A novel tridentate ligand N-（6-（diphenylphosphoryl）pyridin-2-yl）-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide （DPPOPFA） was designed and synthesized. Crystal structure of the ligand revealed the ＂keto＂ form of ligand in solid sta...A novel tridentate ligand N-（6-（diphenylphosphoryl）pyridin-2-yl）-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide （DPPOPFA） was designed and synthesized. Crystal structure of the ligand revealed the ＂keto＂ form of ligand in solid state other than the ＂enor＇ one, and it was also found that two kinds of molecules with different conformations were connected by hydrogen bonding between amide N-H and phos- phoryl P=O. This ionic ligand was used to coordinate a variety of lanthanide ions, forming neutral 3：1 complexes. Absolute overall quantum yields of these complexes in solid states were 36% for Eu（III）, 29% for Tb（III） and 3% for Dy（III） with lifetimes of 1.1, 1.1 and 0.087 ms, respectively. The complexes had excellent thermal stability and did not decompose till 370 ℃. And they could subli- mate in vacuum （1 ×10^-4 Pa） at 330℃ due to the weak molecular interaction.展开更多
S and Co co-doped carbon catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of MOF-71 and thiourea mixtures at 800℃at a mass ratio of MOF-71 to thiourea of 1:0.1 to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for methylene blue(MB...S and Co co-doped carbon catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of MOF-71 and thiourea mixtures at 800℃at a mass ratio of MOF-71 to thiourea of 1:0.1 to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for methylene blue(MB)degradation.The effects of two different mixing routes were identified on the MB degradation performance.Particularly,the catalyst obtained by the alcohol solvent evaporation(MOF-AEP)mixing route could degrade 95.60%MB(50 mg/L)within 4 min(degradation rate:K=0.78 min^(-1)),which was faster than that derived from the direct grinding method(MOF-DGP,80.97%,K=0.39 min^(-1)).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Co-S content of MOF-AEP(43.39at%)was less than that of MOF-DGP(54.73at%),and the proportion of C-S-C in MOF-AEP(13.56at%)was higher than that of MOF-DGP(10.67at%).Density functional theory calculations revealed that the adsorption energy of Co for PMS was -2.94 eV when sulfur was doped as C-S-C on the carbon skeleton,which was higher than that when sulfur was doped next to cobalt in the form of Co-S bond(-2.86 eV).Thus,the C-S-C sites might provide more contributions to activate PMS compared with Co-S.Furthermore,the degradation parameters,including pH and MOF-AEP dosage,were investigated.Finally,radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)measurements revealed that ^(1)O_(2)might be the primary catalytic species,whereas·O~(2-)might be the secondary one in degrading MB.展开更多
Using the new soft X-ray data from the Macao Science Satellite-1,we studied a solar flare that occurred on 22 June 2023.We found that the centroids of the Ca(around 3.9 keV)and Fe(around 6.7 keV)line features exhibit ...Using the new soft X-ray data from the Macao Science Satellite-1,we studied a solar flare that occurred on 22 June 2023.We found that the centroids of the Ca(around 3.9 keV)and Fe(around 6.7 keV)line features exhibit a rapid shift toward higher energy channels during the flare's rising phase,followed by a gradual decrease during the decay phase.Through precise energy calibration,the centroids are determined with high accuracy.Temperature and velocity are then self-consistently derived by comparing the centroids with those calculated from the synthesized line features using the latest CHIANTI atomic database(ver.10.1).The calculated maximum velocity reaches up to 710±60 km s-1,which significantly exceeds the previously reported values.Our results suggest that the entire shift of soft X-ray lines may occur during the process of chromospheric evaporation.展开更多
The utilization of solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is highly important in addressing the energy crisis and water scarcity,primarily because of its affordability and minimal energy usage.Enhancing the p...The utilization of solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is highly important in addressing the energy crisis and water scarcity,primarily because of its affordability and minimal energy usage.Enhancing the performance of solar energy evaporation and minimizing material degradation during application can be achieved through the design of novel photothermal materials.In solar interfacial evaporation,photothermal materials exhibit a wide range of additional characteristics,but a systematic overview is lacking.This paper encompasses an examination of various categories and principles pertaining to photothermal materials,as well as the structural design considerations for salt-resistant materials.Additionally,we discuss the versatile uses of this appealing technology in different sectors related to energy and the environment.Furthermore,potential solutions to enhance the durability of photothermal materials are also highlighted,such as the rational design of micro/nano-structures,the use of adhesives,the addition of anti-corrosion coatings,and the preparation of self-healing surfaces.The objective of this review is to offer a viable resolution for the logical creation of high-performance photothermal substances,presenting a guide for the forthcoming advancement of solar evaporation technology.展开更多
The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average a...The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average annual precipitation of less than 100 mm and evaporation rates ranging from 2000 to 3000 mm(Yang et al.,2020),it is recognized as one of the driest regions on Earth,often referred to as the“sea of death”.展开更多
Enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency through innovative technologies is paramount in addressing global environmental challenges.This study explores utilizing stereoscopic hydrogel evaporators combined with renewa...Enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency through innovative technologies is paramount in addressing global environmental challenges.This study explores utilizing stereoscopic hydrogel evaporators combined with renewable energy sources to optimize wastewater treatment processes.A cross-linked super absorbent polymer(SAP)hydrogel was synthesized using acrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomers and integrated with a light-absorbing carbon membrane to form a solar-assisted evaporator(MSAP).The MSAP achieved a high evaporation rate of 3.08 kg m^(-2)·h^(-1)and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 94.27%.It demonstrated excellent removal efficiency for dye-polluted wastewater,significantly reducing concentrations of pollutants.The MSAP maintained high performance in outdoor conditions,showcasing its potential for real-world applications.This approach,incorporating both solar and wind energy,significantly boosts water evaporation rates and presents a promising,eco-friendly solution for sustainable wastewater treatment within the circular development framework.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the effects of various extract fractions of Hemsleya sphaerocarpa and their mechanisms of action on hepatotoxicity in normal experimental mice and to provide a scientific foundation for the ...[Objectives]To investigate the effects of various extract fractions of Hemsleya sphaerocarpa and their mechanisms of action on hepatotoxicity in normal experimental mice and to provide a scientific foundation for the clinical application of H.sphaerocarpa.