Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO...Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO CPG recommendations has not been systematically investigated.This study assessed ESMO CPG levels of evidence(LOE)and grades of recommendations(GOR),as well as their trends over time across various cancer settings.Methods:We manually extracted every recommendation with the Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA)classification from each CPG.We examined the distribution of LOE and GOR in all available ESMO CPG guidelines across different topics and cancer types.Results:Among the 1,823 recommendations in the current CPG,30%were classified as LOEⅠ,and 43%were classified as GOR A.Overall,there was a slight decrease in LOEⅠ(−2%)and an increase in the proportion of GOR A(+1%)in the current CPG compared to previous versions.The proportion of GOR A recommendations based on higher levels of evidence such as randomized trials(LOEⅠ–Ⅱ)shows a decrease(71%vs.63%,p=0.009)while recommendations based on lower levels of evidence(LOEⅢ–Ⅴ)show an increase(29%vs.37%,p=0.01)between previous and current version.In the current versions,the highest proportion of LOEⅠ(42%)was found in recommendations related to pharmacotherapy,while the highest proportion of GOR A recommendations was found in the areas of pathology(50%)and diagnostic(50%)recommendations.Significant variability in LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations and their changes over time was observed across different cancer types.Conclusion:One-third of the current ESMO CPG recommendations are supported by the highest level of evidence.More well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to increase the proportion of LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations,ultimately leading to improved outcomes for cancer patients.展开更多
The continued need to develop less invasive alternatives to surgical and radiologic interventions has driven the development of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided treatments.These include EUS-guided drainage of pancrea...The continued need to develop less invasive alternatives to surgical and radiologic interventions has driven the development of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided treatments.These include EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections,EUS-guided necrosectomy,EUS-guided cholangiography and biliary drainage,EUSguided pancreatography and pancreatic duct drainage,EUS-guided gallbladder drainage,EUS-guided drainage of abdominal and pelvic fluid collections,EUS-guided celiac plexus block and celiac plexus neurolysis,EUSguided pancreatic cyst ablation,EUS-guided vascular interventions,EUS-guided delivery of antitumoral agents and EUS-guided fiducial placement and brachytherapy.However these procedures are technically challenging and require expertise in both EUS and interventional endoscopy,such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and gastrointestinal stenting.We undertook a systematic review to record the entire body of literature accumulated over the past 2decades on EUS-guided interventions with the objective of performing a critical appraisal of published articles,based on the classification of studies according to levels of evidence,in order to assess the scientific progress made in this field.展开更多
BACKGROUND In an effort to further reduce the morbidity and mortality profile of laparoscopic cholecystectomy,the outcomes of such procedure under regional anesthesia(RA)have been evaluated.In the context of cholecyst...BACKGROUND In an effort to further reduce the morbidity and mortality profile of laparoscopic cholecystectomy,the outcomes of such procedure under regional anesthesia(RA)have been evaluated.In the context of cholecystectomy,combining a minimally invasive surgical procedure with a minimally invasive anesthetic technique can potentially be associated with less postoperative pain and earlier ambulation.AIM To evaluate comparative outcomes of RA and general anesthesia(GA)in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.METHODS A comprehensive systematic review of randomized controlled trials with subsequent meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of outcomes were conducted in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement standards.RESULTS Thirteen randomized controlled trials enrolling 1111 patients were included.The study populations in the RA and GA groups were of comparable age(P=0.41),gender(P=0.98)and body mass index(P=0.24).The conversion rate from RA to GA was 2.3%.RA was associated with significantly less postoperative pain at 4 h[mean difference(MD):-2.22,P<0.00001],8 h(MD:-1.53,P=0.0006),12 h(MD:-2.08,P<0.00001),and 24 h(MD:-0.90,P<0.00001)compared to GA.Moreover,it was associated with significantly lower rate of nausea and vomiting[risk ratio(RR):0.40,P<0.0001].However,RA significantly increased postoperative headaches(RR:4.69,P=0.03),and urinary retention(RR:2.73,P=0.03).The trial sequential analysis demonstrated that the meta-analysis was conclusive for most outcomes,with the exception of a risk of type 1 error for headache and urinary retention and a risk of type 2 error for total procedure time.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that RA may be an attractive anesthetic modality for daycase laparoscopic cholecystectomy considering its associated lower postoperative pain and nausea and vomiting compared to GA.However,its associated risk of urinary retention and headache and lack of knowledge on its impact on procedure-related outcomes do not justify using RA as the first line anesthetic choice for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.展开更多
