Once a train stops in a tunnel section and requires emergency evacuation,the large distance between stations and long walking distances in the underground spaces of suburban railway systems pose potential risks to the...Once a train stops in a tunnel section and requires emergency evacuation,the large distance between stations and long walking distances in the underground spaces of suburban railway systems pose potential risks to the evacuation process on tunnel platforms,especially in complex environments.This study utilized Virtual Reality(VR)technology to construct a virtual experimental platform for tunnel evacuation in suburban railway systems,simulating different combinations of smoke and obstacle conditions.By requiring participants to wear VR glasses and walk on an omnidirectional treadmill for moving,as well as complete psychological questionnaires,the study reveals the influences of No Guiding(NG)signs,Wall-Guided(WG)signs,and Central axis Guidance(CG)signs on the movement abilities and psychological behaviors of participants contrastively.The results show that either smoke conditions or obstacle positions affect the mental stress of participants,and the guidance sign has a positive effect on reducing the mental stress.There is an inverse relationship between mental stress and movement abilities.WG and CG signs respectively lead participants to walk closer to walls and along the central axis,which is conducive to reducing the variation in participants’behavior characteristics when circumventing obstacles on the wall side or track side under smoke conditions,respectively.Additionally,CG signs reduce the speed fluctuations of participants before circumventing obstacles,improving the stability of the distance from the wall and speed under smoke conditions,compared to NG and WG signs.These findings contribute to understanding the evacuation psychological-behavioral-movement characteristics of pedestrians on evacuation platforms in suburban railway tunnels and provide a basis for improving the safety design of evacuation guidance signs.展开更多
To explore the influence of emergency evacuation signs on passenger behavior during subway fires and improve evacuation efficiency in emergencies,this paper proposes a dynamic emergency evacuation sign system.A simula...To explore the influence of emergency evacuation signs on passenger behavior during subway fires and improve evacuation efficiency in emergencies,this paper proposes a dynamic emergency evacuation sign system.A simulation platform integrating building information modeling(BIM)and virtual reality(VR)technologies was em-ployed to create subway fire evacuation scenarios using both the current and proposed dynamic emergency evacuation signage systems.Through simulation experiments,fine-grained microscopic data on passenger behavior was collected.Seven indicators were selected to assess evacuation efficiency and wayfinding difficulty.The analysis explored the influence of evacuation signs on passenger behavior in both overall and decision-making areas,thereby validating the effectiveness of the new emergency evacuation signage system.The results show that the dynamic evacuation signage system significantly improves overall passenger evacuation efficiency and reduces decision-making errors.It also improves wayfinding efficiency in critical decision areas by reducing the need for direction identification,minimizing stopping times,and lowering the frequency of decision errors.The method for evaluating the effects of emergency evacuation signs on passenger evacuation behavior proposed in this study provides a robust theoretical basis for the design and optimization of emergency-oriented signs.展开更多
A new hang-off system has been proposed to improve the security of risers in hang-off modes during typhoons.However,efficient anti-typhoon evacuation strategies have not been investigated.Optimiza-tion model and metho...A new hang-off system has been proposed to improve the security of risers in hang-off modes during typhoons.However,efficient anti-typhoon evacuation strategies have not been investigated.Optimiza-tion model and method for the anti-typhoon evacuation strategies should be researched.Therefore,multi-objective functions are proposed based on operation time,evacuation speed stability,and steering stability.An evacuation path model and a dynamic model of risers with the new hang-off system are developed for design variables and constraints.A multi-objective optimization model with high-dimensional variables and complex constraints is established.Finally,a three-stage optimization method based on genetic algorithm,least square method,and the penalty function method is proposed to solve the multi-objective optimization model.Optimization results show that the operation time can be reduced through operation parameter optimization,especially evacuation heading optimization.The optimal anti-typhoon strategy is evacuation with all risers suspended along a variable path when the direction angle is large,while evacuation with all risers suspended along a straight path at another di-rection angle.Besides,the influencing factors on anti-typhoon evacuation strategies indicate that the proposed optimization model and method have strong applicability to working conditions and remarkable optimization effects.展开更多
The evacuation of people under threat is an effective disaster prevention and mitigation measure in response to flash floods and geological hazards,and it is also an essential element of pre-disaster planning.However,...The evacuation of people under threat is an effective disaster prevention and mitigation measure in response to flash floods and geological hazards,and it is also an essential element of pre-disaster planning.However,the effect of the interactions between perception factors on residents'willingness to evacuate is an urgent problem to be solved.Therefore,this paper introduces risk,stakeholder,and protective action perceptions from the protective action decision model as the main explanatory variables.These three core perceptions are subdivided into affective risk perception,cognitive risk perception,government perception,other-stakeholder perception,resourcerelated attributes,and hazard-related attributes.A questionnaire survey was conducted from June to July 2023 among residents of mountainous communities in nine villages in three towns in Sichuan Province,China.359 cross-sectional data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to explore the effects of six perception factors on evacuation intentions.The results of the study showed that:(1)affective risk perception,government perception,other-stakeholder perception,and hazard-related attributes all directly and positively influence residents'intentions to evacuate;(2)cognitive risk perception is mediated by stakeholder and protective action perceptions,which indirectly and positively affect residents'intentions to evacuate.Based on the hypothesized paths,strategies to improve residents'willingness to evacuate are discussed from the perspective of three core perceptions:strengthening disaster risk education,improving residents'cohesion,and building government credibility.The results of this study can provide theoretical support and practical suggestions for emergency management departments to formulate emergency evacuation strategies,which can aid decision-makers in better understanding residents'intentions to evacuate,optimizing evacuation information dissemination pathways,and strengthening disaster risk management capabilities.展开更多
Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger wit...Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger with the random evacuation pattern than with the queued evacuation pattern. Therefore, the exit width calculated based on the minimum evacuation clear width for every 100 persons, which is on the assumption that the pedestrians pass through the exit in one queue or several queues, is conservative. The number of people crossing the exit simultaneously is greater in the random evacuation experiments than in the queued evacuation experiments, and the time interval between the front row and rear row of people is shortened in large-exit conditions when pedestrians evacuate randomly. The difference between the flow rate with a queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with a random evacuation pattern is related to the surplus width of the exit, which is greater than the total width of all accommodated people streams. Two dimensionless quantities are defined to explore this relationship. It is found that the difference in flow rate between the two evacuation patterns is stable at a low level when the surplus width of the exit is no more than 45% of the width of a single pedestrian stream. There is a great difference between the flow rate with the queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with the random evacuation pattern in a scenario with a larger surplus width of the exit. Meanwhile, the pedestrians crowd extraordinarily at the exit in these conditions as well, since the number of pedestrians who want to evacuate through exit simultaneously greatly exceeds the accommodated level. Therefore, the surplus width of exit should be limited especially in the narrow exit condition, and the relationship between the two dimensionless quantities mentioned above could provide the basis to some extent.展开更多
