Temporal logics are often adopted as basic tools to specifying mental states such as belief and goal of agents. Although there are works on non-monotonic extension of linear temporal logic (LTL) and branching time tem...Temporal logics are often adopted as basic tools to specifying mental states such as belief and goal of agents. Although there are works on non-monotonic extension of linear temporal logic (LTL) and branching time temporal logic (CTL),the non-monotonic extension of alternating-time temporal logic (ATL) which is an important kind of multi-agent cooperation logics has not been discussed yet in literature. To solve this problem,this paper proposed non-monotonic alternating-time temporal logic with belief and goal,namely N-ATL-BG,to facilitate the non-monotonic reasoning of mental states of agents. The semantic model,syntax and semantics of this new logic are developed. A model checking algorithm which can be finished in polynomial time is proposed for this new logic. Examples are given to show its usage.展开更多
General rules of English can get you a long way, but both the beauty and the bane (本义:毒药;祸害) of English is that there are exceptions to everything. Pluralizing(使成为复数)words isn’t always a simple matter of a...General rules of English can get you a long way, but both the beauty and the bane (本义:毒药;祸害) of English is that there are exceptions to everything. Pluralizing(使成为复数)words isn’t always a simple matter of adding an s on the end, and switching(转换)a word from masculine(阳性的)form to feminine(阴性的)form isn’t always a matter of adding ess.展开更多
Despite the availability of garbage collectors, programmers must manually manage non-memory finite system resources such as file descriptors. Resource leaks can gradually consume all available resources and cause prog...Despite the availability of garbage collectors, programmers must manually manage non-memory finite system resources such as file descriptors. Resource leaks can gradually consume all available resources and cause programs to raise resource exhaustion exceptions. However, programmers commonly provide no effective recovery approach for resource exhaustion exceptions, which often causes programs to halt without completing their tasks. In this paper, we propose to automatically recover programs from resource exhaustion exceptions caused by resource leaks. We transform programs to catch resource exhaustion exceptions, collect leaked resources, and then retry the failure code. A resource collector is designed to identify leaked resources and safely release them. We implement our approach for Java programs. Experimental results show that our approach can successfully handle resource exhaustion exceptions caused by reported resource leaks and allow programs to complete their tasks with an average execution time increase of 2.52% and negligible bytecode size increase.展开更多
This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritancein an object-oriented logic programming' framework wit h explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least Aspoint semantics to normal logic pr...This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritancein an object-oriented logic programming' framework wit h explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least Aspoint semantics to normal logic programs. Tak-ing logic objects with exceptions as a ldnd of nonmonotonic theory, the nonmonotonicity of inheritance is achieved, which is of importance for modelingincomplete knowledge and requirement specffications in both artificial intelli-gence and softwa-re engineering.展开更多
As an important result of the development of digital science and technology,artificial intelligence(AI)technology has penetrated all aspects of preschool education,bringing unprecedented changes to children’s learnin...As an important result of the development of digital science and technology,artificial intelligence(AI)technology has penetrated all aspects of preschool education,bringing unprecedented changes to children’s learning and development.Based on the current situation of preschool education,the article analyzes the characteristics of the application of AI equipment in children’s preschool education,and points out that the value of its application is mainly manifested in enriching the form of play in preschool education,improving the acceptance of students,enhancing the pertinence of preschool education based on big data prediction,and enriching the means of education for special children.Under the background of the rapid development of AI technology,the article puts forward countermeasures for the development of children’s education in the era of AI,adheres to the bottom-line principle of protecting children,and forms a good AI application scenario based on children’s needs.To further cultivate children’s AI literacy and strengthen the depth of AI application in preschool education,this article helps the users of preschool education to apply AI more effectively and achieve quality improvement of preschool education.展开更多
Introduction In September 2020,President Xi Jinping announced China's goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.Compared to Europe and the United States,China faces a tighter timeline and a larger scale in achiev...Introduction In September 2020,President Xi Jinping announced China's goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.Compared to Europe and the United States,China faces a tighter timeline and a larger scale in achieving its dual carbon goals,making the task exceptionally demanding.展开更多