The novel Coronavirus Disease (nCOVID-19) is a highly contagious viral infection which emerged as “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” at Hubei province of Wuhan city in China. The health authorities provided a considera...The novel Coronavirus Disease (nCOVID-19) is a highly contagious viral infection which emerged as “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” at Hubei province of Wuhan city in China. The health authorities provided a considerable empirical evidence after this outbreak and it was notified that the causative virus, named Novel Coronavirus (subsequently SARS-CoV-2) is the culprit for progressively exerting grim effects not only on individual patients but also on the International public health, with high mutational tendencies. WHO declared nCOVID-19 as a Pandemic on 11<sup>th</sup> March 2020. The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in the entry of virus into the cell and it further interacts with ACE-II receptors which are widely distributed on the human cell surface especially on alveolar type II cells (AT-2) and endothelium. The mortality in nCOVID-19 patients is usually preceded by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because of the cytokine storm. Advanced molecular biology and regenerative sciences renders a breakthrough in the treatment of severely ill nCOVID-19 patients with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Autologous or allogenic MSCs attenuate cytokine storm, improvise lung compliance, regulate inflammatory response, maintain functional alveoli microenvironment, promote endogenous regeneration and repair with no or minimal side effects. MSCs are naturally resistant to this novel Coronavirus. Even though it is corroborated with evidences from current clinical trials and pilot study, we emphasize the need for conducting more clinical trials with ethical consideration to prove the efficacy and safety of MSCs in combating nCOVID-19 infection and its complications.展开更多
Background:Whether anesthetic depth affects postoperative outcomes remains controversial.This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of deepvs.light anesthesia on postoperative pain,cognitive function,recovery fr...Background:Whether anesthetic depth affects postoperative outcomes remains controversial.This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of deepvs.light anesthesia on postoperative pain,cognitive function,recovery from anesthesia,complications,and mortality.Methods:PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched until January 2022 for randomized controlled trials comparing deep and light anesthesia in adult surgical patients.The co-primary outcomes were postoperative pain and delirium(assessed using the confusion assessment method).We conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model.We assessed publication bias using the Begg’s rank correlation test and Egger’s linear regression.We evaluated the evidence using the trial sequential analysis and Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)methodology.We conducted subgroup analyses for pain scores at different postoperative time points and delirium according to cardiac or non-cardiac surgery.Results:A total of 26 trials with 10,743 patients were included.Deep anesthesia compared with light anesthesia(a mean difference in bispectral index of-12 to-11)was associated with lower pain scores at rest at 0 to 1 h postoperatively(weighted mean difference=-0.72,95%confidence interval[CI]=-1.25 to-0.18,P=0.009;moderate-quality evidence)and an increased incidence of postoperative delirium(24.95%vs.15.92%;risk ratio=1.57,95%CI=1.28-1.91,P<0.0001;high-quality evidence).No publication bias was detected.For the exploratory secondary outcomes,deep anesthesia was associated with prolonged postoperative recovery,without affecting neurocognitive outcomes,major complications,or mortality.In the subgroup analyses,the deep anesthesia group had lower pain scores at rest and on movement during 24 h postoperatively,without statistically significant subgroup differences,and deep anesthesia was associated with an increased incidence of delirium after non-cardiac and cardiac surgeries,without statistically significant subgroup differences.Conclusions:Deep anesthesia reduced early postoperative pain but increased postoperative delirium.The current evidence does not support the use of deep anesthesia in clinical practice.展开更多