[Methods]The extracts were separated by vacuum rotary evaporation into aqueous,n-butanol,petroleum ether,and ethyl acetate fractions.The resulting extracts from various fractions were subsequently formulated into 10%drug solutions using a normal saline solution.These solutions were administered intragastrically to mice at a dosage of 0.1 mL/10 g once daily.After 14 d of intragastric administration,various indices were assessed,and serum samples were collected from the ocular region of the mice for analysis.[Results]15 g of the aqueous fraction,20 g of the n-butanol fraction,30 g of the petroleum ether fraction,and 20 g of the ethyl acetate fraction were obtained through the vacuum rotary evaporation method.After 14 d of intragastric administration,the serum biochemical indices of the mice were assessed.It was observed that alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels significantly increased in the mice of experimental group.This finding suggests that the ethyl acetate,petroleum ether,and n-butanol extracts of H.sphaerocarpa may contribute to liver injury in the subjects.After 14 d of drug withdrawal,the ALT level in the ethyl acetate group exhibited a significant decrease,but remained elevated compared to those in the normal saline group.In contrast,the ALT levels in the n-butanol and petroleum ether groups also demonstrated a significant reduction and were marginally lower than those observed in the normal saline group.Furthermore,the body weights of the mice in both the petroleum ether and n-butanol groups did not show any significant changes throughout the duration of drug administration.[Conclusions]The liver injury in mice induced by the ethyl acetate extract of H.sphaerocarpa is characterized as the most severe and challenging to self-heal.展开更多
This review examines the processes of laser heating,melting,evaporation,fragmentation,and breakdown of metal nanoparticles,as well as the dependences and values of the threshold laser parameters that initiate these pr...This review examines the processes of laser heating,melting,evaporation,fragmentation,and breakdown of metal nanoparticles,as well as the dependences and values of the threshold laser parameters that initiate these processes.Literature results are analyzed from experimental studies of these processes with gold,silver,and other nanoparticles,including laser surface melting and evaporation of nanoparticles and Coulomb fragmentation of nanoparticles by ultrashort laser pulses.A theoretical model and description of the thermal mechanisms of mentioned processes with metal(solid)nanoparticles in a liquid(solid)medium,initiated by the action of laser pulses with the threshold fluences,are presented.Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data confirms the accuracy of the model and makes it possible to use them to evaluate the parameters of laser thermal processing of nanoparticles.Applications of the processes include the laser melting,reshaping,and fragmentation of nanoparticles,the formation of nanostructures and nanonetworks,the laser processing of nanoparticles located on substrates,and their cladding on surfaces in various laser nanotechnologies.The use of laser ignition,combustion,and incandescence of nanoparticles is discussed,as is the use of nanoparticle-triggered laser breakdown for spectroscopy.These laser processes are used in photothermal nanotechnologies,nanoenergy,laser processing of nanoparticles,nonlinear optical devices,high-temperature material science,etc.In general,this review presents a modern picture of the state of laser technology and high-temperature processes with nanoparticles and their applications,being focused on the latest publications with an emphasis on recent results from 2021-2024.展开更多
Intense evaporation in areas with loess-like sulfate saline soils has resulted in significant ecological challenges that include water shortages and soil salinization.Investigating evaporation rate in loess-like sulfa...Intense evaporation in areas with loess-like sulfate saline soils has resulted in significant ecological challenges that include water shortages and soil salinization.Investigating evaporation rate in loess-like sulfate saline soils under varying salt contents carries crucial implications for understanding regional water loss processes,predicting soil salinization advancement,and formulating effective ecological management strategies.Therefore,this study sampled the loess-like sulfate saline soil that is widely distributed in western China as experimental materials and investigated the impact of different initial salt contents(0.00%,0.50%,1.50%,3.00%,and 5.00%)on the evaporation rate,water content,and temperature of soil.The results showed that the evaporation rate decreased with increasing initial salt content.After a salt accumulation layer formed on the soil surface,the water content of the surface soil fluctuated.An increase in the initial salt content resulted in a corresponding increase in the surface temperature.Considering the evaporation characteristics of loess-like sulfate saline soil and the impact of an anomalous increase in surface soil water content on soil surface resistance,this study proposed a modified evaporation model on the basis of Fujimaki's evaporation model of saline soil by introducing a correction coefficientβto modify the soil surface resistance.A comparison of the calculated evaporation rates before and after the modification with the measured evaporation rates revealed a significant improvement in the calculation accuracy of the modified model,indicating that the modified model is capable of more accurately simulating the evaporation rate of sulfate saline soil with different initial salt contents.This paper proposes an effective method for calculating the evaporation rate of loess-like sulfate saline soils,providing a theoretical basis for evaporation research in saline soil.展开更多
Porous liquid-conducting micro-heat exchangers have garnered considerable attention for their role in efficient heat dissipation in small electronic devices.This demand highlights the need for advanced mathematical mo...Porous liquid-conducting micro-heat exchangers have garnered considerable attention for their role in efficient heat dissipation in small electronic devices.This demand highlights the need for advanced mathematical models to optimize the selection of mixed heat exchange media and equipment design.A capillary bundle evaporation model for porous liquid-conducting media was developed based on the conjugate mass transfer evaporation rate prediction model of a single capillary tube,supplemented by mercury injection experimental data.Theoretical and experimental comparisons were conducted using 1,2-propanediol-glycerol(PG-VG)mixtures at molar ratios of 1:9,3:7,5:5,and 7:3 at 120,150,and 180℃.The Jouyban-Acree model was implemented to enhance the evaporation rate predictions.For the 7:3 PG-VG mixture at 180℃under the experimental conditions of the thermal medium,the model's error reduced from 16.75%to 10.84%post-correction.Overall,the mean relative error decreased from 11.76%to 5.98%after correction.展开更多
