Large gas fields are only found in basins with sedimentary area larger than 10×10^(4) km^(2);(2)Large gas fields have been proved in 9 basins,with total proved reserves of 27085.88×10^(8) m^(3) before 2005,much less than that after 2005,which reached 81683.77×10^(8) m^(3) by the end of 2013;(3)The reserve abundance of large gas fields varies a lot.The Kela2 gas field has the largest reserve abundance of 59.05×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2),which is 86 times that of the smallest reserve abundance,i.e.0.684×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2) of the Jingbian gas field;and(4)The reservoirs of large gas fields between 3000 m and 4500 m share a large proportion of proved reserves,accounting for 46.11%of the total.Development characteristics of the large gas fields in China are as follows:(1)The yield of large gas fields is essential to the natural gas industry of China.In 2013,the total yield was 922.72×10^(8) m^(3),accounting for 76.3%of the nation’s total natural gas yield;(2)The yield is dominated by coal-derived gas,which reached 710.13×10^(8) m^(3) in 2013,accounting for 77.0%of the total yield of large gas fields in China;and(3)The yield of key large gas fields(Sulige,Jingbian,Daniudi,Puguang,and Kela2)is fundamental in making China a major gas producer.展开更多
In recent years,with China＇s continuous investment in shale gas exploration and the continuous efforts of scientific workers,China’s shale gas exploration and development has achieved leap-forward development.In2011...In recent years,with China＇s continuous investment in shale gas exploration and the continuous efforts of scientific workers,China’s shale gas exploration and development has achieved leap-forward development.In2011,China＇s State Council approved shale gas as a new mineral resource.In 2014,shale gas was first proved at geological reserves of 106.8 billion m^3.展开更多
There are abundant marine shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.After almost one decade of exploration and development,three national shale gas demonstration areas have been built in the Sichuan Basin and its perip...There are abundant marine shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.After almost one decade of exploration and development,three national shale gas demonstration areas have been built in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,and large-scale commercial development of middle and deep(above 3500 m in depth)shale gas has been successfully achieved.The volume of deep shale gas resources(3500e4500 m deep)of the upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin is 6.61012 m3,with huge exploration and exploitation potential,so it is an important area for large-scale shale gas production increase in China during the 14th Five-year Plan.Deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin is influenced by complex geological engineering conditions,such as great burial depth,high temperature and pressure,and large stress and stress difference,and its high-quality development faces many challenges.After systematically summarizing the new progresses and achievements in deep shale gas exploration and development in the southern Sichuan Basin,this paper analyzes the difficulties and challenges in deep shale gas exploration and development and puts forward the next research directions.And the following research results are obtained.First,based on early practical exploration and independent innovation,key shale gas exploration and development technologies with good area selection,good well deployment,good well drilling,good well fracturing and good well management as the core are formed,and the cultivation mode of high production well is established,which supports the large-scale benefit development of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin.Second,systematical analysis indicates that the exploration and development of deep shale gas still faces a series of challenges in such three major fields as basic theory,key technology and management mode.Third,in the face of challenges,it is necessary to deepen basic theory research related to exploration and development,continuously improve key main technologies and constantly innovate mechanisms,systems and management modes.In conclusion,after years of continuous researches and pilot tests,a series of main exploration and development technologies suitable for the working conditions of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin have been basically formed,the first deep shale gas reserves of trillion cubic meters has been submitted,and the first deep shale gas production increase block of ten billion cubic meters has been selected.Thus,great progresses have been made in the exploration and development of deep shale gas,which confirms the confidence and determination in exploring and developing deep shale gas and is of great guiding significance to the rapid development of shale gas industry in China.展开更多
The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area in Yunnan(hereinafter referred to as demonstration area)is China's third largest national shale gas production base after ChangningeWeiyuan in Sichuan and Fuling ...The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area in Yunnan(hereinafter referred to as demonstration area)is China's third largest national shale gas production base after ChangningeWeiyuan in Sichuan and Fuling in Chongqing.And after more than ten years of deep and careful cultivation,a series of important achievements have been obtained in the exploration and development.From the perspective of exploration and development history,theory and technology,this paper systematically summarizes the exploration discovery process and productivity construction progress of shale gas in the demonstration area,expounds the geological exploration theories and key technologies of mountain shale gas,and predicts their development prospect and direction.And the following research results are obtained.First,the