Eutectogels are considered to have immense application potential in the field of flexible wearable ionotronic devices because of their excellent ionic conductivity,thermal and electrochemical stability,and non-volatil...Eutectogels are considered to have immense application potential in the field of flexible wearable ionotronic devices because of their excellent ionic conductivity,thermal and electrochemical stability,and non-volatility.However,most existing technologies still struggle to achieve synergistic optimization of key performance indicators,such as high mechanical strength and ionic conductivity.To address this chal-lenge,this study successfully prepared a green eutectogel material with outstanding comprehensive properties by leveraging the high solubility of glycerol in a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent(DES)composed of acrylic acid and choline chloride.The resulting eutectogels exhibited a high transparency(89%),high mechanical strength(up to 2.8 MPa),and exceptional tensile performance(up to 1385%).The fabricated flexible sensor demonstrated ideal linear sensitivity(gauge factor:0.88),a broad response range(1%-100%),and reliable stability(over 1000 cycles),en-abling the precise monitoring of human motion(e.g.,finger bending and wrist rotation).The flexible strain sensor based on this eutectogel is ex-pected to show promising prospects for medical monitoring,human-machine interaction,and industrial sensing applications.展开更多
Solid-state polymer electrolytes are an important factor in the deployment of highsafety and high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries.Nevertheless,use of the traditional polyethylene oxide-based solid-s...Solid-state polymer electrolytes are an important factor in the deployment of highsafety and high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries.Nevertheless,use of the traditional polyethylene oxide-based solid-state polymer electrolyte is limited due to its inherently low ionic conductivity and narrow electrochemical stability window.Herein,for the first time,we specifically designed a cyanoethyl cellulosein-deep eutectic solvent composite eutectogel as a promising candidate for hybrid solid-state polymer electrolytes.It is found that the proposed eutectogel electrolyte achieves high ionic conductivity(1.87×10^(−3) S cm^(−1) at 25℃),superior electrochemical stability(up to 4.8 V),and outstanding lithium plating/striping behavior(low overpotential of 0.04 V at 1mAcm^(−2) and 1mAh cm^(−2) over 300 h).With the eutectogel-based solid-state polymer electrolyte,a 4.45 V LiCoO_(2)/Li metal battery delivers prominent long-term lifespan(capacity retention of 85%after 200 cycles)and high average Coulombic efficiency(99.5%)under ambient conditions,significantly outperforming the traditional carbonate-based liquid electrolyte.Our work demonstrates a promising strategy for designing eutectogel-based solid-state polymer electrolytes to realize high-voltage and high-energy lithium metal batteries.展开更多
With the blooming development of electronic technology,the use of electron conductive gel or ionic conductive gel in preparing flexible electronic devices is drawing more and more attention.Deep eutectic solvents are ...With the blooming development of electronic technology,the use of electron conductive gel or ionic conductive gel in preparing flexible electronic devices is drawing more and more attention.Deep eutectic solvents are excellent substitutes for ionic liquids because of their good biocompatibility,low cost,and easy preparation,except for good conductivity.In this work,we synthesized a reactive quaternary ammonium monomer(3-acrylamidopropyl)octadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide with a hydrophobic chain of 18 carbons via the quaternization of 1-bromooctadecane and N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide at first,then we mixed quaternary ammonium with choline chloride,acrylic acid and glycerol to obtain a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent,and initialized polymerization in UV light of 365 nm to obtain the ionic conductive eutectogel based on polyacrylamide copolymer with long hydrophobic chain.The obtained eutectogel exibits good stretchability(1200%),Young's modulus(0.185 MPa),toughness(4.2 MJ/m^(3)),conductivity(0.315 S/m).The eutectogel also shows desireable moisture resistance with the maximum water absorption of 11.7 wt%after one week at 25℃ and 60% humidity,while the water absorption of eutectogel without hydrophobic long chains is 24.0 wt%.The introduction of long-chain hydrophobic groups not only improves the mechanical strength of the gels,but also significantly improves moisture resistance of the eutectogel.This work provides a simpler and more effective method for the preparation of ionic conductive eutectogels,which can further provide a reference for the applications of ionic conductive eutectogels in the field of flexible electronic devices.展开更多