The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and indus...The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and industrial processes as well as in numerous engineering applications.Therefore,understanding and predicting the dynamics of evaporating flows have become of primary importance.Recent efforts have been addressed using the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH),which has proven to be very efficient in correctly handling the intrinsic complexity introduced by the multiscale nature of the evaporation process.This paper aims to provide an overview of published work on SPH-based simulations related to the evaporation of drops suspended in static and convective environments and impacting on heated solid surfaces.After a brief theoretical account of the main ingredients necessary for the modeling of drop evaporation,the fundamental aspects of SPH are revisited along with the various existing formulations that have been implemented to address the challenges imposed by the physics of evaporating flows.In the following sections,the paper summarizes the results of SPH-based simulations of drop evaporation and ends with a few comments on the limitations of the current state-of-the-art SPHsimulations and future lines of research.展开更多
Hydrogel has developed into a very important platform in solar interface evaporator.However,the current hydrogel evaporators are usually three-dimensional evaporators,which will consume a lot of raw materials.Thus,a n...Hydrogel has developed into a very important platform in solar interface evaporator.However,the current hydrogel evaporators are usually three-dimensional evaporators,which will consume a lot of raw materials.Thus,a new two-dimensional hydrogel evaporator is urgently needed to alleviate this problem.Here,a double layer hydrogel evaporator was designed by twice vacuum filtration.Furthermore,through the arched design and the introduction of concentrated brine drainage system,the hydrogel evaporator has enhanced water transportation and tailored water transportation path.Such a unique drainage evaporation system greatly improves the stability of the evaporator.Thereby,a good balance is established between photothermal conversion and water supply,and solar energy is utilized efficiently.It can remain stable in continuous evaporation for up to 12 h with an excellent evaporation rate of 2.70 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)under 1 sun irradiation.Meanwhile,the drainage system realized the 1.8×10^(-10)mol m^(-2)s^(-1)diffusion flux of concentrated brine.Through one-time freeze-drying preparation,an arch-shaped drainage evaporator was used to prepare an evaporation area of more than 20 cm^(2).With the self-made condensate collecting device in outdoor environment,the fresh water yield reaches 7.5 L m^(-2)d^(-1).This provides a new scheme for building a new hydrogel evaporator and solving the fresh water crisis.展开更多
Precipitation is scarce in semi-arid areas,which results in serious drought.Occurrence of flash drought is quite often in these areas,and flash drought may also cause significant disasters.However,monitoring flash dro...Precipitation is scarce in semi-arid areas,which results in serious drought.Occurrence of flash drought is quite often in these areas,and flash drought may also cause significant disasters.However,monitoring flash drought is still weak and remains a challenge.This study aims to identify,evaluate,and monitor flash drought events that occurred from 1961 to 2020 in reservoirs of the CearáState,Brazil.The Christian's method,standardized precipitation index(SPI),standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI),and evaporative demand drought index(EDDI)were used to assess the severity and persistence of flash drought.Moreover,analyses conducted in 2001,2008,2011,2012,2016,and 2020revealed the complexity and interaction of flash drought with environmental and meteorological factors.The results indicated that in dry years such as 2001,2012,and 2016,drought indices pointed to the intensification of drought conditions,with impacts on major reservoirs in the area,such as Banabuiú,Castanh?o,and Orós.Low precipitation,associated with high evaporative demand,intensified water stress,reducing water availability for the population and local ecosystems.In wet years such as 2008,2011,and 2020,SPEI and EDDI indicated higher moisture levels and drought relief,favoring the recovery of reservoirs.It was also observed that most flash drought episodes evolved into conventional droughts,highlighting their persistence and potential long-term impact.Moreover,the months of May and November presented a higher frequency of flash drought during the wet and dry periods,respectively,negatively impacting most of the studied reservoirs.These findings underscore the need for effective drought monitoring and mitigation strategies to reduce its impacts on agriculture and water resources in the semi-arid area.Early detection and analysis of flash drought are important for improving water resource management and for continuous adaptation to changing drought conditions.展开更多
Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a sub...Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a substrate to prepare a biomimetic surface with different surface roughness and micro-pillars arranged in array morphology.The evaporation dynamics and interfacial heat transfer processes of deionised water droplets on the bioinspired microstructure surface were experimentally studied.The study not only proves the feasibility of preparing hydrophilic biomimetic functional surfaces directly through photoresist materials and photolithography technology but also shows that by adjusting the structural parameters and arrangement of the surface micro-pillar structure,the wettability of the biomimetic surface can be significantly linearly regulated,thereby effectively affecting the heat and mass transfer process at the droplet liquid-vapour interface.Analysis of the results shows that by controlling the biomimetic surface microstructure,the wettability can be enhanced by about 22%at most,the uniformity of the temperature distribution at the liquid-vapour interface can be improved by about 34%,and the average evaporation rate can be increased by about 28%.This study aims to provide some guidance for the research on bionic surface design based on photoresist materials.展开更多
Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)are widely used as hole transport materials in inverted perovskite solar cells,offering low parasitic absorption and suitability for semitransparent and tandem solar cells.While SAMs hav...Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)are widely used as hole transport materials in inverted perovskite solar cells,offering low parasitic absorption and suitability for semitransparent and tandem solar cells.While SAMs have shown to be promising in small-area devices(≤1 cm^(2)),their application in larger areas has been limited by a lack of knowledge regarding alternative deposition methods beyond the common spin-coating approach.Here,we compare spin-coating and upscalable methods such as thermal evaporation and spray-coating for[2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid(2PACz),one of the most common carbazole-based SAMs.The impact of these deposition methods on the device performance is investigated,revealing that the spray-coating technique yields higher device performance.Furthermore,our work provides guidelines for the deposition of SAM materials for the fabrication of perovskite solar modules.In addition,we provide an extensive characterization of 2PACz films focusing on thermal evaporation and spray-coating methods,which allow for thicker 2PACz deposition.It is found that the optimal 2PACz deposition conditions corresponding to the highest device performances do not always correlate with the monolayer characteristics.展开更多