Reducing casualties and property losses through effective evacuation route planning has been a key focus for researchers in recent years.As part of this effort,an enhanced sparrow search algorithm(MSSA)was proposed.Fi...Reducing casualties and property losses through effective evacuation route planning has been a key focus for researchers in recent years.As part of this effort,an enhanced sparrow search algorithm(MSSA)was proposed.Firstly,the Golden Sine algorithm and a nonlinear weight factor optimization strategy were added in the discoverer position update stage of the SSA algorithm.Secondly,the Cauchy-Gaussian perturbation was applied to the optimal position of the SSA algorithm to improve its ability to jump out of local optima.Finally,the local search mechanism based on the mountain climbing method was incorporated into the local search stage of the SSA algorithm,improving its local search ability.To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,the Whale Algorithm,Gray Wolf Algorithm,Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm,Sparrow Search Algorithm,and MSSA Algorithm were employed to solve various test functions.The accuracy and convergence speed of each algorithm were then compared and analyzed.The results indicate that the MSSA algorithm has superior solving ability and stability compared to other algorithms.To further validate the enhanced algorithm’s capabilities for path planning,evacuation experiments were conducted using different maps featuring various obstacle types.Additionally,a multi-exit evacuation scenario was constructed according to the actual building environment of a teaching building.Both the sparrow search algorithm and MSSA algorithm were employed in the simulation experiment for multiexit evacuation path planning.The findings demonstrate that the MSSA algorithm outperforms the comparison algorithm,showcasing its greater advantages and higher application potential.展开更多
Accurate assessment of crowd evacuation inside the post-earthquake environment is critical from many perspectives,but this issue receives much less attention compared to the seismic losses of structural and non-struct...Accurate assessment of crowd evacuation inside the post-earthquake environment is critical from many perspectives,but this issue receives much less attention compared to the seismic losses of structural and non-structural components.This could be attributed to the fact that post-earthquake evacuation analysis is complex due to the interaction between human behavior and the actual built environment induced by different building contents.This study attempts to tackle this problem by investigating the impacts of different building contents on post-earthquake evacuation time by using an agent-based model that considers turning behavior.To this end,the agent-based model is first described,including:properties of the agent-based model with turning behavior,key aspects in its formulation considering different evacuation stages,and influence of different building contents(namely,debris from partition walls and ceiling systems,and various types of equipment)on the agent’s behavior.Subsequently,a school building is used as a benchmark problem to validate the model without earthquake,and the findings indicate that the agent-based model can match the real safety drill results reasonably well.After the validation,the school building is subsequently designed in accordance with modern seismic design codes,and the influence of debris and equipment on post-earthquake evacuation time is quantitatively studied using a suite of pulse-type ground motions as input.Based on this case study,recommendations are made for structural and architectural designers in an effort to reduce the potential evacuation time.Specifically,debris induced by partition walls or ceiling systems should be controlled as it has the greatest impact on the total evacuation time.展开更多
In recent years,attacks against crowded places such as campuses and theaters have had a frequent and negative impact on the security and stability of society.In such an event,the crowd will be subjected to high psycho...In recent years,attacks against crowded places such as campuses and theaters have had a frequent and negative impact on the security and stability of society.In such an event,the crowd will be subjected to high psychological stress and their emotions will rapidly spread to others.This paper establishes the attack-escape evacuation simulation model(AEES-SFM),based on the social force model,to consider emotion spreading under attack.In this model,(1)the attack-escape driving force is considered for the interaction between an attacker and evacuees and(2)emotion spreading among the evacuees is considered to modify the value of the psychological force.To validate the simulation,several experiments were carried out at a university in China.Comparing the simulation and experimental results,it is found that the simulation results are similar to the experimental results when considering emotion spreading.Therefore,the AEES-SFM is proved to be effective.By comparing the results of the evacuation simulation without emotion spreading,the emotion spreading model reduces the evacuation time and the number of casualties by about 30%,which is closer to the real experimental results.The results are still applicable in the case of a 40-person evacuation.This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for campus response to violent attacks.展开更多
Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoret...Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoreticalmodels aim to study and analyze the strategic behaviors of individuals within a crowd and their interactionsduring the evacuation. Game theoretical models have some limitations in the context of crowd evacuation. Thesemodels consider a group of individuals as homogeneous objects with the same goals, involve complex mathematicalformulation, and cannot model real-world scenarios such as panic, environmental information, crowds that movedynamically, etc. The proposed work presents a game theoretic model integrating an agent-based model to removethe obstacles from exits. The proposed model considered the parameters named: (1) obstacle size, length, andwidth, (2) removal time, (3) evacuation time, (4) crowd density, (5) obstacle identification, and (6) route selection.The proposed work conducts various experiments considering different conditions, such as obstacle types, obstacleremoval, and several obstacles. Evaluation results show the proposed model’s effectiveness compared with existingliterature in reducing the overall evacuation time, cell selection, and obstacle removal. The study is potentially usefulfor public safety situations such as emergency evacuations during disasters and calamities.展开更多