The perpetually snow-capped mountain ranges,adorned with white clouds and coexisting with the swiftly descending Yigong Tsangpo River at their bases,perfectly encapsulate Nyiwo Township in Lhari County of Nagqu City,f...The perpetually snow-capped mountain ranges,adorned with white clouds and coexisting with the swiftly descending Yigong Tsangpo River at their bases,perfectly encapsulate Nyiwo Township in Lhari County of Nagqu City,forming a picturesque landscape.Nyiwo Township is cherished and particularly nurtured by nature,allowing the entire township to enjoy exceptionally favourable seasons.展开更多
Osteoarthritis(OA)is a widespread joint disorder that has emerged as a significant global healthcare challenge.Over the past decade,advancements in material science and medicine have transformed the development of fun...Osteoarthritis(OA)is a widespread joint disorder that has emerged as a significant global healthcare challenge.Over the past decade,advancements in material science and medicine have transformed the development of functional materials aimed at addressing the complex issues associated with the diagnosis and treatment of OA.This review synthesizes the latest advancements in various types of intelligent micro-structured materials and their design principles.By examining the exceptional structural characteristics of materials with unique properties such as tailored attributes,controllability,biocompatibility,and bioactivity,we emphasize the design of composite materials for precise and early intervention in OA.This is achieved through advanced imaging techniques and machine learning-based analysis,alongside the customization of micro-structured material properties to align with the biological and mechanical requirements of specific joint tissues.This review offers an in-depth analysis of the transformative potential of advanced technologies and artificial intelligence(AI)in the development of innovative solutions for OA diagnosis and therapy.It aims to inform future research and inspire the creation of next-generation smart materials with unprecedented performance,thereby enhancing our capabilities in the prevention and treatment of OA.展开更多
We explore the parity-time(PT)-symmetry breaking transition in a dimer circuit composed of two RLC resonators that are weakly coupled via an inductor.The energy behavior of this dimer circuit is reflected in the split...We explore the parity-time(PT)-symmetry breaking transition in a dimer circuit composed of two RLC resonators that are weakly coupled via an inductor.The energy behavior of this dimer circuit is reflected in the splitting or degeneracy of the systems eigenfrequencies as the gain–loss strength varies.Its dynamical properties can be described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian.The eigenfrequency spectrum of the system is divided by two critical points into three distinct regions:the symmetric region,the oscillatory growth region,and the fully exponential growth region.Building upon previous work on implementing the exceptional point(EP)in circuit systems,our study focuses on further exploring the variation patterns of circuit eigenfrequencies near the EP under weak coupling conditions.In addition,we construct a corresponding Dirac point(DP)circuit system for comparison.By leveraging the unique physical properties near both the EP and the DP,we further propose potential practical applications.Using perturbation theory and system simulations,we demonstrate that the square-root eigenfrequency splitting near the EP significantly enhances the sensitivity to small external perturbations,compared to the linear splitting behavior near the DP.This study presents promising prospects for next-generation sensing technologies.展开更多
With an average elevation of over 4,500 meters and spanning 2.5 million square km,the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the highest and largest plateau on Earth,earning it the title the"roof of the world".Un surpris...With an average elevation of over 4,500 meters and spanning 2.5 million square km,the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the highest and largest plateau on Earth,earning it the title the"roof of the world".Un surprisingly,the plateau is home to exceptional biodiversity,making it one of the most biologically rich geographical regions in the world.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate the effect of exceptional points(EPs) on the violation of Leggett–Garg inequality(LGI) and no-signaling-in-time(NSIT) conditions and compare the different effects between the Hamiltonian...In this paper, we investigate the effect of exceptional points(EPs) on the violation of Leggett–Garg inequality(LGI) and no-signaling-in-time(NSIT) conditions and compare the different effects between the Hamiltonian EP(HEP) and Liouvillian EP(LEP) on those violations. We consider an open system consisting of two coupled qubits and each qubit is contacted with a thermal bath at a different temperature. In the case of omitting quantum jumps, we find that the system exhibits a second-order HEP, which separates the parameter space into an overdamped regime and an underdamped regime. In this