Fiber fabrics have been wildly utilized for solar interracial evaporators to address freshwater scarcity.However,the complex and expensive manufacturing processes remain limited to their scalable development.Herein,a ...Fiber fabrics have been wildly utilized for solar interracial evaporators to address freshwater scarcity.However,the complex and expensive manufacturing processes remain limited to their scalable development.Herein,a fabric-based Janus interracial evaporator is efficiently fabricated on a large scale by integrating an extremely innovative self-designed melt-centrifugal spinning technology with spray coating technology.The prepared fabric-based Janus interfacial evaporator has differential hydrophilicity,uneven surfaces,and channels that allow moisture escape.Benefiting from the excellent photothermai conversion of graphene oxide and the charge transfer actions of titanium dioxide,such a multifunction evaporator can reach a high evaporation rate of 1.72 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)under 1 sun irradiation,a superior antibacterial rate of 99%,excellent photocatalytic degradation,and effective thermoelectric ability simultaneously.Moreover,it also shows fantastic performance in salt resistance,recyclable evaporation,and real desalination,This work demonstrates a high-efficiency,cost-effective,multifunctional,and scalable strategy for high-performance fiber fabrics solar interfacial evaporation.展开更多
A new experimental method is developed to investigate the effect of dissolved substances on the evaporation rate of small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere.The laboratory setup is based on converting a genera...A new experimental method is developed to investigate the effect of dissolved substances on the evaporation rate of small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere.The laboratory setup is based on converting a generated droplet jet of complex structure into a directed flow of evaporating droplets falling in a vertical tube.Images of falling droplets captured by a high-speed camera through a window in the vertical channel wall are used to determine the sizes and velocities of individual droplets.The computational modeling of droplet motion and evaporation proved useful at all stages of the experimental work:from selecting the position of the vertical channel to processing the experimental data.It was found that even a 0.1%mass concentration of the dissolved ionic salt KCl has a considerable effect on decreasing the evaporation rate of the droplets.In contrast,a typical fungicide with a mass concentration of 2.5%has only a slight impact on the evaporation rate.The laboratory results enabled the authors to refine the evaporation model of water droplets to account for the presence of dissolved substances.Modified models of this type are expected to be useful in controling crop spraying and also in other potential applications.展开更多
Hygroscopic hydrogel is a promising evaporativecooling material for high-power passive daytime cooling with water self-regeneration.However,undesired solar and environmental heating makes it a challenge to maintain su...Hygroscopic hydrogel is a promising evaporativecooling material for high-power passive daytime cooling with water self-regeneration.However,undesired solar and environmental heating makes it a challenge to maintain sub-ambient daytime cooling.While different strategies have been developed to mitigate heat gains,they inevitably sacrifice the evaporation and water regeneration due to highly coupled thermal and vapor transport.Here,an anisotropic synergistically performed insulation-radiation-evaporation(ASPIRE)cooler is developed by leveraging a dual-alignment structure both internal and external to the hydrogel for coordinated thermal and water transport.The ASPIRE cooler achieves an impressive average sub-ambient cooling temperature of~8.2℃ and a remarkable peak cooling power of 311 W m^(-2)under direct sunlight.Further examining the cooling mechanism reveals that the ASPIRE cooler reduces the solar and environmental heat gains without comprising the evaporation.Moreover,self-sustained multi-day cooling is possible with water self-regeneration at night under both clear and cloudy days.The synergistic design provides new insights toward high-power,sustainable,and all-weather passive cooling applications.展开更多
The evaporation behaviors are crucial for the flame location estimation in liquid rocketengines.This work,for the first time,experimentally reports the sub-millimeter droplet evaporationcharacteristics of the corrosiv...The evaporation behaviors are crucial for the flame location estimation in liquid rocketengines.This work,for the first time,experimentally reports the sub-millimeter droplet evaporationcharacteristics of the corrosive dinitrogen tetroxide(NTO,one prevailing hypergolic oxidizer)athigh ambient pressure up to 4.5 MPa.An in-house corrosion-resistant droplet generator is usedto generate isolated flying droplets of sub-millimeter size,which are then exposed in a gas environ-ment with temperatures between 1010 K and 1210 K and pressures in the range between 2.0 MPaand 4.5 MPa,provided by an optical rapid compression machine.Parallelly,a theoretical modelconsidering both the droplet ambient convection and the NTO dissociation is developed.Resultsindicate that firstly,the present theoretical model that considers the transient droplet-ambient con-vection as well as the temperature and pressure dependent rate of dissociation shows good agree-ment with the experimentally observed droplet lifetime.In addition,the flying droplets velocityregress gradually due to momentum exchange with the ambient,which is more prominent at higherpressure.The evaporation caused droplet size reduction is consistent with the classical D^(2)-law pre-diction,in the present temperature and pressure range.Finally,higher temperature and pressureaccelerate the evaporation and an empirical correlation for the temperature and pressure dependentevaporation rate constant is proposed,which shows good agreement with experiment and simula-tion results.展开更多
The electrospray thruster supplied by ionic liquid is a promising micro-propulsion thruster with small size and precise thrust, which can emit both cations and anions to achieve self-neutralization. In order to furthe...The electrospray thruster supplied by ionic liquid is a promising micro-propulsion thruster with small size and precise thrust, which can emit both cations and anions to achieve self-neutralization. In order to further investigate the effect of ion solvation energy on the evaporation of cations and anions from ionic liquid under the action of a uniform electric field, this paper establishes a transient Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) model for free ionic liquid droplets undergoing ion evaporation. The dynamic processes of droplet deformation and ion evaporation are simulated. And the study further focuses on the influence of different ion solvation energies for cations on the droplet morphology and the ion evaporation characteristics at the positively charged end and negatively charged end of the droplet. The results indicate that, when the ion solvation energy for cations is higher than that of anions, it will cause the ion evaporation at the positively charged end of the droplet to lag behind the ion evaporation at the negatively charged end. And the higher the ion solvation energy for the cations, the longer the evaporation lag time at the positively charged end of the droplet, which will lead to a higher peak of surface charge density that can be reached, resulting in a larger evaporation current and sharper droplet stretching deformation. Additionally, the peak surface charge density of the positively charged end of the droplet is linearly related to the ion solvation energy for cations, while the peak surface charge density of the negatively charged end remains almost unchanged and is not significantly affected by the ion solvation energy for cations.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2014CB643802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21371012,21321001)