exploration and development in the demonstration area has gone through five development stages,and so far,three major productivity construction zones have been formed,including Huangjinba and Zijinba middleedeep shale gas zones and Taiyang shallow shale gas zone,with cumulative proved geological reserves more than 3100×10^(8) m^(3) and cumulative gas production more than 72×10^(8) m^(3).It has been constructed into the third largest green shale gas demonstration base in China.Second,the“multi-field coordination and multi-element coupling”mountain shale gas enrichment,accumulation and occurrence theory of“sedimentary background controlling source rock and reservoir,reworking intensity controlling preservation,and three-dimensional sealing controlling enrichment”is put forward innovatively,and the“three-dimensional sealing system”accumulation model of extrabasinal shallow shale gas is established.Third,a series of zone selection and evaluation technologies for mountain shale gas in strongly reworked complex structural areas have been developed,and the concept of geologyeengineering integration has first been adopted to create transparent shale gas reservoirs and cultivate high-yield wells.A major exploration breakthrough has been achieved from marginal basin medium deep shale gas layers to extrabasin ultra shallow to medium shallow ones,and domestic first large-scale monoblock shallow shale gas field with reserves over 2570×10^(8) m^(3) has been discovered.Fourth,a landmark technological achievement and efficient development model with geologyeengineering integration and shale geomechanical evaluation as the core has been formed,which leads the clean,green and efficient exploration and development of mountain shale gas.In conclusion,it is necessary to implement the exploration strategic idea of“two outgoing”in the demonstration area,i.e.,“walking out of the stable area of the basin and marching into the complex structure areas in the Dianqianbei Depression”and“walking out of the WufengeLongmaxi Formation and exploring other layers for breakthrough”.What's more,it is recommended to carry out the double-layer stereoscopic horizontal well pattern deployment of“Leping Formation CBM(coal measure gas)þLongmaxi Formation shale gas”appropriately in a large scale,so as to establish a new integrated development model for the three-dimensional efficient development of mountain shale gas and CBM.展开更多
By summarizing the history,human achievements in lunar exploration,the vision and prospect of the con-strucion of a lunar base for the further development in lunar exploration is proposed.The idea of building a"b...By summarizing the history,human achievements in lunar exploration,the vision and prospect of the con-strucion of a lunar base for the further development in lunar exploration is proposed.The idea of building a"beehive"lunar vllage is proposed,and the promotion of future lunar exploration along with the impact on the development of science,technology and the economy is analyzed in this paper。展开更多
China's natural gas industry has experienced a great leap-forward development in the past decade.Since the second half of 2014,however,international oil price has dropped sharply and global oil and gas markets hav...China's natural gas industry has experienced a great leap-forward development in the past decade.Since the second half of 2014,however,international oil price has dropped sharply and global oil and gas markets have been sluggish.In China,economy growth rate slows down and resource environments tend to be more restricted.And energy production and consumption revolution speed up,and the development of natural gas industry experience profound changes internally and externally.Through review on the achievements in recent high-speed development and analysis on the future development of China's natural gas industry,it is believed that the growth rates of China's natural gas output and consumption will slow down and the supply and demand fundamentals present loose states.Low-permeability tight,deepeextra deep and unconventional reservoirs will be the principal targets of natural gas exploration and development and the tendency of resource deterioration is inevitable.The pressure to the decrease of gas price rises due to the sustained recession of oil price and the sharp decrease of alternative energy price.The normal means to increase benefits is to control investment strictly and reduce cost greatly.As for the new normal,five suggestions are proposed for natural gas exploration and development in China.Firstly,reinforce exploration continuously by guaranteeing work load and investment at the required level,and tamp the development basis.Secondly,pay much attention to early development evaluation,give prominence to plan implementation design and control productivity construction rhythm.Thirdly,pay attention to the top-level design of mature gas field development and adjustment,with fine description and management as the priority,and improve overall development level.Fourthly,strengthen the researches on exploration and development technologies,with the simplification and practicability of technologies as the focus,and reduce the cost effectively.And fifthly,summarize high-speed development experience of natural gas industry,pay attention to the demonstration and design of key indicators,and strengthen the study on progressive planning.展开更多
文摘On June 3,Scopus,a database owned by Elsevier,released CiteScore 2024 metrics for academic journal evaluation.Both the Chinese and English editions of Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved record highs in the past year,ranking among the top in various categories.The CiteScore of the Chinese edition increased to 9.9 in 2024 from 8.4 in 2023,ranking 13th out of 330 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geology category and 2lst out of 239 journals in the Earth and Planetary Sciences:Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology category.