situation, the LGI and NSIT conditions can be violated in both regimes and not violated at the HEP. In the case of without omitting quantum jumps, we find that the system exhibits a third-order LEP, which also separates the parameter space into an overdamped regime and an underdamped regime. In this situation, the LGI can only be violated in the underdamped regime with large coupling strength between the qubits.Conversely, the NSIT conditions can be violated in both regimes, as well as at the LEP, except in the overdamped regime with small coupling strength between the qubits. Comparing the violations of the LGI and NSIT conditions with HEP and LEP, we find that the quantum jumps would reduce the generation of coherence, enhance the decoherence, and lead to narrower parameter regimes that the LGI and NSIT conditions can be violated. Furthermore, in both cases,the NSIT conditions can be violated in a wider parameter regime than the LGI.展开更多
The Dicke model,which describes the collective interaction between an ensemble of atoms and a single-mode photon field,serves as a fundamental framework for studying light-matter interactions and quantum electrodynami...The Dicke model,which describes the collective interaction between an ensemble of atoms and a single-mode photon field,serves as a fundamental framework for studying light-matter interactions and quantum electrodynamic phenomena.In this work,we investigate the manifestation of non-Hermitian effects in a generalized Dicke model,where two dissipative atom ensembles interact with a single-mode photon field.We explore the system in the semiclassical limit as a non-Hermitian Dicke model,revealing rich exceptional points(EPs)and diabolic points.Furthermore,we explore the quantum signature of EPs in the Hilbert space,relying on discrete photon numbers.The transition of photons from antibunching to bunching at steady state is unravelled.Our findings deepen the understanding of non-Hermitian physics in light-matter interaction,which is instructive for the design of advanced photonic devices.展开更多
Developing chemically complex intermetallic alloys(CCIMAs)is considered an effective strategy for overcoming the serious brittleness of conventional intermetallic alloys,especially under a high stress level.However,mo...Developing chemically complex intermetallic alloys(CCIMAs)is considered an effective strategy for overcoming the serious brittleness of conventional intermetallic alloys,especially under a high stress level.However,most CCIMAs still struggle to achieve yield strengths exceeding gigapascals,limiting their use as reliable structural materials in many engineering fields.展开更多
The unique wave-manipulation capabilities of zero-index metamaterials(ZIMs)offer a new opportunity for realizing bound states in the continuum(BICs).However,the relationship between anomalous scattering and BICs remai...The unique wave-manipulation capabilities of zero-index metamaterials(ZIMs)offer a new opportunity for realizing bound states in the continuum(BICs).However,the relationship between anomalous scattering and BICs remains underexplored when parity–time(PT)symmetry is introduced.In this work,we demonstrate that a BIC splits into a pair of lasing modes carrying opposite topological charges by introducing PT symmetry through gain-loss cylinders embedded in ZIM layers.Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations reveal that lasing and unidirectional transparency phenomena result from the singularities and exceptional points of the scattering matrix.Moreover,exceptional points can be tuned via propagation phase modulation in the air gap,and their coalescence produces quasi-BICs with symmetric responses.This work provides a framework for manipulating BICs and topological lasing modes in non-Hermitian systems,offering new insights for designing non-Hermitian photonic devices.展开更多
Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered...Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered by the United Network of Organ Sharing(UNOS),a not-for-profit organization governed by the United States human health services.We reviewed the evolution of liver transplant allocation policies.Prior to 2002,UNOS used Child-Turcotte-Pugh score to list and stratify patients for liver transplantation(LT).After 2002,UNOS changed its allocation policy based on model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score.The serum sodium is the independent indicator of mortality risk in patients with chronic liver disease.The priority assignment of MELD-sodium score resulted in LT and prevented mortality on waitlist.MELD-Sodium score was implemented for liver allocation policy in 2016.Prior to the current and most recent policy,livers from adult donors were matched first to the status 1A/1B patients located within the boundaries of the UNOS regions and donor-service areas(DSA).We reviewed the disadvantages of the DSA-based allocation policies and the advantages of the newest acuity circle allocation model.We then reviewed the standard and non-standard indications for MELD exceptions and the decision-making process of the National Review Liver Review Board.Finally,we reviewed the liver transplant waitlist,donation and survival outcomes in the United States.展开更多
PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity ...PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity of the execution of a specific operation behind a name. Also, it acts as an interface between SQL database and DEVELOPER. Therefore, it is important to test these modules that consist of procedures and functions. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA), as search technique, is used in order to find the required test data according to branch criteria to test stored PL/SQL program units. The experimental results show that this was not fully achieved, such that the test target in some branches is not reached and the coverage percentage is 98%. A problem rises when target branch is depending on data retrieved from tables;in this case, GA is not able to generate test cases for this branch.展开更多
基金Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China ( No.2006J0316)College Scientific and Technological Project of Office of Education of Fujian Province of China ( No.JB09302)Scientific Research Foundation for Young Teachers ofFujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (No.08B21)
文摘Temporal logics are often adopted as basic tools to specifying mental states such as belief and goal of agents. Although there are works on non-monotonic extension of linear temporal logic (LTL) and branching time temporal logic (CTL),the non-monotonic extension of alternating-time temporal logic (ATL) which is an important kind of multi-agent cooperation logics has not been discussed yet in literature. To solve this problem,this paper proposed non-monotonic alternating-time temporal logic with belief and goal,namely N-ATL-BG,to facilitate the non-monotonic reasoning of mental states of agents. The semantic model,syntax and semantics of this new logic are developed. A model checking algorithm which can be finished in polynomial time is proposed for this new logic. Examples are given to show its usage.
文摘General rules of English can get you a long way, but both the beauty and the bane (本义:毒药;祸害) of English is that there are exceptions to everything. Pluralizing(使成为复数)words isn’t always a simple matter of adding an s on the end, and switching(转换)a word from masculine(阳性的)form to feminine(阴性的)form isn’t always a matter of adding ess.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61379054 and 91318301)the National High-Tech R&D Program(863)of China(No.2012AA011201)
文摘Despite the availability of garbage collectors, programmers must manually manage non-memory finite system resources such as file descriptors. Resource leaks can gradually consume all available resources and cause programs to raise resource exhaustion exceptions. However, programmers commonly provide no effective recovery approach for resource exhaustion exceptions, which often causes programs to halt without completing their tasks. In this paper, we propose to automatically recover programs from resource exhaustion exceptions caused by resource leaks. We transform programs to catch resource exhaustion exceptions, collect leaked resources, and then retry the failure code. A resource collector is designed to identify leaked resources and safely release them. We implement our approach for Java programs. Experimental results show that our approach can successfully handle resource exhaustion exceptions caused by reported resource leaks and allow programs to complete their tasks with an average execution time increase of 2.52% and negligible bytecode size increase.
文摘This paper presents a declarative semantics of compositional inheritancein an object-oriented logic programming' framework wit h explicit exceptions,based on the iterated least Aspoint semantics to normal logic programs. Tak-ing logic objects with exceptions as a ldnd of nonmonotonic theory, the nonmonotonicity of inheritance is achieved, which is of importance for modelingincomplete knowledge and requirement specffications in both artificial intelli-gence and softwa-re engineering.
文摘As an important result of the development of digital science and technology,artificial intelligence(AI)technology has penetrated all aspects of preschool education,bringing unprecedented changes to children’s learning and development.Based on the current situation of preschool education,the article analyzes the characteristics of the application of AI equipment in children’s preschool education,and points out that the value of its application is mainly manifested in enriching the form of play in preschool education,improving the acceptance of students,enhancing the pertinence of preschool education based on big data prediction,and enriching the means of education for special children.Under the background of the rapid development of AI technology,the article puts forward countermeasures for the development of children’s education in the era of AI,adheres to the bottom-line principle of protecting children,and forms a good AI application scenario based on children’s needs.To further cultivate children’s AI literacy and strengthen the depth of AI application in preschool education,this article helps the users of preschool education to apply AI more effectively and achieve quality improvement of preschool education.
文摘Introduction In September 2020,President Xi Jinping announced China's goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.Compared to Europe and the United States,China faces a tighter timeline and a larger scale in achieving its dual carbon goals,making the task exceptionally demanding.