文摘A novel tridentate ligand N-（6-（diphenylphosphoryl）pyridin-2-yl）-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide （DPPOPFA） was designed and synthesized. Crystal structure of the ligand revealed the ＂keto＂ form of ligand in solid state other than the ＂enor＇ one, and it was also found that two kinds of molecules with different conformations were connected by hydrogen bonding between amide N-H and phos- phoryl P=O. This ionic ligand was used to coordinate a variety of lanthanide ions, forming neutral 3：1 complexes. Absolute overall quantum yields of these complexes in solid states were 36% for Eu（III）, 29% for Tb（III） and 3% for Dy（III） with lifetimes of 1.1, 1.1 and 0.087 ms, respectively. The complexes had excellent thermal stability and did not decompose till 370 ℃. And they could subli- mate in vacuum （1 ×10^-4 Pa） at 330℃ due to the weak molecular interaction.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51602018 and 51902018)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.2154052)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2014M560044)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-MP-20-22)USTB Research Center for International People-to-people Exchange in Science,Technology and Civilization(No.2022KFYB007)Education and Teaching Reform Foundation at University of Science and Technology Beijing(Nos.2023JGC027,KC2022QYW06,and KC2022TS09)。
文摘S and Co co-doped carbon catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of MOF-71 and thiourea mixtures at 800℃at a mass ratio of MOF-71 to thiourea of 1:0.1 to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for methylene blue(MB)degradation.The effects of two different mixing routes were identified on the MB degradation performance.Particularly,the catalyst obtained by the alcohol solvent evaporation(MOF-AEP)mixing route could degrade 95.60%MB(50 mg/L)within 4 min(degradation rate:K=0.78 min^(-1)),which was faster than that derived from the direct grinding method(MOF-DGP,80.97%,K=0.39 min^(-1)).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Co-S content of MOF-AEP(43.39at%)was less than that of MOF-DGP(54.73at%),and the proportion of C-S-C in MOF-AEP(13.56at%)was higher than that of MOF-DGP(10.67at%).Density functional theory calculations revealed that the adsorption energy of Co for PMS was -2.94 eV when sulfur was doped as C-S-C on the carbon skeleton,which was higher than that when sulfur was doped next to cobalt in the form of Co-S bond(-2.86 eV).Thus,the C-S-C sites might provide more contributions to activate PMS compared with Co-S.Furthermore,the degradation parameters,including pH and MOF-AEP dosage,were investigated.Finally,radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)measurements revealed that ^(1)O_(2)might be the primary catalytic species,whereas·O~(2-)might be the secondary one in degrading MB.
文摘Using the new soft X-ray data from the Macao Science Satellite-1,we studied a solar flare that occurred on 22 June 2023.We found that the centroids of the Ca(around 3.9 keV)and Fe(around 6.7 keV)line features exhibit a rapid shift toward higher energy channels during the flare's rising phase,followed by a gradual decrease during the decay phase.Through precise energy calibration,the centroids are determined with high accuracy.Temperature and velocity are then self-consistently derived by comparing the centroids with those calculated from the synthesized line features using the latest CHIANTI atomic database(ver.10.1).The calculated maximum velocity reaches up to 710±60 km s-1,which significantly exceeds the previously reported values.Our results suggest that the entire shift of soft X-ray lines may occur during the process of chromospheric evaporation.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LR23C160001)Scientific Research Startup Foundation of Zhejiang Ocean University(No.11034150220006).
文摘The utilization of solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is highly important in addressing the energy crisis and water scarcity,primarily because of its affordability and minimal energy usage.Enhancing the performance of solar energy evaporation and minimizing material degradation during application can be achieved through the design of novel photothermal materials.In solar interfacial evaporation,photothermal materials exhibit a wide range of additional characteristics,but a systematic overview is lacking.This paper encompasses an examination of various categories and principles pertaining to photothermal materials,as well as the structural design considerations for salt-resistant materials.Additionally,we discuss the versatile uses of this appealing technology in different sectors related to energy and the environment.Furthermore,potential solutions to enhance the durability of photothermal materials are also highlighted,such as the rational design of micro/nano-structures,the use of adhesives,the addition of anti-corrosion coatings,and the preparation of self-healing surfaces.The objective of this review is to offer a viable resolution for the logical creation of high-performance photothermal substances,presenting a guide for the forthcoming advancement of solar evaporation technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42072211)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42401048)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition and Research Program(No.2021xjkk0302)。
文摘The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average annual precipitation of less than 100 mm and evaporation rates ranging from 2000 to 3000 mm(Yang et al.,2020),it is recognized as one of the driest regions on Earth,often referred to as the“sea of death”.
基金financially supported by the“Qing-Lan”Project of Jiangsu ProvinceTop-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(TAPP)the start-up fund from Yangzhou University。
文摘Enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency through innovative technologies is paramount in addressing global environmental challenges.This study explores utilizing stereoscopic hydrogel evaporators combined with renewable energy sources to optimize wastewater treatment processes.A cross-linked super absorbent polymer(SAP)hydrogel was synthesized using acrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomers and integrated with a light-absorbing carbon membrane to form a solar-assisted evaporator(MSAP).The MSAP achieved a high evaporation rate of 3.08 kg m^(-2)·h^(-1)and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 94.27%.It demonstrated excellent removal efficiency for dye-polluted wastewater,significantly reducing concentrations of pollutants.The MSAP maintained high performance in outdoor conditions,showcasing its potential for real-world applications.This approach,incorporating both solar and wind energy,significantly boosts water evaporation rates and presents a promising,eco-friendly solution for sustainable wastewater treatment within the circular development framework.