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors.However,traditional TENG ...With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors.However,traditional TENG materials exhibit limited mechanical durability,environmental stability,and sensing performance under extreme conditions.Therefore,this study develops a novel eutectogel based on a deep eutectic solvent(DES)and poly(itaconic acidco-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)(P(IA-co-HEA))polymer network.The careful molecular design and microstructural modification of this system result in a eutectogel with low hysteresis,excellent resilience(97.8%),high conductivity(48.02 mS m^(−1)),and strong adhesive strength.Owing to the low freezing point and low volatility of the DES,the P(IA-co-HEA)eutectogel maintains 75.7%and 69.4%tensile and compressive resilience,respectively,at-40℃.Moreover,no significant change in resilience is observed after 24 h of storage under a-0.1 MPa vacuum environment.A self-powered TENG pressure sensor containing the developed eutectogel demonstrates a fast response time(16 ms)and stable signal output over 16000contact-separation cycles.In addition,the sensor operates reliably at-60℃ and vacuum(-0.1 MPa)conditions.The high resilience of the flexible self-powered sensor makes it suitable for use in extreme environments,supporting longterm,reliable pressure monitoring.展开更多
Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring,which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience,enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity.However,conventional hyd...Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring,which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience,enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity.However,conventional hydrogel-enabled electrodes suffer from low scalp compliance,high scalpelectrode impedance,and inferior interfacial stability.Here,we propose an injectable eutectogelenabled electrode for high-quality,long-term scalp electroencephalogram monitoring.This gelatinbased eutectogel exhibits temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions,enabling rapid in-situ gelation on the scalp and forming a robust self-adhesive interface.It demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability(1000 cycles at 100%strain),robust adhesion(0.7 N cm^(-1)on human epidermis and 1.7 N cm^(-1)on Ag/AgCl electrode),and outstanding anti-drying properties(negligible water loss after 7 days).Additionally,the eutectogel shows superior healing properties,antibacterial properties,and recyclability.Furthermore,it exhibits remarkably low scalp-electrode contact impedance(<20 kΩat 16 Hz).The eutectogel is injected on the human scalp with dense hair for high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording,enabling long-term monitoring.Its practical applications include monitoring visual evoked potentials,steady-state visual evoked potentials,somatosensory evoked potentials,slow vertex response,auditory brainstem response,multi-channel cognitive electroencephalogram during various daily activities,and event-related potentials P300 signals.The eutectogel-enabled electrode provides a versatile and reliable solution for long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in diverse clinical and research settings.展开更多
Bioelectrical signals,especially electroencephalography(EEG)and electrocardiography(ECG),are indispensable for health assessment.However,achieving high-quality signal acquisition while ensuring long-term stability rem...Bioelectrical signals,especially electroencephalography(EEG)and electrocardiography(ECG),are indispensable for health assessment.However,achieving high-quality signal acquisition while ensuring long-term stability remains a significant challenge in the bioelectrical electrodes.Herein,a cholinium-based eutectogel(ChCl-egel)is reported for dynamic ECG and EEG monitoring.By utilizing hydrogen bonding of deep eutectic solvents(DESs)to modulate conductivity,the ChCl-egel realizes an ultra-low skin impedance(4.7 kΩat 10 Hz)with reliable stability.Additionally,the ChCl-egel exhibits excellent conformal contact and biocompatibility.During ECG monitoring,the ChCl-egel offers an 8 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)compared to commercial ECG electrodes(3 M,Red Dot)over 48-hour period,enabling dynamic record under high-intensity exercises.In an 18-hour steadystate visual evoked potential(SSVEP)experiment,it can match the scalp impedance of commercial gel and support longer record.With high-quality dynamic monitoring capability,the ChCl-egel provides a promising solution for long-term bioelectrical signal acquisition.展开更多