文摘Geothermal exploration and development in North Africa have advanced significantly,driven by the region's rich geothermal resources and rising energy demand.The countries of Mauritania,Morocco,Algeria,Tunisia,Libya,and Egypt are located near tectonic plate boundaries(African and Eurasian plates),giving them substantial geothermal potential.Various exploration activities,including geological surveys and geophysical studies,have been conducted to assess geothermal reservoirs and identify suitable development sites.This article reviews the progress made in geothermal exploration across the region,highlighting the key activities undertaken to evaluate geothermal resources.It also explores how government policies have played a critical role either in fostering or in freezing geothermal development.The different conducted assessments such as analyzing geological structures,hydrothermal systems,and subsurface temperatures lead to identify suitable sites for geothermal development and improve the understanding of subsurface conditions and ongoing projects.Today,some countries in North Africa are positioning themselves to become important players in the global geothermal energy landscape,and with continued investment and concerted efforts,the region has the potential to emerge as a prominent player in the global geothermal energy landscape.
基金supported by the Excellence Research Group Program of the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(originally termed Basic Science Center Program)(JCKXXM202500016)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230812)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42073068)。
文摘Multiple sets of marine shale sequences occur in western Hubei Province and its adjacent areas within the Middle-Upper Yangtze region,offering substantial resource potential.However,their shale gas preservation conditions differ significantly due to the heterogeneous porosity and fracture system resulting from multistage tectonic reworking.This necessitates developing region-specific evaluation systems and exploitation techniques.Drawing on previous application cases and guided by the research paradigm of geology-engineering integration,this study presents key technologies potentially applicable to shales in western Hubei Province,spanning from reservoir and sweet spot evaluation to fractu ring scheme design and fracturing perfo rmance monitoring.Several insights are gained accordingly.In terms of pore evaluation,the pore heterogeneity caused by compaction and rebound can be quantified using ideal shape coefficients and fractal dimensions,both of which are influenced by structural deformations,thereby guiding reservoir classification.For seismic data interpretation,pre-stack elastic inversion and azimuthal anisotropy inversion can be employed as core techniques,overcoming the limitation of individual post-stack attributes in typically detecting only major faults.Furthermore,the inversion boundaries are constrained using log-seismic joint quality control and geomechanical simulation,contributing to enhanced reliability of sweet spot evaluation and efficient exploration in areas with complex structures.For fracturing scheme design,scientifically formulated well shut-in strategies,tailored to regional geological characteristics,are essential to activate the fracture-matrix imbibition effect.Parameters with vastly different scales used in the design,such as meter-scale fracture halflength and millidarcy-scale fracture conductivity,can be co-optimized using artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms such as the genetic algorithm(GA)and the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation(SPSA)algorithm.Dynamic monitoring of fracturing performance can be achieved using trace chemical tracer technology,thereby reducing target ambiguity caused by structural complexity.Research on shale gas in the structurally complex areas of western Hubei faces multiple challenges,spanning from basic geological understanding to development engineering.These challenges create an urgent need for deep interdisciplinary collaboration.Therefore,this study highlights research into geology-engineering integration,aiming to enhance the efficiency of shale gas exploration and development in western Hubei.
文摘In October 2024,at the 27th ChinaASEAN Leaders'Meeting,the leaders of China and ten ASEAN nations announced the substantial conclusion of the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 Upgrade Negotiations,and proposed that the two sides would strive to formally sign in 2025 the Protocol on Further Upgrading the China-ASEAN Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement and pertinent agreements under the Agreement.
基金supported by a project of shale gas in Southern China(DD20190561)initiated by the China Geological Surveythe project for High-level Innovative Talents in Science and Technology,Ministry of Natural Resources(12110600000018003918)。
文摘The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2013B-0601).