文摘The perpetually snow-capped mountain ranges,adorned with white clouds and coexisting with the swiftly descending Yigong Tsangpo River at their bases,perfectly encapsulate Nyiwo Township in Lhari County of Nagqu City,forming a picturesque landscape.Nyiwo Township is cherished and particularly nurtured by nature,allowing the entire township to enjoy exceptionally favourable seasons.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2509200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82470998,82270995,81970956)+1 种基金Zhejiang Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(LR24H140001)The Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine jointly established the Science and Technology Plan(GZY-ZJ-KJ-24086)。
文摘Osteoarthritis(OA)is a widespread joint disorder that has emerged as a significant global healthcare challenge.Over the past decade,advancements in material science and medicine have transformed the development of functional materials aimed at addressing the complex issues associated with the diagnosis and treatment of OA.This review synthesizes the latest advancements in various types of intelligent micro-structured materials and their design principles.By examining the exceptional structural characteristics of materials with unique properties such as tailored attributes,controllability,biocompatibility,and bioactivity,we emphasize the design of composite materials for precise and early intervention in OA.This is achieved through advanced imaging techniques and machine learning-based analysis,alongside the customization of micro-structured material properties to align with the biological and mechanical requirements of specific joint tissues.This review offers an in-depth analysis of the transformative potential of advanced technologies and artificial intelligence(AI)in the development of innovative solutions for OA diagnosis and therapy.It aims to inform future research and inspire the creation of next-generation smart materials with unprecedented performance,thereby enhancing our capabilities in the prevention and treatment of OA.
基金the financial support of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20231320)。
文摘We explore the parity-time(PT)-symmetry breaking transition in a dimer circuit composed of two RLC resonators that are weakly coupled via an inductor.The energy behavior of this dimer circuit is reflected in the splitting or degeneracy of the systems eigenfrequencies as the gain–loss strength varies.Its dynamical properties can be described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian.The eigenfrequency spectrum of the system is divided by two critical points into three distinct regions:the symmetric region,the oscillatory growth region,and the fully exponential growth region.Building upon previous work on implementing the exceptional point(EP)in circuit systems,our study focuses on further exploring the variation patterns of circuit eigenfrequencies near the EP under weak coupling conditions.In addition,we construct a corresponding Dirac point(DP)circuit system for comparison.By leveraging the unique physical properties near both the EP and the DP,we further propose potential practical applications.Using perturbation theory and system simulations,we demonstrate that the square-root eigenfrequency splitting near the EP significantly enhances the sensitivity to small external perturbations,compared to the linear splitting behavior near the DP.This study presents promising prospects for next-generation sensing technologies.
文摘With an average elevation of over 4,500 meters and spanning 2.5 million square km,the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the highest and largest plateau on Earth,earning it the title the"roof of the world".Un surprisingly,the plateau is home to exceptional biodiversity,making it one of the most biologically rich geographical regions in the world.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 11775019 and 11875086)。
文摘In this paper, we investigate the effect of exceptional points(EPs) on the violation of Leggett–Garg inequality(LGI) and no-signaling-in-time(NSIT) conditions and compare the different effects between the Hamiltonian EP(HEP) and Liouvillian EP(LEP) on those violations. We consider an open system consisting of two coupled qubits and each qubit is contacted with a thermal bath at a different temperature. In the case of omitting quantum jumps, we find that the system exhibits a second-order HEP, which separates the parameter space into an overdamped regime and an underdamped regime. In this situation, the LGI and NSIT conditions can be violated in both regimes and not violated at the HEP. In the case of without omitting quantum jumps, we find that the system exhibits a third-order LEP, which also separates the parameter space into an overdamped regime and an underdamped regime. In this situation, the LGI can only be violated in the underdamped regime with large coupling strength between the qubits.Conversely, the NSIT conditions can be violated in both regimes, as well as at the LEP, except in the overdamped regime with small coupling strength between the qubits. Comparing the violations of the LGI and NSIT conditions with HEP and LEP, we find that the quantum jumps would reduce the generation of coherence, enhance the decoherence, and lead to narrower parameter regimes that the LGI and NSIT conditions can be violated. Furthermore, in both cases,the NSIT conditions can be violated in a wider parameter regime than the LGI.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1404400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12125504 and 12305050)+3 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.LZ25A050001)the Doctoral Support Program for Young Talents of the China Association for Science and Technologythe Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.23KJB140017)。