In recent years,the collection and monitoring of human physiological signals have garnered increasing attention due to their wide-ranging applications in healthcare,human-machine interaction,sports,and other fields.Ho...In recent years,the collection and monitoring of human physiological signals have garnered increasing attention due to their wide-ranging applications in healthcare,human-machine interaction,sports,and other fields.However,the continuous fabrication of flexible gel fiber electrodes with high mechanical performance,high conductivity,and durability for extreme environments using a simple,efficient,and universal strategy remains challenging for physiological signal acquisition.Here,we have employed a strategy of solvent replacement and multi-level hydrogen bond enhancement to construct eutectogel fibers with continuous solid-liquid structure,achieving continuous production of fibers with high strength,high conductivity,and low-temperature resistance.In the fiber,PVA serves as the solid-state elastic phase,DES as the liquid ionic conductive phase,and CNF as the reinforcement phase.The resulting eutectogel fibers exhibit excellent tensile strength(37.3 MPa),good elongation(>700%),high electrical conductivity(0.543 S/m),and resistance to extreme dry and-60°C low-tem-perature environments.Furthermore,these eutectogel fibers demonstrate high sensitivity for monitoring joint movements and effectively detecting in vitro and in vivo signals,show casing their potential for wearable strain sensors and monitoring physiological signals.展开更多
Hydrogels,a class of highly hydrated materials mimicking the extracellular matrix,offer tunable mechanical properties and serve as versatile platforms for functionalization,which have been used for wound dressing to p...Hydrogels,a class of highly hydrated materials mimicking the extracellular matrix,offer tunable mechanical properties and serve as versatile platforms for functionalization,which have been used for wound dressing to prevent infection and fluid loss.However,their inherent moisture evaporation hampers both storage stability and service life in practical applications.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs),as a category of eco-friendly solvents,exhibit low vapor pressure,good conductivity,biodegradability,non-flammability,and affordability.Eutectogels using DESs as a solvent not only retain the mechanical strength and functionality of hydrogel systems but also circumvent the limitations imposed by water evaporation in conventional hydrogels,which presents a promising direction and material framework for more personalized and efficacious wound management strategies.In this study,we have successfully synthesized a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent composed of glycerol,zinc chloride,and choline chloride,and subsequently incorporated polymerizable double bonds to fabricate an eco-friendly,antimicrobial-sensing eutectogel.This gel possesses a unique combination of high mechanical strength,universal adhesion capabilities,persistent bactericidal activity,superior sensing properties,and excellent biocompatibility.Its potential application as a wound dressing was explored,with results demonstrating the ability of eutectogel to accelerate wound healing and prevent bacterial colonization at the wound site.These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and a promising material platform for the development of next-generation intelligent wound dressings.展开更多
Neurological injuries and disorders have a significant impact on individuals’quality of life,often resulting in motor and sensory loss.To assess motor performance and monitor neurological disorders,non-invasive techn...Neurological injuries and disorders have a significant impact on individuals’quality of life,often resulting in motor and sensory loss.To assess motor performance and monitor neurological disorders,non-invasive techniques such as electroencephalography(EEG)and electromyography(EMG)are commonly used.Traditionally employed wet electrodes with conductive gels are limited by lengthy skin preparation time and allergic reactions.Although dry electrodes and hydrogel-based electrodes can mitigate these issues,their applicability for long-term monitoring is limited.Dry electrodes are susceptible to motion artifacts,whereas hydrogel-based electrodes face challenges related to water-induced instability.Recently,ionogels and eutectogels derived from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have gained immense popularity due to their non-volatility,ionic conductivity,thermal stability,and