文摘China has made significant progress in the exploration and development of natural gas in the past 70 years,from the gas-poor country to the world’s sixth largest gas production country.In 1949,the annual gas output in China was 1117×104 m3,the proved gas reserves were 3.85×108 m3,and the average annual gas consumption and available reserves of per person were 0.0206 m3 and 0.7107 m3,respectively.By 2018,the average domestic annual gas production per person was 114.8576 m3 and the reserves were 12011.08 m3,and the average domestic annual gas production and reserves per person in the past 70 years increased by 5575 times and 16900 times,respectively.The exploration and development of large gas fields is the main way to rapidly develop the natural gas industry.72 large gas fields have been discovered in China so far,mainly distributed in three basins,Sichuan(25),Ordos(13)and Tarim(10).In 2018,the total gas production of the large gas fields in these three basins was 1039.26×108 m3,accounting for 65%of the total gas production in China.By the end of 2018,the cumulative proved gas reserves of the 72 large gas fields had amounted to 124504×108 m3,accounting for 75%of the total national gas reserves(16.7×1012 m3).New theories of natural gas have promoted the development of China’s natural gas industry faster.Since 1979,the new theory of coal-derived gas has boosted the discovery of gas fields mainly from coal-measure source rocks in China.In 2018,the gas production of large coal-derived gas fields in China accounted for 50.93%and 75.47%of the total national gas production and total gas production of large gas fields,respectively.Guided by shale gas theories,shale gas fields such as Fuling,Changning,Weiyuan and Weirong have been discovered.In 2018,the total proved geological reserves of shale gas were 10455.67×108 m3,and the annual gas production was 108.8×108 m3,demonstrating a good prospect of shale gas in China.
基金support is gratefully acknowledged to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42050104)National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2012BAH34F00)National Oil and Gas Major Special Project(Grant No.2016ZX05033005).
文摘The massive amount and multi-sourced,multi-structured data in the upstream petroleum industry impose great challenge on data integration and smart application.Knowledge graph,as an emerging technology,can potentially provide a way to tackle the challenges associated with oil and gas big data.This paper proposes an engineering-based method that can improve upon traditional natural language processing to construct the domain knowledge graph based on a petroleum exploration and development ontology.The exploration and development knowledge graph is constructed by assembling Sinopec’s multi-sourced heterogeneous database,and millions of nodes.The two applications based on the constructed knowledge graph are developed and validated for effectiveness and advantages in providing better knowledge services for the oil and gas industry.
基金Supported by the Chinese Academy of Engineering Consultancy Project(2018-xz-09-01)
文摘Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in "sweet spot segments" are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as "artificial gas reservoirs" and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry:(1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas;(2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata;(3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development;(4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems;(5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.
基金funded by the projects initiated by the China Geological Survey(DD20221794 and DD20190414).
文摘Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.
文摘Under the requirement of high-quality development, the research method of integrated model planning for offshore oil and gas exploration and development suitable for the western South China Sea is put forward. Based on the new round of resource evaluation and exploration and development research in the western South China Sea, the in-depth research on underground oil and gas resources, surface development facilities, external factors and economic indexes are carried out to clarify the industrial layout of oil and gas development. The potential and prospect of oil and gas exploration and development were implemented, and the main external factors and corresponding measures affecting the planning were clarified in this paper. The economic evaluation model suitable for the region is established based on the analysis of internal rate of return, comprehensive barrel oil cost, critical price, financial net present value and other important indicators, and a set of planning and research methods suitable for the integration of exploration and development in the western South China Sea is finally formed. This method has been applied to the replacement reserve study of Weizhou X and Weizhou Y oil fields. It is found that the planned reserves and production are consistent with the actual ones, and good practical results have been achieved.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046,2017ZX05001)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973 Program),China(2014CB239000)
文摘Based on the investigation of tight oil exploration and development in North America, the successful cases of tight oil exploration and development in North America are summarized. The geological differences between continental tight oil in China and marine tight oil in North America is analyzed to explore the technical strategies for the industrial development of continental tight oil in China. The experiences of large-scale exploration and profitable development of tight oil in North America can be taken as references from the following 6 perspectives, namely exploring new profitable strata in mature exploration areas, strengthening the economic evaluation of sweet spots and focusing on the investment for high-profitability sweet spots, optimizing the producing of tight oil reserves by means of repetitive fracturing and 3 D fracturing, optimizing drilling and completion technologies to reduce the cost, adopting commodity hedging to ensure the sustainable profit, and strengthening other resources exploration to improve the profit of whole project. In light of the high abundance of tight oil in China, we can draw on successful experience from North America, four suggestions are proposed in sight of the geological setting of China's lacustrine tight oil:(1) Evaluating the potential of tight oil resources and optimizing the strategic area for tight oil exploration;(2) selecting "sweet spot zone" and "sweet spot interval" accurately for precise and high efficient development;(3) adopting advanced tight oil fracturing technology to realize economic development;(4) innovating management system to promote the large-scale profitable development of tight oil.