Purpose： The aim of this study is to discuss the results of different intramedullary devices used in the management of paediatric radial neck fractures and to suggest methods to avoid the pitfalls of the technique. M...Purpose： The aim of this study is to discuss the results of different intramedullary devices used in the management of paediatric radial neck fractures and to suggest methods to avoid the pitfalls of the technique. Methods： Thirty patients with isolated Judet III and IV fractures were included in this prospective study. Judet I and II fractures and radial neck fractures associated with other injuries were excluded. The final results were graded using the Metaizeau functional scoring system and Oxford Elbow Score. Results： The functional result was good to excellent in 24 of 30 cases （80%）. The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 44.32. The mean follow-up was 40.11 months. The complications seen were radiocapitellar joint penetration - 6 cases at mean 4.87 weeks, redisplacement - 6, radial epiphyseal sclerosis - 5, and heterotopic ossification 1 case. Conclusion： lntramedullary K wires may result in radiocapitellar joint penetration. Titanium Elastic Nail System should not be used as purely fixation devices as they may not prevent redisplacement. Regular follow-up until at least 6 weeks is essential. Patients who have a Judet IV fracture and need open reduction should be given a guarded prognosis. The paper highlights the pitfalls of the technique and makes recommendations regarding the type of implant, follow-up and patient counselling in Judet IV fractures.展开更多
Objective:To identify possible associations between patient demographics and parotid cancer histological type in pediatric patients.Methods:Pediatric patients(ages:birth-18.0 years)in the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and...Objective:To identify possible associations between patient demographics and parotid cancer histological type in pediatric patients.Methods:Pediatric patients(ages:birth-18.0 years)in the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database were included from 1973 to 2014 based on a diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma or acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland using the ICD O-3 codes of C07.9 and 8430 or 8550.Patients were classified into the following cohorts:<14 and 14-18 years of age based on the mean age at diagnosis.Results:Three hundred and three pediatric patients were diagnosed with mucoepidermoid carcinoma or acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland within the SEER 18 registries.Female pediatric patients 14-18 years of age were 7.68 times more likely to have an acinic cell carcinoma(adjusted OR:7.68[95%Cl:2.01-29.44]).When stratified by histological type,58.9%of female pediatric patients≥14 years of age had an acinic cell carcinoma as compared to 37.3%of male pediatric patients≥14 years of age,36.5%of female pediatric patients<14 years of age,and 34.0%of male pediatric patients<14 years of age(P=0.01).Conclusions:Based on this study,pediatric female patients between the ages of 14 and 18 years are the most likely cohort to have acinic cell carcinoma.The results of this study may assist providers during the work up of a pediatric patient with a suspected parotid malignancy.展开更多
The decay ψ（2S）→Ω-Ω＋ is analyzed using 14×106 ψ（2S） events recorded by the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅱ （BESⅡ） at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider （BEPC）. Based upon events with no missing charged...The decay ψ（2S）→Ω-Ω＋ is analyzed using 14×106 ψ（2S） events recorded by the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅱ （BESⅡ） at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider （BEPC）. Based upon events with no missing charged tracks and a satisfactory four-constraint kinematic t, we determine the upper limit for the branching fraction of ψ（2S）→Ω-Ω＋ to be 1.5×104 at a 90% confidence level. By including events with one missing charged track, we are able to report the first evidence of an Ω＋ signal with a statistical signi cance of 3.1｜σ. The branching fraction of ψ（2S）Ω＋ is determined to be （4.80±1.56（stat）±1.30（sys））105.展开更多
文摘Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO CPG recommendations has not been systematically investigated.This study assessed ESMO CPG levels of evidence(LOE)and grades of recommendations(GOR),as well as their trends over time across various cancer settings.Methods:We manually extracted every recommendation with the Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA)classification from each CPG.We examined the distribution of LOE and GOR in all available ESMO CPG guidelines across different topics and cancer types.Results:Among the 1,823 recommendations in the current CPG,30%were classified as LOEⅠ,and 43%were classified as GOR A.Overall,there was a slight decrease in LOEⅠ(−2%)and an increase in the proportion of GOR A(+1%)in the current CPG compared to previous versions.The proportion of GOR A recommendations based on higher levels of evidence such as randomized trials(LOEⅠ–Ⅱ)shows a decrease(71%vs.63%,p=0.009)while recommendations based on lower levels of evidence(LOEⅢ–Ⅴ)show an increase(29%vs.37%,p=0.01)between previous and current version.In the current versions,the highest proportion of LOEⅠ(42%)was found in recommendations related to pharmacotherapy,while the highest proportion of GOR A recommendations was found in the areas of pathology(50%)and diagnostic(50%)recommendations.Significant variability in LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations and their changes over time was observed across different cancer types.Conclusion:One-third of the current ESMO CPG recommendations are supported by the highest level of evidence.More well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to increase the proportion of LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations,ultimately leading to improved outcomes for cancer patients.