tunability.Eutectogels,in particular,exhibit superior biocompatibility.These characteristics make them suitable alternatives for the development of safer,robust,and reliable EEG and EMG electrodes.However,research specifically focused on their application for EEG and EMG signal acquisition remains limited.This article explores the electrode requirements and material advancements in EEG and EMG sensing,with a focus on highlighting the benefits that ionogels and eutectogels offer over conventional materials.It sheds light on the current limitations of these materials and proposes areas for further improvement in this field.The potential of these gel-based materials to achieve a seamless interface for high-quality and long-term electrophysiological signal acquisition is emphasized.Leveraging the unique properties of ionogels and eutectogels holds promise for future advancements in EEG and EMG electrode materials,leading to improved monitoring systems and enhanced patient outcomes.展开更多
Achieving a straightforward design of tough,printable,and adaptable polymeric eutectogels is still challenging in related fields due to the uncontrollable polymerization and solvent-exchanging processes,and inherent c...Achieving a straightforward design of tough,printable,and adaptable polymeric eutectogels is still challenging in related fields due to the uncontrollable polymerization and solvent-exchanging processes,and inherent contrasting multiple networks.Here,we report a one-step synergistic strategy based on ruthenium chemistry-catalyzed photopolymerization and solvent effect for preparing high-performance eutectogels.This orthogonal ruthenium photochemistry helps multinetworks formation via phenol-coupling of gelatin and copolymerization of acrylamide(AAm)and[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate(META)monomers in seconds.The obvious difference in the supramolecular interactions of free AAm monomers and polymerized units in P(AAm-co-META)with deep eutectic solvents(DESs)significantly promotes the microphase-separation behavior in eutectogels.Consequently,the in situ polymerization and microphase-separation behavior enable the as-prepared eutectogel materials to have excellent mechanical properties(stress of∼1.2 MPa),toughness(∼4.0 MJ m^(−3)),elasticity,adaptivity,and conductivity(∼0.5 S m^(−1)at room temperature).Also,the critical strength of the resultant eutectogels can be modulated by varying the DES constituents.This rapid and well-controlled synergistic approach is compatible with extrusion printing techniques to make flexible sensors with high sensitivities and response times to detect pressure in a range of 0–500 kPa.Such a general and simple strategy has application potential in biological,engineering,and material sciences.展开更多
Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENG)have emerged as a highly promising energy harvesting technology,attracting significant attention in recent years for their broad applications.Gel-based TENGs,with superior stretchabil...Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENG)have emerged as a highly promising energy harvesting technology,attracting significant attention in recent years for their broad applications.Gel-based TENGs,with superior stretchability and sensitivity,have been widely reported as wearable sensors.However,the traditional hydrogel-based TENGs suffer from freezing at low temperatures and drying at high temperatures,resulting in malfunctions.In this study,we introduce an anti-freezing eutectogel,which uses a deep eutectic solvent(DES),to improve the stability and electrical conductivity of TENGs in harsh environmental conditions.The eutectogel-based TENG(E-TENG)produces an open-circuit voltage of 776 V,a short-circuit current of 1.54μA,and a maximum peak power of 1.1 mW.Moreover,the E-TENG exhibits exceptional mechanical properties with an elongation at a break of 476%under tension.Importantly,it maintains impressive performances across a wide temperature range from−18 to 60℃,with conductivities of 2.15 S/m at−10℃and 1.75 S/m at−18℃.Based on the excellent weight stability of the E-TENG sensor,motion sensing can be achieved in the air,and even underwater.Finally,the versatility of the E-TENG can serve as a wearable sensor,by integrating it with Bluetooth technology.The self-powered E-TENG can monitor various human motion signals in real-time and send the health signals directly to mobile phones.This research paves a new road for the applications of TENGs in harsh environments,offering wireless flexible sensors with real-time health signal monitoring capabilities.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22301037, 22401045)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2022A1515110867).