With the development of economy and society and the growth of population,the high-rise and multi-function of commercial buildings have become an international trend.But it also poses huge fire hazards.Most of the exis...With the development of economy and society and the growth of population,the high-rise and multi-function of commercial buildings have become an international trend.But it also poses huge fire hazards.Most of the existing studies’research objects are predominantly high-rise residential buildings,without considering the impact of different functional zones(Standard floor,entertainment zone,office zone,equipment room and so on)and personnel distribution of commercial buildings evacuation.And the influence of using elevators to carry evacuees on the refuge floor on personnel evacuation is rarely studied.In this work,the fire scenario of the Yangtze River InternationalConferenceCenter,a high-rise commercial building,is simulated with the Pyrosim programto get the necessary parameters under various fire scenarios and to calculate the available evacuation time TASET.At the same time,according to the complex functional zone of the commercial high-rise building and the distribution of people in different time periods,a reasonable evacuation strategy is developed and simulated by Pathfinder software.The results indicate that unorganized evacuation will lead individuals to take the erroneous evacuation route,resulting in a vast region of congestion;comprehensive consideration of the time staggering and the reasonable distribution of evacuation routes can significantly improve evacuation efficiency,and the TRSET of night and working hours is 36.6%–55.3%and 49.9%–79.6%of unorganized evacuation,respectively.For the night fire,60%of the people use elevator-refuge floor to evacuate is the optimal strategy;for the fire during working hours,half of the people on standard floors use the elevator to evacuate and people on multifunctional floors evacuate in four batches is the best plan.The results of this study can provide viable solutions and a foundation for analyzing the fire evacuation and safety of big commercial high-rise buildings.展开更多
With the rapid development of marine oil and gas exploitation,the evacuation of offshore platforms has received more attention.First,an experimental investigation of the evacuation process of 120 participants in a rea...With the rapid development of marine oil and gas exploitation,the evacuation of offshore platforms has received more attention.First,an experimental investigation of the evacuation process of 120 participants in a real offshore platform is performed,and then simulation results provided by Pathfinder are validated against the measurement results.Second,four typical evacuation scenarios on the platform referring to IMO guidelines are investigated by Pathfinder with the speed values achieved in experiments.The simulation results show that both the utilization of exits and evacuation efficiency of people on the offshore platform need to be further improved.Last,the evacuation routes of people under the four scenarios are optimized,and the improvement of the evacuation performance after the optimization is evaluated by several mathematical indicators.Final results show that the evacuation with the optimized route design prompts the use efficiency of exits and further reduces the evacuation time.The present study provides a useful advice for potentially revising the IMO guidelines in future and provides efficient evacuation strategies for planning the emergency evacuation on offshore platforms.展开更多
Earthquake is a disastrous natural hazard that threatens numerous cities worldwide.The interval between the foreshock and the main event can sometimes last several minutes.Meanwhile,crowd emergency evacuation and find...Earthquake is a disastrous natural hazard that threatens numerous cities worldwide.The interval between the foreshock and the main event can sometimes last several minutes.Meanwhile,crowd emergency evacuation and finding shelter are vital for search and rescue managers.At the same time,many unpredicted challenges,such as the sudden increase in travel demand,shifts in public behavior,and the change in the regular transport supply,may arise due to evacuation conditions,which lead to different situations.This paper aims to introduce an approach for quick decision-making and timely evacuation response required by establishing a situation-aware system to minimize these risks and ensure the success of the evacuation plans,to support and predict current and future actions within the dynamic space of the crisis.The main contribution is innovating a Situation-Aware Emergency Evacuation(SAEE)model to enable crisis managers and evacuees to make the right decisions by providing timely and reliable information about the situation.This method is utilized in two situations:designing the emergency evacuation plan and finding the shortest/safest routes to reduce travel time for evacuees.Therefore,a hybrid approach is introduced,which involves a Fuzzy Inference System(FIS)and Deep Long Short-Term Memory(DLSTM)algorithm to identify,infer,and extract the existing situation at different levels(e.g.people,vehicles,and surroundings)after a foreshock using multi-agent-based simulation.The method proposed was simulated in the traffic network of District 6 of Tehran,the capital of Iran.The model results show that the evacuees'spatial knowledge and perception,as well as awareness of the situation of other agents and their surroundings,led to a significant(40%)reduction in the complete evacuation time.This time is considered the most pivotal factor in saving human lives and their arrival in safer areas.The role of situation awareness systems and increasing human cognition and perception can significantly help in this matter.展开更多
By using evacuation simulation technology and taking North China University of Technology as an example,the barrier-free evacuation design scheme for groups with different needs in campus environment was deeply discus...By using evacuation simulation technology and taking North China University of Technology as an example,the barrier-free evacuation design scheme for groups with different needs in campus environment was deeply discussed.Based on the data of building layout,population composition,road system and distribution of shelters in the school,a detailed evacuation model was constructed in the Pathfinder emergency evacuation simulation system.By the simulation during the daytime and at night,the total evacuation time of the whole school,evacuation completion time of each building,selection of evacuation paths and shelter utilization were analyzed in detail.The simulation results show that the distribution of shelters on campus is uneven,and their capacity is limited.As a result,the evacuation paths of the disabled,the elderly and children need to be adjusted frequently,which affects the overall evacuation efficiency.In view of this,the optimization strategies of road renovation and entrances of shelters and buildings were put forward from the perspective of space planning.From the perspective of emergency management,it is suggested to improve the campus evacuation infrastructure and strengthen the evacuation drill for teachers and students.These results provide a solid theoretical support for enhancing the construction of campus barrier-free environment and improving the level of emergency management.展开更多
This paper adopts a New Historicism approach to examine the shaping of the history of the Dunkirk evacuation through an analysis of Winston Churchill’s historic speech We Shall Fight on the Beaches,Ian McEwan’s nove...This paper adopts a New Historicism approach to examine the shaping of the history of the Dunkirk evacuation through an analysis of Winston Churchill’s historic speech We Shall Fight on the Beaches,Ian McEwan’s novel Atonement,and Christopher Nolan’s film Dunkirk.The research reveals that by uncovering and representing the neglected stories of marginalized groups in Atonement and Dunkirk,new evidentiary threads both enrich and contest the History embodied in Churchill’s speech.Consequently,these alternative accounts both challenge and complement the prevailing historical discourse.展开更多
As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the trans...As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the transportation infrastructure. Many people living in low elevation coastal areas can become trapped by flooding with no way in or out. With Delaware being a coastal state, this would affect a large portion of the population and will have detrimental effects over time if nothing is done to combat sea level rise. The issue with sea level rise in transportation is that once the roads become flooded, they become virtually unusable and detour routes would be needed. If all the roads in a coastal area were to be affected by sea level rise, the options for detours would become limited. This article looks at direct solutions to combat sea level rise and indirect solutions that would specifically help transportation infrastructure and evacuation routes in Delaware. There is not one solution that can fix every problem, so many solutions are laid out to see what is applicable to each affected area. Some solutions include defense structures that would be put close to the coast, raising the elevation of vulnerable roads throughout the state and including pumping stations to drain the water on the surface of the road. With an understanding of all these solutions around the world, the ultimate conclusion came in the form of a six-step plan that Delaware should take in order to best design against sea level rise in these coastal areas.展开更多