基金Supported by Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (S202310599069)Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medicine Research in the Youjiang River Basin for Colleges and Universities in Guangxi (yykf2024-02).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the effects of various extract fractions of Hemsleya sphaerocarpa and their mechanisms of action on hepatotoxicity in normal experimental mice and to provide a scientific foundation for the clinical application of H.sphaerocarpa.[Methods]The extracts were separated by vacuum rotary evaporation into aqueous,n-butanol,petroleum ether,and ethyl acetate fractions.The resulting extracts from various fractions were subsequently formulated into 10%drug solutions using a normal saline solution.These solutions were administered intragastrically to mice at a dosage of 0.1 mL/10 g once daily.After 14 d of intragastric administration,various indices were assessed,and serum samples were collected from the ocular region of the mice for analysis.[Results]15 g of the aqueous fraction,20 g of the n-butanol fraction,30 g of the petroleum ether fraction,and 20 g of the ethyl acetate fraction were obtained through the vacuum rotary evaporation method.After 14 d of intragastric administration,the serum biochemical indices of the mice were assessed.It was observed that alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels significantly increased in the mice of experimental group.This finding suggests that the ethyl acetate,petroleum ether,and n-butanol extracts of H.sphaerocarpa may contribute to liver injury in the subjects.After 14 d of drug withdrawal,the ALT level in the ethyl acetate group exhibited a significant decrease,but remained elevated compared to those in the normal saline group.In contrast,the ALT levels in the n-butanol and petroleum ether groups also demonstrated a significant reduction and were marginally lower than those observed in the normal saline group.Furthermore,the body weights of the mice in both the petroleum ether and n-butanol groups did not show any significant changes throughout the duration of drug administration.[Conclusions]The liver injury in mice induced by the ethyl acetate extract of H.sphaerocarpa is characterized as the most severe and challenging to self-heal.
文摘This review examines the processes of laser heating,melting,evaporation,fragmentation,and breakdown of metal nanoparticles,as well as the dependences and values of the threshold laser parameters that initiate these processes.Literature results are analyzed from experimental studies of these processes with gold,silver,and other nanoparticles,including laser surface melting and evaporation of nanoparticles and Coulomb fragmentation of nanoparticles by ultrashort laser pulses.A theoretical model and description of the thermal mechanisms of mentioned processes with metal(solid)nanoparticles in a liquid(solid)medium,initiated by the action of laser pulses with the threshold fluences,are presented.Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data confirms the accuracy of the model and makes it possible to use them to evaluate the parameters of laser thermal processing of nanoparticles.Applications of the processes include the laser melting,reshaping,and fragmentation of nanoparticles,the formation of nanostructures and nanonetworks,the laser processing of nanoparticles located on substrates,and their cladding on surfaces in various laser nanotechnologies.The use of laser ignition,combustion,and incandescence of nanoparticles is discussed,as is the use of nanoparticle-triggered laser breakdown for spectroscopy.These laser processes are used in photothermal nanotechnologies,nanoenergy,laser processing of nanoparticles,nonlinear optical devices,high-temperature material science,etc.In general,this review presents a modern picture of the state of laser technology and high-temperature processes with nanoparticles and their applications,being focused on the latest publications with an emphasis on recent results from 2021-2024.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51769013,52168052)。
文摘Intense evaporation in areas with loess-like sulfate saline soils has resulted in significant ecological challenges that include water shortages and soil salinization.Investigating evaporation rate in loess-like sulfate saline soils under varying salt contents carries crucial implications for understanding regional water loss processes,predicting soil salinization advancement,and formulating effective ecological management strategies.Therefore,this study sampled the loess-like sulfate saline soil that is widely distributed in western China as experimental materials and investigated the impact of different initial salt contents(0.00%,0.50%,1.50%,3.00%,and 5.00%)on the evaporation rate,water content,and temperature of soil.The results showed that the evaporation rate decreased with increasing initial salt content.After a salt accumulation layer formed on the soil surface,the water content of the surface soil fluctuated.An increase in the initial salt content resulted in a corresponding increase in the surface temperature.Considering the evaporation characteristics of loess-like sulfate saline soil and the impact of an anomalous increase in surface soil water content on soil surface resistance,this study proposed a modified evaporation model on the basis of Fujimaki's evaporation model of saline soil by introducing a correction coefficientβto modify the soil surface resistance.A comparison of the calculated evaporation rates before and after the modification with the measured evaporation rates revealed a significant improvement in the calculation accuracy of the modified model,indicating that the modified model is capable of more accurately simulating the evaporation rate of sulfate saline soil with different initial salt contents.This paper proposes an effective method for calculating the evaporation rate of loess-like sulfate saline soils,providing a theoretical basis for evaporation research in saline soil.
基金the funding support of National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978204)。
文摘Porous liquid-conducting micro-heat exchangers have garnered considerable attention for their role in efficient heat dissipation in small electronic devices.This demand highlights the need for advanced mathematical models to optimize the selection of mixed heat exchange media and equipment design.A capillary bundle evaporation model for porous liquid-conducting media was developed based on the conjugate mass transfer evaporation rate prediction model of a single capillary tube,supplemented by mercury injection experimental data.Theoretical and experimental comparisons were conducted using 1,2-propanediol-glycerol(PG-VG)mixtures at molar ratios of 1:9,3:7,5:5,and 7:3 at 120,150,and 180℃.The Jouyban-Acree model was implemented to enhance the evaporation rate predictions.For the 7:3 PG-VG mixture at 180℃under the experimental conditions of the thermal medium,the model's error reduced from 16.75%to 10.84%post-correction.Overall,the mean relative error decreased from 11.76%to 5.98%after correction.