文摘Eutectogels are considered to have immense application potential in the field of flexible wearable ionotronic devices because of their excellent ionic conductivity,thermal and electrochemical stability,and non-volatility.However,most existing technologies still struggle to achieve synergistic optimization of key performance indicators,such as high mechanical strength and ionic conductivity.To address this chal-lenge,this study successfully prepared a green eutectogel material with outstanding comprehensive properties by leveraging the high solubility of glycerol in a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent(DES)composed of acrylic acid and choline chloride.The resulting eutectogels exhibited a high transparency(89%),high mechanical strength(up to 2.8 MPa),and exceptional tensile performance(up to 1385%).The fabricated flexible sensor demonstrated ideal linear sensitivity(gauge factor:0.88),a broad response range(1%-100%),and reliable stability(over 1000 cycles),en-abling the precise monitoring of human motion(e.g.,finger bending and wrist rotation).The flexible strain sensor based on this eutectogel is ex-pected to show promising prospects for medical monitoring,human-machine interaction,and industrial sensing applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52073298,U1706229,52072195)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA21070304)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2020217).
文摘Solid-state polymer electrolytes are an important factor in the deployment of highsafety and high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries.Nevertheless,use of the traditional polyethylene oxide-based solid-state polymer electrolyte is limited due to its inherently low ionic conductivity and narrow electrochemical stability window.Herein,for the first time,we specifically designed a cyanoethyl cellulosein-deep eutectic solvent composite eutectogel as a promising candidate for hybrid solid-state polymer electrolytes.It is found that the proposed eutectogel electrolyte achieves high ionic conductivity(1.87×10^(−3) S cm^(−1) at 25℃),superior electrochemical stability(up to 4.8 V),and outstanding lithium plating/striping behavior(low overpotential of 0.04 V at 1mAcm^(−2) and 1mAh cm^(−2) over 300 h).With the eutectogel-based solid-state polymer electrolyte,a 4.45 V LiCoO_(2)/Li metal battery delivers prominent long-term lifespan(capacity retention of 85%after 200 cycles)and high average Coulombic efficiency(99.5%)under ambient conditions,significantly outperforming the traditional carbonate-based liquid electrolyte.Our work demonstrates a promising strategy for designing eutectogel-based solid-state polymer electrolytes to realize high-voltage and high-energy lithium metal batteries.
基金This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016ZX05016 and No.2016ZX05046).
文摘With the blooming development of electronic technology,the use of electron conductive gel or ionic conductive gel in preparing flexible electronic devices is drawing more and more attention.Deep eutectic solvents are excellent substitutes for ionic liquids because of their good biocompatibility,low cost,and easy preparation,except for good conductivity.In this work,we synthesized a reactive quaternary ammonium monomer(3-acrylamidopropyl)octadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide with a hydrophobic chain of 18 carbons via the quaternization of 1-bromooctadecane and N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide at first,then we mixed quaternary ammonium with choline chloride,acrylic acid and glycerol to obtain a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent,and initialized polymerization in UV light of 365 nm to obtain the ionic conductive eutectogel based on polyacrylamide copolymer with long hydrophobic chain.The obtained eutectogel exibits good stretchability(1200%),Young's modulus(0.185 MPa),toughness(4.2 MJ/m^(3)),conductivity(0.315 S/m).The eutectogel also shows desireable moisture resistance with the maximum water absorption of 11.7 wt%after one week at 25℃ and 60% humidity,while the water absorption of eutectogel without hydrophobic long chains is 24.0 wt%.The introduction of long-chain hydrophobic groups not only improves the mechanical strength of the gels,but also significantly improves moisture resistance of the eutectogel.This work provides a simpler and more effective method for the preparation of ionic conductive eutectogels,which can further provide a reference for the applications of ionic conductive eutectogels in the field of flexible electronic devices.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB3805702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52130303, 52327802)。