文摘The continued need to develop less invasive alternatives to surgical and radiologic interventions has driven the development of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided treatments.These include EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections,EUS-guided necrosectomy,EUS-guided cholangiography and biliary drainage,EUSguided pancreatography and pancreatic duct drainage,EUS-guided gallbladder drainage,EUS-guided drainage of abdominal and pelvic fluid collections,EUS-guided celiac plexus block and celiac plexus neurolysis,EUSguided pancreatic cyst ablation,EUS-guided vascular interventions,EUS-guided delivery of antitumoral agents and EUS-guided fiducial placement and brachytherapy.However these procedures are technically challenging and require expertise in both EUS and interventional endoscopy,such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and gastrointestinal stenting.We undertook a systematic review to record the entire body of literature accumulated over the past 2decades on EUS-guided interventions with the objective of performing a critical appraisal of published articles,based on the classification of studies according to levels of evidence,in order to assess the scientific progress made in this field.
文摘BACKGROUND In an effort to further reduce the morbidity and mortality profile of laparoscopic cholecystectomy,the outcomes of such procedure under regional anesthesia(RA)have been evaluated.In the context of cholecystectomy,combining a minimally invasive surgical procedure with a minimally invasive anesthetic technique can potentially be associated with less postoperative pain and earlier ambulation.AIM To evaluate comparative outcomes of RA and general anesthesia(GA)in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.METHODS A comprehensive systematic review of randomized controlled trials with subsequent meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of outcomes were conducted in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement standards.RESULTS Thirteen randomized controlled trials enrolling 1111 patients were included.The study populations in the RA and GA groups were of comparable age(P=0.41),gender(P=0.98)and body mass index(P=0.24).The conversion rate from RA to GA was 2.3%.RA was associated with significantly less postoperative pain at 4 h[mean difference(MD):-2.22,P<0.00001],8 h(MD:-1.53,P=0.0006),12 h(MD:-2.08,P<0.00001),and 24 h(MD:-0.90,P<0.00001)compared to GA.Moreover,it was associated with significantly lower rate of nausea and vomiting[risk ratio(RR):0.40,P<0.0001].However,RA significantly increased postoperative headaches(RR:4.69,P=0.03),and urinary retention(RR:2.73,P=0.03).The trial sequential analysis demonstrated that the meta-analysis was conclusive for most outcomes,with the exception of a risk of type 1 error for headache and urinary retention and a risk of type 2 error for total procedure time.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that RA may be an attractive anesthetic modality for daycase laparoscopic cholecystectomy considering its associated lower postoperative pain and nausea and vomiting compared to GA.However,its associated risk of urinary retention and headache and lack of knowledge on its impact on procedure-related outcomes do not justify using RA as the first line anesthetic choice for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
文摘The novel Coronavirus Disease (nCOVID-19) is a highly contagious viral infection which emerged as “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” at Hubei province of Wuhan city in China. The health authorities provided a considerable empirical evidence after this outbreak and it was notified that the causative virus, named Novel Coronavirus (subsequently SARS-CoV-2) is the culprit for progressively exerting grim effects not only on individual patients but also on the International public health, with high mutational tendencies. WHO declared nCOVID-19 as a Pandemic on 11<sup>th</sup> March 2020. The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in the entry of virus into the cell and it further interacts with ACE-II receptors which are widely distributed on the human cell surface especially on alveolar type II cells (AT-2) and endothelium. The mortality in nCOVID-19 patients is usually preceded by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because of the cytokine storm. Advanced molecular biology and regenerative sciences renders a breakthrough in the treatment of severely ill nCOVID-19 patients with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Autologous or allogenic MSCs attenuate cytokine storm, improvise lung compliance, regulate inflammatory response, maintain functional alveoli microenvironment, promote endogenous regeneration and repair with no or minimal side effects. MSCs are naturally resistant to this novel Coronavirus. Even though it is corroborated with evidences from current clinical trials and pilot study, we emphasize the need for conducting more clinical trials with ethical consideration to prove the efficacy and safety of MSCs in combating nCOVID-19 infection and its complications.