Simulation of pedestrians’behavior in the hub can help decision-makers to formulate better evacuation strategies.With this aim,this study develops an improved cellular automata model considering pedestrian’s mass-fo...Simulation of pedestrians’behavior in the hub can help decision-makers to formulate better evacuation strategies.With this aim,this study develops an improved cellular automata model considering pedestrian’s mass-following psychology and competitive awareness,and based on this model,pedestrian’s evacuation process from the channel of the hub with two exits is simulated.Moreover,dynamic guidance information,e.g.,the realtime congestion situation of the evacuation routes,plays an important role during pedestrian evacuation processes in a hub,as the evaluation routes can be adjusted based on this information.That is,the congestion situation during the evaluation can be improved.Thus,dynamic signs are incorporated into the proposed model to study the influence of dynamic guidance information on pedestrian evacuation behavior.In simulation experiments,the influence of two parameters,namely the proportion of pedestrians unfamiliar with the hub and update interval of dynamic signs,on pedestrian evacuation behavior is studied.Results show that dynamic guidance information can improve the efficiency of pedestrian evacuation.In particular,the higher the proportion of pedestrians unfamiliar with the hub is,the more obvious the effect of dynamic guidance information is.Besides,different proportions of pedestrians unfamiliar with the hub lead to different update intervals of dynamic signs.Finally,the results of this study can provide some implications to the practical hub operation and evacuation,e.g.,to standardize the order of evacuation routes and improve the information service level in the hub.展开更多
This study introduces an innovative approach by integrating AnyLogic simulation into emergency evacuation strategies to enhance security protocols.The research focuses on leveraging advanced computational models to si...This study introduces an innovative approach by integrating AnyLogic simulation into emergency evacuation strategies to enhance security protocols.The research focuses on leveraging advanced computational models to simulate and optimize evacuation scenarios in various settings,including public venues,residential areas,and urban environments.By integrating real-world data and behavioral models,the simulation accurately represents human movements,decision-making processes,and traffic flow dynamics during evacuation scenarios.The study evaluates the effectiveness of various evacuation strategies,including route planning,crowd behavior,and emergency response coordination,using a scenario-driven approach within the AnyLogic simulation environment.Furthermore,this research contributes to the establishment of optimized emergency response protocols by systematically evaluating and refining evacuation plans.The research frameworks mentioned in the research imply the efficient use of the AnyLogic simulation model to be used in different sectors and fields to enhance the strategies for saving lives and implementing an efficient evacuation management system.展开更多
Abstract： With a determinate danger zone and evacuation demand caused by an emergency, an optimization method for the evacuation zone with network reconfiguration based on dynamic simulation is proposed. The method c...Abstract： With a determinate danger zone and evacuation demand caused by an emergency, an optimization method for the evacuation zone with network reconfiguration based on dynamic simulation is proposed. The method contains three modules. First, the network in the evacuation zone is optimized by a model with the integrated strategy of lane reversal and intersection conflict elimination. Secondly, the dynamic evacuation simulation model based on the cell transmission model is applied to simulate the dynamic propagation process of evacuated vehicles in the network in the evacuation zone. The evacuation time for all evacuated vehicles leaving the danger zone is obtained and the setting of the current evacuation zone is fed back. Thirdly, the arrival distributions of evacuated vehicles at critical intersections of the evacuation zone are also obtained to estimate the delay at critical intersection to determine whether the intersection should be taken as the critical intersection in the next iteration. The evacuation zone is expanded gradually through iteration, and the reasonable evacuation zone and the optimal evacuation network is confirmed. Based on the survey of the parking lot and urban street network around Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, the models and the iterative algorithm were applied to obtain the optimal plan of the evacuation zone with network reconfiguration in an evacuation situation to verify the validity of the proposed method.展开更多
In order to enhance the authenticity and accuracy of passenger evacuation simulation in ships, a new multi-grid model was proposed on the basis of a traditional cellular automata model. In the new model finer lattices...In order to enhance the authenticity and accuracy of passenger evacuation simulation in ships, a new multi-grid model was proposed on the basis of a traditional cellular automata model. In the new model finer lattices were used, interaction of force among pedestrians or between pedestrians and constructions was considered, and static floor fields in a multi-level exit environment were simplified into cabin and exit static floor fields. Compared with the traditional cellular automata model, the multi-grid model enhanced the continuity of the passengers'track and the precision of the boundary qualifications. The functions of the dislocation distribution of passengers as well as partial overlap of tracks due to congestion were realized. Furthermore, taking the typical cabin environment as an example, the two models were used to analyze passenger evacuation under the same conditions. It was found that the laws of passenger evacuation simulated by the two models are similar, while the simulation's authenticity and accuracy are enhanced by the multi-grid model.展开更多
An improved dynamic parameter model is presented based on cellular automata.The dynamic parameters,including direction parameter,empty parameter,and cognition parameter,are formulated to simplify tactically the proces...An improved dynamic parameter model is presented based on cellular automata.The dynamic parameters,including direction parameter,empty parameter,and cognition parameter,are formulated to simplify tactically the process of making decisions for pedestrians.The improved model reflects the judgement of pedestrians on surrounding conditions and the action of choosing or decision.According to the two-dimensional cellular automaton Moore neighborhood we establish the pedestrian moving rule,and carry out corresponding simulations of pedestrian evacuation.The improved model considers the impact of pedestrian density near exits on the evacuation process.Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the improvement makes sense due to the fact that except for the spatial distance to exits,people also choose an exit according to the pedestrian density around exits.The impact factors 伪,尾,and 纬 are introduced to describe transition payoff,and their optimal values are determined through simulation.Moreover,the effects of pedestrian distribution,pedestrian density,and the width of exits on the evacuation time are discussed.The optimal exit layout,i.e.,the optimal position and width,is offered.The comparison between the simulated results obtained with the improved model and that from a previous model and experiments indicates that the improved model can reproduce experimental results well.Thus,it has great significance for further study,and important instructional meaning for pedestrian evacuation so as to reduce the number of casualties.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 52472322)the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant Number 21YF1415800)+1 种基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Advanced Public Transportation Science(Grant Number 2023-APTS-05)the Shanghai SASAC Enterprise Innovation and Capability Enhancement Project(Grant Number 2022016,2023020).