文摘With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors.However,traditional TENG materials exhibit limited mechanical durability,environmental stability,and sensing performance under extreme conditions.Therefore,this study develops a novel eutectogel based on a deep eutectic solvent(DES)and poly(itaconic acidco-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)(P(IA-co-HEA))polymer network.The careful molecular design and microstructural modification of this system result in a eutectogel with low hysteresis,excellent resilience(97.8%),high conductivity(48.02 mS m^(−1)),and strong adhesive strength.Owing to the low freezing point and low volatility of the DES,the P(IA-co-HEA)eutectogel maintains 75.7%and 69.4%tensile and compressive resilience,respectively,at-40℃.Moreover,no significant change in resilience is observed after 24 h of storage under a-0.1 MPa vacuum environment.A self-powered TENG pressure sensor containing the developed eutectogel demonstrates a fast response time(16 ms)and stable signal output over 16000contact-separation cycles.In addition,the sensor operates reliably at-60℃ and vacuum(-0.1 MPa)conditions.The high resilience of the flexible self-powered sensor makes it suitable for use in extreme environments,supporting longterm,reliable pressure monitoring.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.:52303371,W2521021)Guangdong Science and Technology Department(grant Nos.:STKJ2023075,2022A1515110209,2021B0301030005)Education foundation of Guangdong Technion-Israel institute of Technology,and the Key Discipline(KD)Fund,the Technion,and the Start-Up Fund from Guangdong Technion.
文摘Hydrogels emerge as a promising electrode material for scalp electroencephalogram monitoring,which stands as a pivotal technique in neuroscience,enabling real-time monitoring of brain activity.However,conventional hydrogel-enabled electrodes suffer from low scalp compliance,high scalpelectrode impedance,and inferior interfacial stability.Here,we propose an injectable eutectogelenabled electrode for high-quality,long-term scalp electroencephalogram monitoring.This gelatinbased eutectogel exhibits temperature-controlled reversible phase transitions,enabling rapid in-situ gelation on the scalp and forming a robust self-adhesive interface.It demonstrates exceptional mechanical durability(1000 cycles at 100%strain),robust adhesion(0.7 N cm^(-1)on human epidermis and 1.7 N cm^(-1)on Ag/AgCl electrode),and outstanding anti-drying properties(negligible water loss after 7 days).Additionally,the eutectogel shows superior healing properties,antibacterial properties,and recyclability.Furthermore,it exhibits remarkably low scalp-electrode contact impedance(<20 kΩat 16 Hz).The eutectogel is injected on the human scalp with dense hair for high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording,enabling long-term monitoring.Its practical applications include monitoring visual evoked potentials,steady-state visual evoked potentials,somatosensory evoked potentials,slow vertex response,auditory brainstem response,multi-channel cognitive electroencephalogram during various daily activities,and event-related potentials P300 signals.The eutectogel-enabled electrode provides a versatile and reliable solution for long-term electroencephalogram monitoring in diverse clinical and research settings.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project Fund of China under Grant 2025ZD0215600the General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Grants No.7242271+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grant No.92472106,52325312,52421001,52388201Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission,Administrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park,under grant No.Z231100006023020Youth Program of NSFC Grants No.12102224Shanghai Special Fund for Industrial High Quality Development:Pioneering Industries Innovation and Development Projects Grants No.2024-GZL-RGZN-02026Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Excellent Ph.D.Students Foundation(grant No.CX20241089)the Start-up Funding of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(grant No.500422817 and 510224039).
文摘Bioelectrical signals,especially electroencephalography(EEG)and electrocardiography(ECG),are indispensable for health assessment.However,achieving high-quality signal acquisition while ensuring long-term stability remains a significant challenge in the bioelectrical electrodes.Herein,a cholinium-based eutectogel(ChCl-egel)is reported for dynamic ECG and EEG monitoring.By utilizing hydrogen bonding of deep eutectic solvents(DESs)to modulate conductivity,the ChCl-egel realizes an ultra-low skin impedance(4.7 kΩat 10 Hz)with reliable stability.Additionally,the ChCl-egel exhibits excellent conformal contact and biocompatibility.During ECG monitoring,the ChCl-egel offers an 8 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)compared to commercial ECG electrodes(3 M,Red Dot)over 48-hour period,enabling dynamic record under high-intensity exercises.In an 18-hour steadystate visual evoked potential(SSVEP)experiment,it can match the scalp impedance of commercial gel and support longer record.With high-quality dynamic monitoring capability,the ChCl-egel provides a promising solution for long-term bioelectrical signal acquisition.