基金The work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2016ZX05004005,2016ZX05007004).
文摘Exploration of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic formations in the Sichuan Basin starts from the 1950s,and is tortuous and complex.To summarize the exploration experiences is of great significance of reference for exploration of oil and gas in deep carbonate rocks of the Sichuan Basin.Gas accumulation in the Anyue oversize gasfield is chiefly controlled by the Deyang-Anyue intra-platform rift and central Sichuan paleouplift.The intra-platform rift controls the scale hydrocarbon generation center and effective hydrocarbon plays.The Anyue gasfield is characterized by near-source hydrocarbon accumulation.The marginal zone of intra-platform rift and high part of the paleouplift control the scale distribution of favorable facies belts of reservoir development,and overlapped by paleokarstic reformation,the reservoirs are widely distributed.The intra-platform rift and paleouplift jointly control formation of the scale traps and hydrocarbon enrichment.Gas reservoir features and major controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation have some differences in the main play strata,such as Longwangmiao Formation,and Member 4 and Member 2 of Dengying Formation.The gas reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation is a lithologic gas reservoir under the tectonic setting,and the inherited paleouplift is a key for reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation.The gas reservoir in the Member 4 of Dengying Formation is mainly controlled by large structural-stratigraphic composite traps,and the gas reservoir in the Member 2 of Dengying Formation is the structural trap.Distribution of the large gasfields in the Dengying Formation is controlled by the intra-platform rift,near-source hydrocarbon-reservoir configuration controlled by the ancient erosion plane and stratigraphic sealing in the updip direction.For exploration and development of the Anyue gasfield,four series of technologies are developed,namely,reservoir seismic fine description technology,well logging fine evaluation technology of gas layers,fast drilling technology of complex strata,and stimulation technology for high temperature and high pressure gas layers.Technical progresses provide powerful guarantee for efficient exploration and development of the oversize gasfields.
基金The work was supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(No.2016E-0611)National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2016ZX05062)Key Consulting and Research Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2018-XZ-20).
文摘China is rich in shale gas resources and has broad prospects for development. However, the quality ofshale gas resources in China is different from that in the United States, so independent unique technologies are urgently required in China. In this regard, PetroChina has carried out theoretical andtechnical researches systematically on shale gas in Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan according toits geology-engineering characteristics. Guided by the “three-control” theory for marine shale gasenrichment and high yield (i.e. sedimentary diagenesis controls reservoir, preservation conditions control accumulation, and continuous thickness of Type I reservoir controls production), six key explorationand development technologies in southern China have been innovatively developed for marine shale gaswhich experienced multi-stage tectonic evolution. The technologies include comprehensive geologicalevaluation technology, development optimization technology, optimal and fast drilling technology forhorizontal well, volume fracturing technology for horizontal well, factory-like operation technology, andefficient clean production technology. These technologies have enabled the large-scale commercial recovery of shale gas. By the end of 2019, PetroChina had obtained proved geological reserves of1.06 1012 m3, had built production capacity of 10 109 m3, and had cumulative gas production of20 109 m3 in southern Sichuan. The remarkable results of application are of great significance forvigorously developing shale gas industry to reduce external dependence, ensure national energy security,and realize the strategy of "ecological priority and green development".