文摘The evaporation ofmicrometer and millimeter liquid drops,involving a liquid-to-vapor phase transition accompanied by mass and energy transfer through the liquid-vapor interface,is encountered in many natural and industrial processes as well as in numerous engineering applications.Therefore,understanding and predicting the dynamics of evaporating flows have become of primary importance.Recent efforts have been addressed using the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH),which has proven to be very efficient in correctly handling the intrinsic complexity introduced by the multiscale nature of the evaporation process.This paper aims to provide an overview of published work on SPH-based simulations related to the evaporation of drops suspended in static and convective environments and impacting on heated solid surfaces.After a brief theoretical account of the main ingredients necessary for the modeling of drop evaporation,the fundamental aspects of SPH are revisited along with the various existing formulations that have been implemented to address the challenges imposed by the physics of evaporating flows.In the following sections,the paper summarizes the results of SPH-based simulations of drop evaporation and ends with a few comments on the limitations of the current state-of-the-art SPHsimulations and future lines of research.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52075309)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities(21JP021)。
文摘Hydrogel has developed into a very important platform in solar interface evaporator.However,the current hydrogel evaporators are usually three-dimensional evaporators,which will consume a lot of raw materials.Thus,a new two-dimensional hydrogel evaporator is urgently needed to alleviate this problem.Here,a double layer hydrogel evaporator was designed by twice vacuum filtration.Furthermore,through the arched design and the introduction of concentrated brine drainage system,the hydrogel evaporator has enhanced water transportation and tailored water transportation path.Such a unique drainage evaporation system greatly improves the stability of the evaporator.Thereby,a good balance is established between photothermal conversion and water supply,and solar energy is utilized efficiently.It can remain stable in continuous evaporation for up to 12 h with an excellent evaporation rate of 2.70 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)under 1 sun irradiation.Meanwhile,the drainage system realized the 1.8×10^(-10)mol m^(-2)s^(-1)diffusion flux of concentrated brine.Through one-time freeze-drying preparation,an arch-shaped drainage evaporator was used to prepare an evaporation area of more than 20 cm^(2).With the self-made condensate collecting device in outdoor environment,the fresh water yield reaches 7.5 L m^(-2)d^(-1).This provides a new scheme for building a new hydrogel evaporator and solving the fresh water crisis.
基金CearáFoundation for Scientific and Technological Development Support(FUNCAP)the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES)for all the help and support to carry out this research。
文摘Precipitation is scarce in semi-arid areas,which results in serious drought.Occurrence of flash drought is quite often in these areas,and flash drought may also cause significant disasters.However,monitoring flash drought is still weak and remains a challenge.This study aims to identify,evaluate,and monitor flash drought events that occurred from 1961 to 2020 in reservoirs of the CearáState,Brazil.The Christian's method,standardized precipitation index(SPI),standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI),and evaporative demand drought index(EDDI)were used to assess the severity and persistence of flash drought.Moreover,analyses conducted in 2001,2008,2011,2012,2016,and 2020revealed the complexity and interaction of flash drought with environmental and meteorological factors.The results indicated that in dry years such as 2001,2012,and 2016,drought indices pointed to the intensification of drought conditions,with impacts on major reservoirs in the area,such as Banabuiú,Castanh?o,and Orós.Low precipitation,associated with high evaporative demand,intensified water stress,reducing water availability for the population and local ecosystems.In wet years such as 2008,2011,and 2020,SPEI and EDDI indicated higher moisture levels and drought relief,favoring the recovery of reservoirs.It was also observed that most flash drought episodes evolved into conventional droughts,highlighting their persistence and potential long-term impact.Moreover,the months of May and November presented a higher frequency of flash drought during the wet and dry periods,respectively,negatively impacting most of the studied reservoirs.These findings underscore the need for effective drought monitoring and mitigation strategies to reduce its impacts on agriculture and water resources in the semi-arid area.Early detection and analysis of flash drought are important for improving water resource management and for continuous adaptation to changing drought conditions.
基金supported by H2020-MSCA-RISE-778104–ThermaSMART,Royal Society(IEC\NSFC\211210)doctoral degree scholarship of China Scholarship Council(CSC).
文摘Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a substrate to prepare a biomimetic surface with different surface roughness and micro-pillars arranged in array morphology.The evaporation dynamics and interfacial heat transfer processes of deionised water droplets on the bioinspired microstructure surface were experimentally studied.The study not only proves the feasibility of preparing hydrophilic biomimetic functional surfaces directly through photoresist materials and photolithography technology but also shows that by adjusting the structural parameters and arrangement of the surface micro-pillar structure,the wettability of the biomimetic surface can be significantly linearly regulated,thereby effectively affecting the heat and mass transfer process at the droplet liquid-vapour interface.Analysis of the results shows that by controlling the biomimetic surface microstructure,the wettability can be enhanced by about 22%at most,the uniformity of the temperature distribution at the liquid-vapour interface can be improved by about 34%,and the average evaporation rate can be increased by about 28%.This study aims to provide some guidance for the research on bionic surface design based on photoresist materials.
基金supported by funding from the Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University,the OIST R&D Cluster Research Program,the OIST Proof of Concept(POC)Program,the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21F21754 and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation。
文摘Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)are widely used as hole transport materials in inverted perovskite solar cells,offering low parasitic absorption and suitability for semitransparent and tandem solar cells.While SAMs have shown to be promising in small-area devices(≤1 cm^(2)),their application in larger areas has been limited by a lack of knowledge regarding alternative deposition methods beyond the common spin-coating approach.Here,we compare spin-coating and upscalable methods such as thermal evaporation and spray-coating for[2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid(2PACz),one of the most common carbazole-based SAMs.The impact of these deposition methods on the device performance is investigated,revealing that the spray-coating technique yields higher device performance.Furthermore,our work provides guidelines for the deposition of SAM materials for the fabrication of perovskite solar modules.In addition,we provide an extensive characterization of 2PACz films focusing on thermal evaporation and spray-coating methods,which allow for thicker 2PACz deposition.It is found that the optimal 2PACz deposition conditions corresponding to the highest device performances do not always correlate with the monolayer characteristics.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3901902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52203037,52103031,and 52073107)。
文摘Fiber fabrics have been wildly utilized for solar interracial evaporators to address freshwater scarcity.However,the complex and expensive manufacturing processes remain limited to their scalable development.Herein,a fabric-based Janus interracial evaporator is efficiently fabricated on a large scale by integrating an extremely innovative self-designed melt-centrifugal spinning technology with spray coating technology.The prepared fabric-based Janus interfacial evaporator has differential hydrophilicity,uneven surfaces,and channels that allow moisture escape.Benefiting from the excellent photothermai conversion of graphene oxide and the charge transfer actions of titanium dioxide,such a multifunction evaporator can reach a high evaporation rate of 1.72 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)under 1 sun irradiation,a superior antibacterial rate of 99%,excellent photocatalytic degradation,and effective thermoelectric ability simultaneously.Moreover,it also shows fantastic performance in salt resistance,recyclable evaporation,and real desalination,This work demonstrates a high-efficiency,cost-effective,multifunctional,and scalable strategy for high-performance fiber fabrics solar interfacial evaporation.