文摘The Dicke model,which describes the collective interaction between an ensemble of atoms and a single-mode photon field,serves as a fundamental framework for studying light-matter interactions and quantum electrodynamic phenomena.In this work,we investigate the manifestation of non-Hermitian effects in a generalized Dicke model,where two dissipative atom ensembles interact with a single-mode photon field.We explore the system in the semiclassical limit as a non-Hermitian Dicke model,revealing rich exceptional points(EPs)and diabolic points.Furthermore,we explore the quantum signature of EPs in the Hilbert space,relying on discrete photon numbers.The transition of photons from antibunching to bunching at steady state is unravelled.Our findings deepen the understanding of non-Hermitian physics in light-matter interaction,which is instructive for the design of advanced photonic devices.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52222112,52101151 and 52101135)Hong Kong Research Grant Council(RGC)(No.C1020-21G)+1 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.RCBS20210609103202012)APT research was conducted at the Inter-University 3D APT Unit of City University of Hong Kong(CityU),which is supported by the CityU grant 9360161
文摘Developing chemically complex intermetallic alloys(CCIMAs)is considered an effective strategy for overcoming the serious brittleness of conventional intermetallic alloys,especially under a high stress level.However,most CCIMAs still struggle to achieve yield strengths exceeding gigapascals,limiting their use as reliable structural materials in many engineering fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12504361,12274313,and 62465005)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(Grant No.2025GXNSFBA069179)the Guangxi Colleges and Universities Young and Middle-aged Teachers’Basic Scientific Research Ability Enhancement Project(Grant No.2025KY0093)。
文摘The unique wave-manipulation capabilities of zero-index metamaterials(ZIMs)offer a new opportunity for realizing bound states in the continuum(BICs).However,the relationship between anomalous scattering and BICs remains underexplored when parity–time(PT)symmetry is introduced.In this work,we demonstrate that a BIC splits into a pair of lasing modes carrying opposite topological charges by introducing PT symmetry through gain-loss cylinders embedded in ZIM layers.Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations reveal that lasing and unidirectional transparency phenomena result from the singularities and exceptional points of the scattering matrix.Moreover,exceptional points can be tuned via propagation phase modulation in the air gap,and their coalescence produces quasi-BICs with symmetric responses.This work provides a framework for manipulating BICs and topological lasing modes in non-Hermitian systems,offering new insights for designing non-Hermitian photonic devices.
文摘Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered by the United Network of Organ Sharing(UNOS),a not-for-profit organization governed by the United States human health services.We reviewed the evolution of liver transplant allocation policies.Prior to 2002,UNOS used Child-Turcotte-Pugh score to list and stratify patients for liver transplantation(LT).After 2002,UNOS changed its allocation policy based on model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score.The serum sodium is the independent indicator of mortality risk in patients with chronic liver disease.The priority assignment of MELD-sodium score resulted in LT and prevented mortality on waitlist.MELD-Sodium score was implemented for liver allocation policy in 2016.Prior to the current and most recent policy,livers from adult donors were matched first to the status 1A/1B patients located within the boundaries of the UNOS regions and donor-service areas(DSA).We reviewed the disadvantages of the DSA-based allocation policies and the advantages of the newest acuity circle allocation model.We then reviewed the standard and non-standard indications for MELD exceptions and the decision-making process of the National Review Liver Review Board.Finally,we reviewed the liver transplant waitlist,donation and survival outcomes in the United States.
文摘PL/SQL is the most common language for ORACLE database application. It allows the developer to create stored program units (Procedures, Functions, and Packages) to improve software reusability and hide the complexity of the execution of a specific operation behind a name. Also, it acts as an interface between SQL database and DEVELOPER. Therefore, it is important to test these modules that consist of procedures and functions. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm (GA), as search technique, is used in order to find the required test data according to branch criteria to test stored PL/SQL program units. The experimental results show that this was not fully achieved, such that the test target in some branches is not reached and the coverage percentage is 98%. A problem rises when target branch is depending on data retrieved from tables;in this case, GA is not able to generate test cases for this branch.