文摘Fifty-one large gas fields had been proved in China until 2013.Specifically,exploration characteristics of those discovered since 2000 are as follows:(1)Large gas fields are only found in basins with sedimentary area larger than 10×10^(4) km^(2);(2)Large gas fields have been proved in 9 basins,with total proved reserves of 27085.88×10^(8) m^(3) before 2005,much less than that after 2005,which reached 81683.77×10^(8) m^(3) by the end of 2013;(3)The reserve abundance of large gas fields varies a lot.The Kela2 gas field has the largest reserve abundance of 59.05×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2),which is 86 times that of the smallest reserve abundance,i.e.0.684×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2) of the Jingbian gas field;and(4)The reservoirs of large gas fields between 3000 m and 4500 m share a large proportion of proved reserves,accounting for 46.11%of the total.Development characteristics of the large gas fields in China are as follows:(1)The yield of large gas fields is essential to the natural gas industry of China.In 2013,the total yield was 922.72×10^(8) m^(3),accounting for 76.3%of the nation’s total natural gas yield;(2)The yield is dominated by coal-derived gas,which reached 710.13×10^(8) m^(3) in 2013,accounting for 77.0%of the total yield of large gas fields in China;and(3)The yield of key large gas fields(Sulige,Jingbian,Daniudi,Puguang,and Kela2)is fundamental in making China a major gas producer.
文摘In recent years,with China＇s continuous investment in shale gas exploration and the continuous efforts of scientific workers,China’s shale gas exploration and development has achieved leap-forward development.In2011,China＇s State Council approved shale gas as a new mineral resource.In 2014,shale gas was first proved at geological reserves of 106.8 billion m^3.
基金Project supported by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of Petro China Company Limited“Research and test on key technologies for effective exploitation of deep shale gas”(No.2019F-31).
文摘There are abundant marine shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.After almost one decade of exploration and development,three national shale gas demonstration areas have been built in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery,and large-scale commercial development of middle and deep(above 3500 m in depth)shale gas has been successfully achieved.The volume of deep shale gas resources(3500e4500 m deep)of the upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin is 6.61012 m3,with huge exploration and exploitation potential,so it is an important area for large-scale shale gas production increase in China during the 14th Five-year Plan.Deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin is influenced by complex geological engineering conditions,such as great burial depth,high temperature and pressure,and large stress and stress difference,and its high-quality development faces many challenges.After systematically summarizing the new progresses and achievements in deep shale gas exploration and development in the southern Sichuan Basin,this paper analyzes the difficulties and challenges in deep shale gas exploration and development and puts forward the next research directions.And the following research results are obtained.First,based on early practical exploration and independent innovation,key shale gas exploration and development technologies with good area selection,good well deployment,good well drilling,good well fracturing and good well management as the core are formed,and the cultivation mode of high production well is established,which supports the large-scale benefit development of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin.Second,systematical analysis indicates that the exploration and development of deep shale gas still faces a series of challenges in such three major fields as basic theory,key technology and management mode.Third,in the face of challenges,it is necessary to deepen basic theory research related to exploration and development,continuously improve key main technologies and constantly innovate mechanisms,systems and management modes.In conclusion,after years of continuous researches and pilot tests,a series of main exploration and development technologies suitable for the working conditions of deep shale gas in the southern Sichuan Basin have been basically formed,the first deep shale gas reserves of trillion cubic meters has been submitted,and the first deep shale gas production increase block of ten billion cubic meters has been selected.Thus,great progresses have been made in the exploration and development of deep shale gas,which confirms the confidence and determination in exploring and developing deep shale gas and is of great guiding significance to the rapid development of shale gas industry in China.
基金Project supported by the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project PetroChina Company Limited“Research on microscopic characteristics and enrichment mechanism of shallow shale gas reservoirs in Zhaotong”(No.2021DJ1903)“Field test of downhole fiber intelligent monitoring technology”(No.2020F-44).