文摘Once a train stops in a tunnel section and requires emergency evacuation,the large distance between stations and long walking distances in the underground spaces of suburban railway systems pose potential risks to the evacuation process on tunnel platforms,especially in complex environments.This study utilized Virtual Reality(VR)technology to construct a virtual experimental platform for tunnel evacuation in suburban railway systems,simulating different combinations of smoke and obstacle conditions.By requiring participants to wear VR glasses and walk on an omnidirectional treadmill for moving,as well as complete psychological questionnaires,the study reveals the influences of No Guiding(NG)signs,Wall-Guided(WG)signs,and Central axis Guidance(CG)signs on the movement abilities and psychological behaviors of participants contrastively.The results show that either smoke conditions or obstacle positions affect the mental stress of participants,and the guidance sign has a positive effect on reducing the mental stress.There is an inverse relationship between mental stress and movement abilities.WG and CG signs respectively lead participants to walk closer to walls and along the central axis,which is conducive to reducing the variation in participants’behavior characteristics when circumventing obstacles on the wall side or track side under smoke conditions,respectively.Additionally,CG signs reduce the speed fluctuations of participants before circumventing obstacles,improving the stability of the distance from the wall and speed under smoke conditions,compared to NG and WG signs.These findings contribute to understanding the evacuation psychological-behavioral-movement characteristics of pedestrians on evacuation platforms in suburban railway tunnels and provide a basis for improving the safety design of evacuation guidance signs.
基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Fengtai Rail Transit Frontier Research Joint Foundation(No.L211024),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072012).
文摘To explore the influence of emergency evacuation signs on passenger behavior during subway fires and improve evacuation efficiency in emergencies,this paper proposes a dynamic emergency evacuation sign system.A simulation platform integrating building information modeling(BIM)and virtual reality(VR)technologies was em-ployed to create subway fire evacuation scenarios using both the current and proposed dynamic emergency evacuation signage systems.Through simulation experiments,fine-grained microscopic data on passenger behavior was collected.Seven indicators were selected to assess evacuation efficiency and wayfinding difficulty.The analysis explored the influence of evacuation signs on passenger behavior in both overall and decision-making areas,thereby validating the effectiveness of the new emergency evacuation signage system.The results show that the dynamic evacuation signage system significantly improves overall passenger evacuation efficiency and reduces decision-making errors.It also improves wayfinding efficiency in critical decision areas by reducing the need for direction identification,minimizing stopping times,and lowering the frequency of decision errors.The method for evaluating the effects of emergency evacuation signs on passenger evacuation behavior proposed in this study provides a robust theoretical basis for the design and optimization of emergency-oriented signs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:52271300,52071337)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2806501)+1 种基金High-tech Ship Research Projects Sponsored by MIIT(CBG2N21-4-25)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(Grant No.IRT14R58).
文摘A new hang-off system has been proposed to improve the security of risers in hang-off modes during typhoons.However,efficient anti-typhoon evacuation strategies have not been investigated.Optimiza-tion model and method for the anti-typhoon evacuation strategies should be researched.Therefore,multi-objective functions are proposed based on operation time,evacuation speed stability,and steering stability.An evacuation path model and a dynamic model of risers with the new hang-off system are developed for design variables and constraints.A multi-objective optimization model with high-dimensional variables and complex constraints is established.Finally,a three-stage optimization method based on genetic algorithm,least square method,and the penalty function method is proposed to solve the multi-objective optimization model.Optimization results show that the operation time can be reduced through operation parameter optimization,especially evacuation heading optimization.The optimal anti-typhoon strategy is evacuation with all risers suspended along a variable path when the direction angle is large,while evacuation with all risers suspended along a straight path at another di-rection angle.Besides,the influencing factors on anti-typhoon evacuation strategies indicate that the proposed optimization model and method have strong applicability to working conditions and remarkable optimization effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20111)the National key R&D Program(2022YFC3080100)。
文摘The evacuation of people under threat is an effective disaster prevention and mitigation measure in response to flash floods and geological hazards,and it is also an essential element of pre-disaster planning.However,the effect of the interactions between perception factors on residents'willingness to evacuate is an urgent problem to be solved.Therefore,this paper introduces risk,stakeholder,and protective action perceptions from the protective action decision model as the main explanatory variables.These three core perceptions are subdivided into affective risk perception,cognitive risk perception,government perception,other-stakeholder perception,resourcerelated attributes,and hazard-related attributes.A questionnaire survey was conducted from June to July 2023 among residents of mountainous communities in nine villages in three towns in Sichuan Province,China.359 cross-sectional data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to explore the effects of six perception factors on evacuation intentions.The results of the study showed that:(1)affective risk perception,government perception,other-stakeholder perception,and hazard-related attributes all directly and positively influence residents'intentions to evacuate;(2)cognitive risk perception is mediated by stakeholder and protective action perceptions,which indirectly and positively affect residents'intentions to evacuate.Based on the hypothesized paths,strategies to improve residents'willingness to evacuate are discussed from the perspective of three core perceptions:strengthening disaster risk education,improving residents'cohesion,and building government credibility.The results of this study can provide theoretical support and practical suggestions for emergency management departments to formulate emergency evacuation strategies,which can aid decision-makers in better understanding residents'intentions to evacuate,optimizing evacuation information dissemination pathways,and strengthening disaster risk management capabilities.
