BACKGROUND Exogenous insulin may trigger immune-mediated complications,particularly among East Asian populations.Double diabetes,characterized by overlapping features of type 1 diabetes(T1D)and type 2 diabetes(T2D),ma...BACKGROUND Exogenous insulin may trigger immune-mediated complications,particularly among East Asian populations.Double diabetes,characterized by overlapping features of type 1 diabetes(T1D)and type 2 diabetes(T2D),may arise from insulin-induced autoimmunity.This study aimed to explore the association between high-risk human leukocyte antigen(HLA)class Ⅱ genotypes and susceptibility to double diabetes in patients initially diagnosed with T2D.AIM To investigate clinical and immunogenic features of patients who develop double diabetes following exogenous insulin therapy.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed five cases from Peking Union Medical College Hospital and 18 cases identified from published literature.Patients were categorized into two groups:The T2D→T1D group,characterized by autoimmune progression,and the stable T2D(T2D→T2D).Clinical characteristics and HLA class Ⅱ genotypes were compared descriptively between the two groups.RESULTS A total of 23 patients were included in the analysis.Of these,10 progressed from theT2D→T1D with autoimmune features,while 13 remained in the stable T2D→T2D group.There was no statistically significant difference in age at diagnosis between the two groups(57.10±16.11 years vs 60.31±17.41 years).In the T2D→T1D group,70%of patients carried the HLA-DRB104:05 allele and 40%carried DRB109:01,both of which are commonly associated with a high risk of T1D.In contrast,the T2D→T2D group showed greater genetic heterogeneity,with a broader distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles,including DRB103:02(n=4),DRB109:01(n=4),and several lower frequency alleles such as DRB1*04:05,*08:03,*03:01,*04:06,*14:01,*04:01,*12:02,*15:02 and*02:01.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that patients in the T2D→T1D group exhibit a stronger autoimmune genetic predisposition,characterized by an enrichment of high-risk HLA class II alleles.In contrast,individuals with stable T2D demonstrate greater HLA diversity and lack definitive autoimmune-associated markers.展开更多
The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high con...The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high concentrations of CO_2 (700, 1 400, 2 100 μL/L·L^(-1))for about a month in 1998. The results showed that spraying three exogenous sugar solutionsincreased markedly the content of sugar and protein of leaves under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1 400μL·L^(-1) CO_2 The effect of spraying exogenous sucrose solution was the best among the threeexogenous sugars. The treatment of spraying exogenous sugar solution and 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2constrained the accumulation of total sugar and protein of leaves. There was no difference inprotein content of leaves when spraying glucose and fructose solutions under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2. The treatment of 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 concentration significantly increasedthe contents of total sugar, sucrose, fructose, and protein of leaves compared with that of the 700μL·L^(-1) and 1 400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 except the plants spraying fructose solution. There waspositive correlation between the content of sugar of leaves and CO_2 concentration when sprayingsame exogenous sugar solution.展开更多
基金Supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,No.2021-I2M-1-002Healthcare Quality and Safety Incubation Programme of the Peking Union Medical Foundation,No.XHFY 2406the National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding,No.2022-PUMCH-B-015.
文摘BACKGROUND Exogenous insulin may trigger immune-mediated complications,particularly among East Asian populations.Double diabetes,characterized by overlapping features of type 1 diabetes(T1D)and type 2 diabetes(T2D),may arise from insulin-induced autoimmunity.This study aimed to explore the association between high-risk human leukocyte antigen(HLA)class Ⅱ genotypes and susceptibility to double diabetes in patients initially diagnosed with T2D.AIM To investigate clinical and immunogenic features of patients who develop double diabetes following exogenous insulin therapy.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed five cases from Peking Union Medical College Hospital and 18 cases identified from published literature.Patients were categorized into two groups:The T2D→T1D group,characterized by autoimmune progression,and the stable T2D(T2D→T2D).Clinical characteristics and HLA class Ⅱ genotypes were compared descriptively between the two groups.RESULTS A total of 23 patients were included in the analysis.Of these,10 progressed from theT2D→T1D with autoimmune features,while 13 remained in the stable T2D→T2D group.There was no statistically significant difference in age at diagnosis between the two groups(57.10±16.11 years vs 60.31±17.41 years).In the T2D→T1D group,70%of patients carried the HLA-DRB104:05 allele and 40%carried DRB109:01,both of which are commonly associated with a high risk of T1D.In contrast,the T2D→T2D group showed greater genetic heterogeneity,with a broader distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles,including DRB103:02(n=4),DRB109:01(n=4),and several lower frequency alleles such as DRB1*04:05,*08:03,*03:01,*04:06,*14:01,*04:01,*12:02,*15:02 and*02:01.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that patients in the T2D→T1D group exhibit a stronger autoimmune genetic predisposition,characterized by an enrichment of high-risk HLA class II alleles.In contrast,individuals with stable T2D demonstrate greater HLA diversity and lack definitive autoimmune-associated markers.
基金This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970627) and the Key Project of State Department of Science Technology (2002BA515B05).
文摘The content of total sugar, sucrose, fructose and protein in the leaves of3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose, fructose, glucose) and three high concentrations of CO_2 (700, 1 400, 2 100 μL/L·L^(-1))for about a month in 1998. The results showed that spraying three exogenous sugar solutionsincreased markedly the content of sugar and protein of leaves under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1 400μL·L^(-1) CO_2 The effect of spraying exogenous sucrose solution was the best among the threeexogenous sugars. The treatment of spraying exogenous sugar solution and 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2constrained the accumulation of total sugar and protein of leaves. There was no difference inprotein content of leaves when spraying glucose and fructose solutions under 700 μL·L^(-1) and 1400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2. The treatment of 2 100 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 concentration significantly increasedthe contents of total sugar, sucrose, fructose, and protein of leaves compared with that of the 700μL·L^(-1) and 1 400 μL·L^(-1) CO_2 except the plants spraying fructose solution. There waspositive correlation between the content of sugar of leaves and CO_2 concentration when sprayingsame exogenous sugar solution.