文摘The Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration area in Yunnan(hereinafter referred to as demonstration area)is China's third largest national shale gas production base after ChangningeWeiyuan in Sichuan and Fuling in Chongqing.And after more than ten years of deep and careful cultivation,a series of important achievements have been obtained in the exploration and development.From the perspective of exploration and development history,theory and technology,this paper systematically summarizes the exploration discovery process and productivity construction progress of shale gas in the demonstration area,expounds the geological exploration theories and key technologies of mountain shale gas,and predicts their development prospect and direction.And the following research results are obtained.First,the exploration and development in the demonstration area has gone through five development stages,and so far,three major productivity construction zones have been formed,including Huangjinba and Zijinba middleedeep shale gas zones and Taiyang shallow shale gas zone,with cumulative proved geological reserves more than 3100×10^(8) m^(3) and cumulative gas production more than 72×10^(8) m^(3).It has been constructed into the third largest green shale gas demonstration base in China.Second,the“multi-field coordination and multi-element coupling”mountain shale gas enrichment,accumulation and occurrence theory of“sedimentary background controlling source rock and reservoir,reworking intensity controlling preservation,and three-dimensional sealing controlling enrichment”is put forward innovatively,and the“three-dimensional sealing system”accumulation model of extrabasinal shallow shale gas is established.Third,a series of zone selection and evaluation technologies for mountain shale gas in strongly reworked complex structural areas have been developed,and the concept of geologyeengineering integration has first been adopted to create transparent shale gas reservoirs and cultivate high-yield wells.A major exploration breakthrough has been achieved from marginal basin medium deep shale gas layers to extrabasin ultra shallow to medium shallow ones,and domestic first large-scale monoblock shallow shale gas field with reserves over 2570×10^(8) m^(3) has been discovered.Fourth,a landmark technological achievement and efficient development model with geologyeengineering integration and shale geomechanical evaluation as the core has been formed,which leads the clean,green and efficient exploration and development of mountain shale gas.In conclusion,it is necessary to implement the exploration strategic idea of“two outgoing”in the demonstration area,i.e.,“walking out of the stable area of the basin and marching into the complex structure areas in the Dianqianbei Depression”and“walking out of the WufengeLongmaxi Formation and exploring other layers for breakthrough”.What's more,it is recommended to carry out the double-layer stereoscopic horizontal well pattern deployment of“Leping Formation CBM(coal measure gas)þLongmaxi Formation shale gas”appropriately in a large scale,so as to establish a new integrated development model for the three-dimensional efficient development of mountain shale gas and CBM.
文摘By summarizing the history,human achievements in lunar exploration,the vision and prospect of the con-strucion of a lunar base for the further development in lunar exploration is proposed.The idea of building a"beehive"lunar vllage is proposed,and the promotion of future lunar exploration along with the impact on the development of science,technology and the economy is analyzed in this paper。
基金CNPC Scientific Research and Technology Development Project“Key Technologies for Natural Gas Development”(No.:2014B-1502).
文摘China's natural gas industry has experienced a great leap-forward development in the past decade.Since the second half of 2014,however,international oil price has dropped sharply and global oil and gas markets have been sluggish.In China,economy growth rate slows down and resource environments tend to be more restricted.And energy production and consumption revolution speed up,and the development of natural gas industry experience profound changes internally and externally.Through review on the achievements in recent high-speed development and analysis on the future development of China's natural gas industry,it is believed that the growth rates of China's natural gas output and consumption will slow down and the supply and demand fundamentals present loose states.Low-permeability tight,deepeextra deep and unconventional reservoirs will be the principal targets of natural gas exploration and development and the tendency of resource deterioration is inevitable.The pressure to the decrease of gas price rises due to the sustained recession of oil price and the sharp decrease of alternative energy price.The normal means to increase benefits is to control investment strictly and reduce cost greatly.As for the new normal,five suggestions are proposed for natural gas exploration and development in China.Firstly,reinforce exploration continuously by guaranteeing work load and investment at the required level,and tamp the development basis.Secondly,pay much attention to early development evaluation,give prominence to plan implementation design and control productivity construction rhythm.Thirdly,pay attention to the top-level design of mature gas field development and adjustment,with fine description and management as the priority,and improve overall development level.Fourthly,strengthen the researches on exploration and development technologies,with the simplification and practicability of technologies as the focus,and reduce the cost effectively.And fifthly,summarize high-speed development experience of natural gas industry,pay attention to the demonstration and design of key indicators,and strengthen the study on progressive planning.