基金Project supported by the Special Funds for Basic Operating Expenses of the Centre University of China (Grant No.23ZYJS006)。
文摘Experiments are conducted on the evacuation rate of pedestrians through exits with queued evacuation pattern and random evacuation pattern. The experimental results show that the flow rate of pedestrians is larger with the random evacuation pattern than with the queued evacuation pattern. Therefore, the exit width calculated based on the minimum evacuation clear width for every 100 persons, which is on the assumption that the pedestrians pass through the exit in one queue or several queues, is conservative. The number of people crossing the exit simultaneously is greater in the random evacuation experiments than in the queued evacuation experiments, and the time interval between the front row and rear row of people is shortened in large-exit conditions when pedestrians evacuate randomly. The difference between the flow rate with a queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with a random evacuation pattern is related to the surplus width of the exit, which is greater than the total width of all accommodated people streams. Two dimensionless quantities are defined to explore this relationship. It is found that the difference in flow rate between the two evacuation patterns is stable at a low level when the surplus width of the exit is no more than 45% of the width of a single pedestrian stream. There is a great difference between the flow rate with the queued evacuation pattern and the flow rate with the random evacuation pattern in a scenario with a larger surplus width of the exit. Meanwhile, the pedestrians crowd extraordinarily at the exit in these conditions as well, since the number of pedestrians who want to evacuate through exit simultaneously greatly exceeds the accommodated level. Therefore, the surplus width of exit should be limited especially in the narrow exit condition, and the relationship between the two dimensionless quantities mentioned above could provide the basis to some extent.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(71904006)Henan Province Key R&D Special Project(231111322200)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Research Plan of Henan Province(232102320043,232102320232,232102320046)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(232300420317,232300420314).
文摘Reducing casualties and property losses through effective evacuation route planning has been a key focus for researchers in recent years.As part of this effort,an enhanced sparrow search algorithm(MSSA)was proposed.Firstly,the Golden Sine algorithm and a nonlinear weight factor optimization strategy were added in the discoverer position update stage of the SSA algorithm.Secondly,the Cauchy-Gaussian perturbation was applied to the optimal position of the SSA algorithm to improve its ability to jump out of local optima.Finally,the local search mechanism based on the mountain climbing method was incorporated into the local search stage of the SSA algorithm,improving its local search ability.To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,the Whale Algorithm,Gray Wolf Algorithm,Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm,Sparrow Search Algorithm,and MSSA Algorithm were employed to solve various test functions.The accuracy and convergence speed of each algorithm were then compared and analyzed.The results indicate that the MSSA algorithm has superior solving ability and stability compared to other algorithms.To further validate the enhanced algorithm’s capabilities for path planning,evacuation experiments were conducted using different maps featuring various obstacle types.Additionally,a multi-exit evacuation scenario was constructed according to the actual building environment of a teaching building.Both the sparrow search algorithm and MSSA algorithm were employed in the simulation experiment for multiexit evacuation path planning.The findings demonstrate that the MSSA algorithm outperforms the comparison algorithm,showcasing its greater advantages and higher application potential.
文摘Accurate assessment of crowd evacuation inside the post-earthquake environment is critical from many perspectives,but this issue receives much less attention compared to the seismic losses of structural and non-structural components.This could be attributed to the fact that post-earthquake evacuation analysis is complex due to the interaction between human behavior and the actual built environment induced by different building contents.This study attempts to tackle this problem by investigating the impacts of different building contents on post-earthquake evacuation time by using an agent-based model that considers turning behavior.To this end,the agent-based model is first described,including:properties of the agent-based model with turning behavior,key aspects in its formulation considering different evacuation stages,and influence of different building contents(namely,debris from partition walls and ceiling systems,and various types of equipment)on the agent’s behavior.Subsequently,a school building is used as a benchmark problem to validate the model without earthquake,and the findings indicate that the agent-based model can match the real safety drill results reasonably well.After the validation,the school building is subsequently designed in accordance with modern seismic design codes,and the influence of debris and equipment on post-earthquake evacuation time is quantitatively studied using a suite of pulse-type ground motions as input.Based on this case study,recommendations are made for structural and architectural designers in an effort to reduce the potential evacuation time.Specifically,debris induced by partition walls or ceiling systems should be controlled as it has the greatest impact on the total evacuation time.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72274208)。
文摘In recent years,attacks against crowded places such as campuses and theaters have had a frequent and negative impact on the security and stability of society.In such an event,the crowd will be subjected to high psychological stress and their emotions will rapidly spread to others.This paper establishes the attack-escape evacuation simulation model(AEES-SFM),based on the social force model,to consider emotion spreading under attack.In this model,(1)the attack-escape driving force is considered for the interaction between an attacker and evacuees and(2)emotion spreading among the evacuees is considered to modify the value of the psychological force.To validate the simulation,several experiments were carried out at a university in China.Comparing the simulation and experimental results,it is found that the simulation results are similar to the experimental results when considering emotion spreading.Therefore,the AEES-SFM is proved to be effective.By comparing the results of the evacuation simulation without emotion spreading,the emotion spreading model reduces the evacuation time and the number of casualties by about 30%,which is closer to the real experimental results.The results are still applicable in the case of a 40-person evacuation.This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for campus response to violent attacks.
文摘Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoreticalmodels aim to study and analyze the strategic behaviors of individuals within a crowd and their interactionsduring the evacuation. Game theoretical models have some limitations in the context of crowd evacuation. Thesemodels consider a group of individuals as homogeneous objects with the same goals, involve complex mathematicalformulation, and cannot model real-world scenarios such as panic, environmental information, crowds that movedynamically, etc. The proposed work presents a game theoretic model integrating an agent-based model to removethe obstacles from exits. The proposed model considered the parameters named: (1) obstacle size, length, andwidth, (2) removal time, (3) evacuation time, (4) crowd density, (5) obstacle identification, and (6) route selection.The proposed work conducts various experiments considering different conditions, such as obstacle types, obstacleremoval, and several obstacles. Evaluation results show the proposed model’s effectiveness compared with existingliterature in reducing the overall evacuation time, cell selection, and obstacle removal. The study is potentially usefulfor public safety situations such as emergency evacuations during disasters and calamities.
基金the grant fromthe Key Technologies Research and Development Program(Grant No.2021YFF0602005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51678135)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2242022k30031,2242022k30033).