基金the support of the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB3809902)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22108031)+1 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(21YF1400800)the support of the Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers&Polymer Materials,its Analysis Center and Lab.
文摘In recent years,the collection and monitoring of human physiological signals have garnered increasing attention due to their wide-ranging applications in healthcare,human-machine interaction,sports,and other fields.However,the continuous fabrication of flexible gel fiber electrodes with high mechanical performance,high conductivity,and durability for extreme environments using a simple,efficient,and universal strategy remains challenging for physiological signal acquisition.Here,we have employed a strategy of solvent replacement and multi-level hydrogen bond enhancement to construct eutectogel fibers with continuous solid-liquid structure,achieving continuous production of fibers with high strength,high conductivity,and low-temperature resistance.In the fiber,PVA serves as the solid-state elastic phase,DES as the liquid ionic conductive phase,and CNF as the reinforcement phase.The resulting eutectogel fibers exhibit excellent tensile strength(37.3 MPa),good elongation(>700%),high electrical conductivity(0.543 S/m),and resistance to extreme dry and-60°C low-tem-perature environments.Furthermore,these eutectogel fibers demonstrate high sensitivity for monitoring joint movements and effectively detecting in vitro and in vivo signals,show casing their potential for wearable strain sensors and monitoring physiological signals.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203180 and U22A20158)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0241)。
文摘Hydrogels,a class of highly hydrated materials mimicking the extracellular matrix,offer tunable mechanical properties and serve as versatile platforms for functionalization,which have been used for wound dressing to prevent infection and fluid loss.However,their inherent moisture evaporation hampers both storage stability and service life in practical applications.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs),as a category of eco-friendly solvents,exhibit low vapor pressure,good conductivity,biodegradability,non-flammability,and affordability.Eutectogels using DESs as a solvent not only retain the mechanical strength and functionality of hydrogel systems but also circumvent the limitations imposed by water evaporation in conventional hydrogels,which presents a promising direction and material framework for more personalized and efficacious wound management strategies.In this study,we have successfully synthesized a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent composed of glycerol,zinc chloride,and choline chloride,and subsequently incorporated polymerizable double bonds to fabricate an eco-friendly,antimicrobial-sensing eutectogel.This gel possesses a unique combination of high mechanical strength,universal adhesion capabilities,persistent bactericidal activity,superior sensing properties,and excellent biocompatibility.Its potential application as a wound dressing was explored,with results demonstrating the ability of eutectogel to accelerate wound healing and prevent bacterial colonization at the wound site.These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and a promising material platform for the development of next-generation intelligent wound dressings.
基金funding from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government(GRF#16302723 and ECS#26201323).