基金financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation(project No.24-29-00303:https://rscf.ru/project/24-29-00303/,accessed on 01 July 2025).
文摘A new experimental method is developed to investigate the effect of dissolved substances on the evaporation rate of small water droplets suspended in the atmosphere.The laboratory setup is based on converting a generated droplet jet of complex structure into a directed flow of evaporating droplets falling in a vertical tube.Images of falling droplets captured by a high-speed camera through a window in the vertical channel wall are used to determine the sizes and velocities of individual droplets.The computational modeling of droplet motion and evaporation proved useful at all stages of the experimental work:from selecting the position of the vertical channel to processing the experimental data.It was found that even a 0.1%mass concentration of the dissolved ionic salt KCl has a considerable effect on decreasing the evaporation rate of the droplets.In contrast,a typical fungicide with a mass concentration of 2.5%has only a slight impact on the evaporation rate.The laboratory results enabled the authors to refine the evaporation model of water droplets to account for the presence of dissolved substances.Modified models of this type are expected to be useful in controling crop spraying and also in other potential applications.
基金financially supported by the Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52303106)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR(16200720)+3 种基金Environment and Conservation Fund of Hong Kong SAR(Project No.21/2022)Research Institute of Sports Science and Technology(Project No.P0043535)Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing(Project No.P0046125)the start-up fund for new recruits of Poly U(Project No.P0038855 and P0038858)。
文摘Hygroscopic hydrogel is a promising evaporativecooling material for high-power passive daytime cooling with water self-regeneration.However,undesired solar and environmental heating makes it a challenge to maintain sub-ambient daytime cooling.While different strategies have been developed to mitigate heat gains,they inevitably sacrifice the evaporation and water regeneration due to highly coupled thermal and vapor transport.Here,an anisotropic synergistically performed insulation-radiation-evaporation(ASPIRE)cooler is developed by leveraging a dual-alignment structure both internal and external to the hydrogel for coordinated thermal and water transport.The ASPIRE cooler achieves an impressive average sub-ambient cooling temperature of~8.2℃ and a remarkable peak cooling power of 311 W m^(-2)under direct sunlight.Further examining the cooling mechanism reveals that the ASPIRE cooler reduces the solar and environmental heat gains without comprising the evaporation.Moreover,self-sustained multi-day cooling is possible with water self-regeneration at night under both clear and cloudy days.The synergistic design provides new insights toward high-power,sustainable,and all-weather passive cooling applications.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52236001)The support from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong,China(No.CityU 15218820)was also appreciated。
文摘The evaporation behaviors are crucial for the flame location estimation in liquid rocketengines.This work,for the first time,experimentally reports the sub-millimeter droplet evaporationcharacteristics of the corrosive dinitrogen tetroxide(NTO,one prevailing hypergolic oxidizer)athigh ambient pressure up to 4.5 MPa.An in-house corrosion-resistant droplet generator is usedto generate isolated flying droplets of sub-millimeter size,which are then exposed in a gas environ-ment with temperatures between 1010 K and 1210 K and pressures in the range between 2.0 MPaand 4.5 MPa,provided by an optical rapid compression machine.Parallelly,a theoretical modelconsidering both the droplet ambient convection and the NTO dissociation is developed.Resultsindicate that firstly,the present theoretical model that considers the transient droplet-ambient con-vection as well as the temperature and pressure dependent rate of dissociation shows good agree-ment with the experimentally observed droplet lifetime.In addition,the flying droplets velocityregress gradually due to momentum exchange with the ambient,which is more prominent at higherpressure.The evaporation caused droplet size reduction is consistent with the classical D^(2)-law pre-diction,in the present temperature and pressure range.Finally,higher temperature and pressureaccelerate the evaporation and an empirical correlation for the temperature and pressure dependentevaporation rate constant is proposed,which shows good agreement with experiment and simula-tion results.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC2201100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175032,12102082,12275044,12402327,12405290 and 12211530449)+4 种基金the Joint Program of the Science and Technology Program of Liaoning,China(No.2023JH2/101700285)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.DUT22RC(3)078,DUT23RC(3)040 and DUT24ZD106)the S&T Program of Hebei,China(No.246Z2301G)the S&T Innovation Program of Hebei,China(Nos.SJMYF2022X18 and SJMYF2022X06)the Beijing Engineering Research Center of Efficient and Green Aerospace Propulsion Technology and Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory of BICE,China(No.LabASP-2023-07).
文摘The electrospray thruster supplied by ionic liquid is a promising micro-propulsion thruster with small size and precise thrust, which can emit both cations and anions to achieve self-neutralization. In order to further investigate the effect of ion solvation energy on the evaporation of cations and anions from ionic liquid under the action of a uniform electric field, this paper establishes a transient Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) model for free ionic liquid droplets undergoing ion evaporation. The dynamic processes of droplet deformation and ion evaporation are simulated. And the study further focuses on the influence of different ion solvation energies for cations on the droplet morphology and the ion evaporation characteristics at the positively charged end and negatively charged end of the droplet. The results indicate that, when the ion solvation energy for cations is higher than that of anions, it will cause the ion evaporation at the positively charged end of the droplet to lag behind the ion evaporation at the negatively charged end. And the higher the ion solvation energy for the cations, the longer the evaporation lag time at the positively charged end of the droplet, which will lead to a higher peak of surface charge density that can be reached, resulting in a larger evaporation current and sharper droplet stretching deformation. Additionally, the peak surface charge density of the positively charged end of the droplet is linearly related to the ion solvation energy for cations, while the peak surface charge density of the negatively charged end remains almost unchanged and is not significantly affected by the ion solvation energy for cations.