文摘With the development of economy and society and the growth of population,the high-rise and multi-function of commercial buildings have become an international trend.But it also poses huge fire hazards.Most of the existing studies’research objects are predominantly high-rise residential buildings,without considering the impact of different functional zones(Standard floor,entertainment zone,office zone,equipment room and so on)and personnel distribution of commercial buildings evacuation.And the influence of using elevators to carry evacuees on the refuge floor on personnel evacuation is rarely studied.In this work,the fire scenario of the Yangtze River InternationalConferenceCenter,a high-rise commercial building,is simulated with the Pyrosim programto get the necessary parameters under various fire scenarios and to calculate the available evacuation time TASET.At the same time,according to the complex functional zone of the commercial high-rise building and the distribution of people in different time periods,a reasonable evacuation strategy is developed and simulated by Pathfinder software.The results indicate that unorganized evacuation will lead individuals to take the erroneous evacuation route,resulting in a vast region of congestion;comprehensive consideration of the time staggering and the reasonable distribution of evacuation routes can significantly improve evacuation efficiency,and the TRSET of night and working hours is 36.6%–55.3%and 49.9%–79.6%of unorganized evacuation,respectively.For the night fire,60%of the people use elevator-refuge floor to evacuate is the optimal strategy;for the fire during working hours,half of the people on standard floors use the elevator to evacuate and people on multifunctional floors evacuate in four batches is the best plan.The results of this study can provide viable solutions and a foundation for analyzing the fire evacuation and safety of big commercial high-rise buildings.
基金the Special Research Fund for the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China(No.MC-201620-H01-04)the Research and Development of Deep Water Semi-submersible Support Platform。
文摘With the rapid development of marine oil and gas exploitation,the evacuation of offshore platforms has received more attention.First,an experimental investigation of the evacuation process of 120 participants in a real offshore platform is performed,and then simulation results provided by Pathfinder are validated against the measurement results.Second,four typical evacuation scenarios on the platform referring to IMO guidelines are investigated by Pathfinder with the speed values achieved in experiments.The simulation results show that both the utilization of exits and evacuation efficiency of people on the offshore platform need to be further improved.Last,the evacuation routes of people under the four scenarios are optimized,and the improvement of the evacuation performance after the optimization is evaluated by several mathematical indicators.Final results show that the evacuation with the optimized route design prompts the use efficiency of exits and further reduces the evacuation time.The present study provides a useful advice for potentially revising the IMO guidelines in future and provides efficient evacuation strategies for planning the emergency evacuation on offshore platforms.
文摘Earthquake is a disastrous natural hazard that threatens numerous cities worldwide.The interval between the foreshock and the main event can sometimes last several minutes.Meanwhile,crowd emergency evacuation and finding shelter are vital for search and rescue managers.At the same time,many unpredicted challenges,such as the sudden increase in travel demand,shifts in public behavior,and the change in the regular transport supply,may arise due to evacuation conditions,which lead to different situations.This paper aims to introduce an approach for quick decision-making and timely evacuation response required by establishing a situation-aware system to minimize these risks and ensure the success of the evacuation plans,to support and predict current and future actions within the dynamic space of the crisis.The main contribution is innovating a Situation-Aware Emergency Evacuation(SAEE)model to enable crisis managers and evacuees to make the right decisions by providing timely and reliable information about the situation.This method is utilized in two situations:designing the emergency evacuation plan and finding the shortest/safest routes to reduce travel time for evacuees.Therefore,a hybrid approach is introduced,which involves a Fuzzy Inference System(FIS)and Deep Long Short-Term Memory(DLSTM)algorithm to identify,infer,and extract the existing situation at different levels(e.g.people,vehicles,and surroundings)after a foreshock using multi-agent-based simulation.The method proposed was simulated in the traffic network of District 6 of Tehran,the capital of Iran.The model results show that the evacuees'spatial knowledge and perception,as well as awareness of the situation of other agents and their surroundings,led to a significant(40%)reduction in the complete evacuation time.This time is considered the most pivotal factor in saving human lives and their arrival in safer areas.The role of situation awareness systems and increasing human cognition and perception can significantly help in this matter.
基金Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Project for College Students in Beijing(10805136024-XN139-100)Scientific Research Foundation of North China University of Technology(11005136024XN147-56)Yuxiu Innovation Project of North China University of Technology(2024NCUTYXCX214).
文摘By using evacuation simulation technology and taking North China University of Technology as an example,the barrier-free evacuation design scheme for groups with different needs in campus environment was deeply discussed.Based on the data of building layout,population composition,road system and distribution of shelters in the school,a detailed evacuation model was constructed in the Pathfinder emergency evacuation simulation system.By the simulation during the daytime and at night,the total evacuation time of the whole school,evacuation completion time of each building,selection of evacuation paths and shelter utilization were analyzed in detail.The simulation results show that the distribution of shelters on campus is uneven,and their capacity is limited.As a result,the evacuation paths of the disabled,the elderly and children need to be adjusted frequently,which affects the overall evacuation efficiency.In view of this,the optimization strategies of road renovation and entrances of shelters and buildings were put forward from the perspective of space planning.From the perspective of emergency management,it is suggested to improve the campus evacuation infrastructure and strengthen the evacuation drill for teachers and students.These results provide a solid theoretical support for enhancing the construction of campus barrier-free environment and improving the level of emergency management.
文摘This paper adopts a New Historicism approach to examine the shaping of the history of the Dunkirk evacuation through an analysis of Winston Churchill’s historic speech We Shall Fight on the Beaches,Ian McEwan’s novel Atonement,and Christopher Nolan’s film Dunkirk.The research reveals that by uncovering and representing the neglected stories of marginalized groups in Atonement and Dunkirk,new evidentiary threads both enrich and contest the History embodied in Churchill’s speech.Consequently,these alternative accounts both challenge and complement the prevailing historical discourse.