文摘Neurological injuries and disorders have a significant impact on individuals’quality of life,often resulting in motor and sensory loss.To assess motor performance and monitor neurological disorders,non-invasive techniques such as electroencephalography(EEG)and electromyography(EMG)are commonly used.Traditionally employed wet electrodes with conductive gels are limited by lengthy skin preparation time and allergic reactions.Although dry electrodes and hydrogel-based electrodes can mitigate these issues,their applicability for long-term monitoring is limited.Dry electrodes are susceptible to motion artifacts,whereas hydrogel-based electrodes face challenges related to water-induced instability.Recently,ionogels and eutectogels derived from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have gained immense popularity due to their non-volatility,ionic conductivity,thermal stability,and tunability.Eutectogels,in particular,exhibit superior biocompatibility.These characteristics make them suitable alternatives for the development of safer,robust,and reliable EEG and EMG electrodes.However,research specifically focused on their application for EEG and EMG signal acquisition remains limited.This article explores the electrode requirements and material advancements in EEG and EMG sensing,with a focus on highlighting the benefits that ionogels and eutectogels offer over conventional materials.It sheds light on the current limitations of these materials and proposes areas for further improvement in this field.The potential of these gel-based materials to achieve a seamless interface for high-quality and long-term electrophysiological signal acquisition is emphasized.Leveraging the unique properties of ionogels and eutectogels holds promise for future advancements in EEG and EMG electrode materials,leading to improved monitoring systems and enhanced patient outcomes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22175141 and 12102342)the Nature Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(grant nos.2023-JC-JQ-14,2023JC-XJ-21,and 2022JQ-146)+1 种基金Cultivation Program for the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest University(grant no.YB2023006)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Xi’an Association for Science and Technology(grant no.095920221324)for the financial support of this work.
文摘Achieving a straightforward design of tough,printable,and adaptable polymeric eutectogels is still challenging in related fields due to the uncontrollable polymerization and solvent-exchanging processes,and inherent contrasting multiple networks.Here,we report a one-step synergistic strategy based on ruthenium chemistry-catalyzed photopolymerization and solvent effect for preparing high-performance eutectogels.This orthogonal ruthenium photochemistry helps multinetworks formation via phenol-coupling of gelatin and copolymerization of acrylamide(AAm)and[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate(META)monomers in seconds.The obvious difference in the supramolecular interactions of free AAm monomers and polymerized units in P(AAm-co-META)with deep eutectic solvents(DESs)significantly promotes the microphase-separation behavior in eutectogels.Consequently,the in situ polymerization and microphase-separation behavior enable the as-prepared eutectogel materials to have excellent mechanical properties(stress of∼1.2 MPa),toughness(∼4.0 MJ m^(−3)),elasticity,adaptivity,and conductivity(∼0.5 S m^(−1)at room temperature).Also,the critical strength of the resultant eutectogels can be modulated by varying the DES constituents.This rapid and well-controlled synergistic approach is compatible with extrusion printing techniques to make flexible sensors with high sensitivities and response times to detect pressure in a range of 0–500 kPa.Such a general and simple strategy has application potential in biological,engineering,and material sciences.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2021QE043)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52101390 and 52331004)the Open Project of Key Lab of Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education,Henan University(No.KFKT-2022-11).
文摘Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENG)have emerged as a highly promising energy harvesting technology,attracting significant attention in recent years for their broad applications.Gel-based TENGs,with superior stretchability and sensitivity,have been widely reported as wearable sensors.However,the traditional hydrogel-based TENGs suffer from freezing at low temperatures and drying at high temperatures,resulting in malfunctions.In this study,we introduce an anti-freezing eutectogel,which uses a deep eutectic solvent(DES),to improve the stability and electrical conductivity of TENGs in harsh environmental conditions.The eutectogel-based TENG(E-TENG)produces an open-circuit voltage of 776 V,a short-circuit current of 1.54μA,and a maximum peak power of 1.1 mW.Moreover,the E-TENG exhibits exceptional mechanical properties with an elongation at a break of 476%under tension.Importantly,it maintains impressive performances across a wide temperature range from−18 to 60℃,with conductivities of 2.15 S/m at−10℃and 1.75 S/m at−18℃.Based on the excellent weight stability of the E-TENG sensor,motion sensing can be achieved in the air,and even underwater.Finally,the versatility of the E-TENG can serve as a wearable sensor,by integrating it with Bluetooth technology.The self-powered E-TENG can monitor various human motion signals in real-time and send the health signals directly to mobile phones.This research paves a new road for the applications of TENGs in harsh environments,offering wireless flexible sensors with real-time health signal monitoring capabilities.