基金Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies(No.JS-2018-178)Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(No.WSN-022)。
文摘Background:Whether anesthetic depth affects postoperative outcomes remains controversial.This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of deepvs.light anesthesia on postoperative pain,cognitive function,recovery from anesthesia,complications,and mortality.Methods:PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched until January 2022 for randomized controlled trials comparing deep and light anesthesia in adult surgical patients.The co-primary outcomes were postoperative pain and delirium(assessed using the confusion assessment method).We conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model.We assessed publication bias using the Begg’s rank correlation test and Egger’s linear regression.We evaluated the evidence using the trial sequential analysis and Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)methodology.We conducted subgroup analyses for pain scores at different postoperative time points and delirium according to cardiac or non-cardiac surgery.Results:A total of 26 trials with 10,743 patients were included.Deep anesthesia compared with light anesthesia(a mean difference in bispectral index of-12 to-11)was associated with lower pain scores at rest at 0 to 1 h postoperatively(weighted mean difference=-0.72,95%confidence interval[CI]=-1.25 to-0.18,P=0.009;moderate-quality evidence)and an increased incidence of postoperative delirium(24.95%vs.15.92%;risk ratio=1.57,95%CI=1.28-1.91,P<0.0001;high-quality evidence).No publication bias was detected.For the exploratory secondary outcomes,deep anesthesia was associated with prolonged postoperative recovery,without affecting neurocognitive outcomes,major complications,or mortality.In the subgroup analyses,the deep anesthesia group had lower pain scores at rest and on movement during 24 h postoperatively,without statistically significant subgroup differences,and deep anesthesia was associated with an increased incidence of delirium after non-cardiac and cardiac surgeries,without statistically significant subgroup differences.Conclusions:Deep anesthesia reduced early postoperative pain but increased postoperative delirium.The current evidence does not support the use of deep anesthesia in clinical practice.
文摘Purpose： The aim of this study is to discuss the results of different intramedullary devices used in the management of paediatric radial neck fractures and to suggest methods to avoid the pitfalls of the technique. Methods： Thirty patients with isolated Judet III and IV fractures were included in this prospective study. Judet I and II fractures and radial neck fractures associated with other injuries were excluded. The final results were graded using the Metaizeau functional scoring system and Oxford Elbow Score. Results： The functional result was good to excellent in 24 of 30 cases （80%）. The mean Oxford Elbow Score was 44.32. The mean follow-up was 40.11 months. The complications seen were radiocapitellar joint penetration - 6 cases at mean 4.87 weeks, redisplacement - 6, radial epiphyseal sclerosis - 5, and heterotopic ossification 1 case. Conclusion： lntramedullary K wires may result in radiocapitellar joint penetration. Titanium Elastic Nail System should not be used as purely fixation devices as they may not prevent redisplacement. Regular follow-up until at least 6 weeks is essential. Patients who have a Judet IV fracture and need open reduction should be given a guarded prognosis. The paper highlights the pitfalls of the technique and makes recommendations regarding the type of implant, follow-up and patient counselling in Judet IV fractures.
文摘Objective:To identify possible associations between patient demographics and parotid cancer histological type in pediatric patients.Methods:Pediatric patients(ages:birth-18.0 years)in the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database were included from 1973 to 2014 based on a diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma or acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland using the ICD O-3 codes of C07.9 and 8430 or 8550.Patients were classified into the following cohorts:<14 and 14-18 years of age based on the mean age at diagnosis.Results:Three hundred and three pediatric patients were diagnosed with mucoepidermoid carcinoma or acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland within the SEER 18 registries.Female pediatric patients 14-18 years of age were 7.68 times more likely to have an acinic cell carcinoma(adjusted OR:7.68[95%Cl:2.01-29.44]).When stratified by histological type,58.9%of female pediatric patients≥14 years of age had an acinic cell carcinoma as compared to 37.3%of male pediatric patients≥14 years of age,36.5%of female pediatric patients<14 years of age,and 34.0%of male pediatric patients<14 years of age(P=0.01).Conclusions:Based on this study,pediatric female patients between the ages of 14 and 18 years are the most likely cohort to have acinic cell carcinoma.The results of this study may assist providers during the work up of a pediatric patient with a suspected parotid malignancy.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （10491300, 10225524, 10225525, 10425523, 10625524, 10521003, 10821063, 10825524）, Chinese Academy of Sciences （KJ 95T-03）, 100 Talents Program of CAS （U-11, U-24, U-25）, Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS （U-602, U-34 （IHEP））, National Natural Science Foundation of China （10775077, 10225522） （Tsinghua University）, and Department of Energy （DE-FG02-04ER41291） （U. Hawaii）
文摘The decay ψ（2S）→Ω-Ω＋ is analyzed using 14×106 ψ（2S） events recorded by the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅱ （BESⅡ） at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider （BEPC）. Based upon events with no missing charged tracks and a satisfactory four-constraint kinematic t, we determine the upper limit for the branching fraction of ψ（2S）→Ω-Ω＋ to be 1.5×104 at a 90% confidence level. By including events with one missing charged track, we are able to report the first evidence of an Ω＋ signal with a statistical signi cance of 3.1｜σ. The branching fraction of ψ（2S）Ω＋ is determined to be （4.80±1.56（stat）±1.30（sys））105.