文摘As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the transportation infrastructure. Many people living in low elevation coastal areas can become trapped by flooding with no way in or out. With Delaware being a coastal state, this would affect a large portion of the population and will have detrimental effects over time if nothing is done to combat sea level rise. The issue with sea level rise in transportation is that once the roads become flooded, they become virtually unusable and detour routes would be needed. If all the roads in a coastal area were to be affected by sea level rise, the options for detours would become limited. This article looks at direct solutions to combat sea level rise and indirect solutions that would specifically help transportation infrastructure and evacuation routes in Delaware. There is not one solution that can fix every problem, so many solutions are laid out to see what is applicable to each affected area. Some solutions include defense structures that would be put close to the coast, raising the elevation of vulnerable roads throughout the state and including pumping stations to drain the water on the surface of the road. With an understanding of all these solutions around the world, the ultimate conclusion came in the form of a six-step plan that Delaware should take in order to best design against sea level rise in these coastal areas.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61873190)。
文摘Simulation of pedestrians’behavior in the hub can help decision-makers to formulate better evacuation strategies.With this aim,this study develops an improved cellular automata model considering pedestrian’s mass-following psychology and competitive awareness,and based on this model,pedestrian’s evacuation process from the channel of the hub with two exits is simulated.Moreover,dynamic guidance information,e.g.,the realtime congestion situation of the evacuation routes,plays an important role during pedestrian evacuation processes in a hub,as the evaluation routes can be adjusted based on this information.That is,the congestion situation during the evaluation can be improved.Thus,dynamic signs are incorporated into the proposed model to study the influence of dynamic guidance information on pedestrian evacuation behavior.In simulation experiments,the influence of two parameters,namely the proportion of pedestrians unfamiliar with the hub and update interval of dynamic signs,on pedestrian evacuation behavior is studied.Results show that dynamic guidance information can improve the efficiency of pedestrian evacuation.In particular,the higher the proportion of pedestrians unfamiliar with the hub is,the more obvious the effect of dynamic guidance information is.Besides,different proportions of pedestrians unfamiliar with the hub lead to different update intervals of dynamic signs.Finally,the results of this study can provide some implications to the practical hub operation and evacuation,e.g.,to standardize the order of evacuation routes and improve the information service level in the hub.
基金The 2023 Langfang Science and Technology Support Plan Project:Design and Implementation of Earthquake Disaster Emergency Support Decision System in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region(Project number:2023013134)。
文摘This study introduces an innovative approach by integrating AnyLogic simulation into emergency evacuation strategies to enhance security protocols.The research focuses on leveraging advanced computational models to simulate and optimize evacuation scenarios in various settings,including public venues,residential areas,and urban environments.By integrating real-world data and behavioral models,the simulation accurately represents human movements,decision-making processes,and traffic flow dynamics during evacuation scenarios.The study evaluates the effectiveness of various evacuation strategies,including route planning,crowd behavior,and emergency response coordination,using a scenario-driven approach within the AnyLogic simulation environment.Furthermore,this research contributes to the establishment of optimized emergency response protocols by systematically evaluating and refining evacuation plans.The research frameworks mentioned in the research imply the efficient use of the AnyLogic simulation model to be used in different sectors and fields to enhance the strategies for saving lives and implementing an efficient evacuation management system.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51408190)
文摘Abstract： With a determinate danger zone and evacuation demand caused by an emergency, an optimization method for the evacuation zone with network reconfiguration based on dynamic simulation is proposed. The method contains three modules. First, the network in the evacuation zone is optimized by a model with the integrated strategy of lane reversal and intersection conflict elimination. Secondly, the dynamic evacuation simulation model based on the cell transmission model is applied to simulate the dynamic propagation process of evacuated vehicles in the network in the evacuation zone. The evacuation time for all evacuated vehicles leaving the danger zone is obtained and the setting of the current evacuation zone is fed back. Thirdly, the arrival distributions of evacuated vehicles at critical intersections of the evacuation zone are also obtained to estimate the delay at critical intersection to determine whether the intersection should be taken as the critical intersection in the next iteration. The evacuation zone is expanded gradually through iteration, and the reasonable evacuation zone and the optimal evacuation network is confirmed. Based on the survey of the parking lot and urban street network around Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, the models and the iterative algorithm were applied to obtain the optimal plan of the evacuation zone with network reconfiguration in an evacuation situation to verify the validity of the proposed method.
基金Supported by the Ph.D Programs Foundation of Ministryof Education of China under Grant No.201023041108the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.61004008
文摘In order to enhance the authenticity and accuracy of passenger evacuation simulation in ships, a new multi-grid model was proposed on the basis of a traditional cellular automata model. In the new model finer lattices were used, interaction of force among pedestrians or between pedestrians and constructions was considered, and static floor fields in a multi-level exit environment were simplified into cabin and exit static floor fields. Compared with the traditional cellular automata model, the multi-grid model enhanced the continuity of the passengers'track and the precision of the boundary qualifications. The functions of the dislocation distribution of passengers as well as partial overlap of tracks due to congestion were realized. Furthermore, taking the typical cabin environment as an example, the two models were used to analyze passenger evacuation under the same conditions. It was found that the laws of passenger evacuation simulated by the two models are similar, while the simulation's authenticity and accuracy are enhanced by the multi-grid model.
基金Project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71071013,71001004,71071012,and71131001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China (Grant No. 2011YJS241)
文摘An improved dynamic parameter model is presented based on cellular automata.The dynamic parameters,including direction parameter,empty parameter,and cognition parameter,are formulated to simplify tactically the process of making decisions for pedestrians.The improved model reflects the judgement of pedestrians on surrounding conditions and the action of choosing or decision.According to the two-dimensional cellular automaton Moore neighborhood we establish the pedestrian moving rule,and carry out corresponding simulations of pedestrian evacuation.The improved model considers the impact of pedestrian density near exits on the evacuation process.Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the improvement makes sense due to the fact that except for the spatial distance to exits,people also choose an exit according to the pedestrian density around exits.The impact factors 伪,尾,and 纬 are introduced to describe transition payoff,and their optimal values are determined through simulation.Moreover,the effects of pedestrian distribution,pedestrian density,and the width of exits on the evacuation time are discussed.The optimal exit layout,i.e.,the optimal position and width,is offered.The comparison between the simulated results obtained with the improved model and that from a previous model and experiments indicates that the improved model can reproduce experimental results well.Thus,it has great significance for further study,and important instructional meaning for pedestrian evacuation so as to reduce the number of casualties.
