BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating the association between loss of estrogen at menopause and skeletal muscle mass came to contradictory conclusions.AIM To evaluate the association between serum estradiol level ...BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating the association between loss of estrogen at menopause and skeletal muscle mass came to contradictory conclusions.AIM To evaluate the association between serum estradiol level and appendicular lean mass index in middle-aged postmenopausal women using population-based data.METHODS This study included 673 postmenopausal women,aged 40-59 years,from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2016.Weighted multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between serum E2 Level and appendicular lean mass index(ALMI).When non-linear associations were found by using weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting,two-piecewise linear regression models were further applied to examine the threshold effects.RESULTS There was a positive association between serum E2 level and ALMI.Compared to individuals in quartile 1 group,those in other quartiles had higher ALMI levels.An inverted U-shaped curve relationship between serum E2 Level and ALMI was found on performing weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting,and the inflection point was identified as a serum E2 level of 85 pg/mL.CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between serum E2 levels and ALMI in middle-aged postmenopausal women,suggesting that low serum E2 levels play an important in the loss of muscle mass in middleaged postmenopausal women.展开更多
Objective To investigate whether estrogen modulates learning and memory and long-term potentiation （LTP） in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. Methods The rats were divided into ovariectomy （...Objective To investigate whether estrogen modulates learning and memory and long-term potentiation （LTP） in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. Methods The rats were divided into ovariectomy （OVX） and estrogen replacement therapy （ERT） groups. Rats in the ERT group received OVX, followed by ERT, while rats in the OVX group received only OVX. The rat model of AD was established by injection of 1 μL （10 μg/μL） amyloid-beta peptide 1-40（Aβ1-40） into the hippocampus. The learning and memory ability and LTP were determined by Morris water maze and electrophysiological method, respectively. Results The escape latency in Morris water maze significantly decreased in ERT group compared with that in OVX group （P 〈 0.05）. Besides, rats in ERT group exhibited a significant enhancement of the magnitude of LTP at 30 min after high-frequency stimulation （HFS）, compared with that in OVX group （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion ERT can attenuate the cognitive deficits in the rat model of AD, and estrogen can regulate LTP and synaptic remodeling in AD rats.展开更多
Aim PLA/PLGA was used as biodegradable and biocompatible carriers to achieve sustained release of estradiol (E 2). Methods Microcapsules (MC) were prepared by an emulsification solvent extraction method, and then ...Aim PLA/PLGA was used as biodegradable and biocompatible carriers to achieve sustained release of estradiol (E 2). Methods Microcapsules (MC) were prepared by an emulsification solvent extraction method, and then the properties and in vitro drug release behavior of MC were examined. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the statistical significance. Then, multiple comparisons were made with a T method between levels to examine the significance of difference further. For all the results a P value 】0 05 was considered statistically insignificant . Results Under the same conditions, the water adding speed and the particle size had significant effects ( P 【0 01) on the entrapment efficiency of MC; the water adding speed and the concentration of PLA in the oil phase had significant effects ( P 【0 01) on the diameter MC in medium. Release of E 2 from MC was influenced significantly ( P 【0 01) by the water adding speed and the type and molecule weight of the polymers. But the differences between levels of the variates were not all significant. Conclusion E 2 PLA/PLGA MC with various properties can be formed when the formulation and the technology were changed accordingly.展开更多
Understanding basic reproductive physiology is crucial for the management of both captive and free-ranging wolf. In the present study, we determined hormonal changes during pregnancy and the estrous cycle in captive f...Understanding basic reproductive physiology is crucial for the management of both captive and free-ranging wolf. In the present study, we determined hormonal changes during pregnancy and the estrous cycle in captive female wolf by measuring fecal steroids collected during the breeding season with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. These biochemical analyses were validated using chemical devivatization and mass spectrometry, and interpreted along with the behavioral data. All four females undergoing estrus cycles were copulated with their partners and delivered pups successfully. We found that estradiol concen-trations were significantly higher during the estrus cycle than other stages （p0.01） and progesterone was also significantly increased throughout the pregnancy （p0.01）. These hormonal fluctuations demonstrated pregnancy-specific changes in the fecal progesterone and estradiol con-centrations. Patterns of fecal estradiol and progesterone concentrations during estrous cycles were similar to those reported for other canids.展开更多
Rats were implanted subcutaneously with silastic capsules containing 10 mg 17-β-estradiol. After 30, 60 and 120 days, their pituitary weights and plasma PRL levels were found to increase significantly. The administra...Rats were implanted subcutaneously with silastic capsules containing 10 mg 17-β-estradiol. After 30, 60 and 120 days, their pituitary weights and plasma PRL levels were found to increase significantly. The administration of β-estradiol also produced a marked rise of PRL mRNA concentrations in the rat total RNA, but the sharper rise of serum PRL levels indicates that estradiol not only promotes transcription of prolactin gene, but also improves the efficiency of translation of the transcription product.展开更多
Objective The aim of the study was to determine the association of urinary levels of estradiol(E_(2))and 2-methoxyestradiol(2-MeOE_(2))with the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer.Methods In this case-con...Objective The aim of the study was to determine the association of urinary levels of estradiol(E_(2))and 2-methoxyestradiol(2-MeOE_(2))with the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer.Methods In this case-control study,24-h urine specimens were collected from 28 postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer and 28 postmenopausal healthy female controls.The concentration of 2-MeOE_(2) was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction.The concentration of E_(2) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Estrogen levels were different between the patients with endometrial cancer and controls.The relative quantity of E_(2) in the case group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),whereas that of 2-MeOE_(2) was lower in the case group than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ratio of E_(2)-to-2-MeOE_(2) in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The results of this study indicate an imbalance of estrogen metabolites in endometrial carcinogenesis.Reduced 2-MeOE_(2) levels and elevated E_(2)-to-2-MeOE_(2) ratio may be used as potential biomarkers for the risk assessment of estrogen-induced endometrial cancer.展开更多
The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol （EE2）, bisphenol A （BPA）, and 4-n-nonylphenol （NP） in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using ...The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol （EE2）, bisphenol A （BPA）, and 4-n-nonylphenol （NP） in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils. Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model. The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA （0.537-0.686） 〉 EE2 （0.705-0.858） 〉 NP （0.875-0.0.951） in single systems. The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam, Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758, 0.705 and 0.858, to 0.889, 0.910 and 0.969, respectively, when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L, but the effect of NP was comparably minimal. Additionally, EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA, but insignificantly suppressed that of NE These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2, NP and BPA on the hard carbon （e.g., black carbon） of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals （EDCs）. Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.展开更多
Objective： We dynamically measured serum inhibin B and estradiol in the early stage of hormonal stimulation to predict the ovarian response in in vitro fertilization （IVF） treatment. Methods： A total of 57 patien...Objective： We dynamically measured serum inhibin B and estradiol in the early stage of hormonal stimulation to predict the ovarian response in in vitro fertilization （IVF） treatment. Methods： A total of 57 patients （〈40 years of age） who underwent the first cycle of long protocol IVF or introcytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） treatment were included. Serum inhibin B, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） and luteinizing hormone （LH） levels were measured four times： （1） on Day 3 of the menstrual cycle （basal）; （2） on the day before the first administration ofgonadotrophin （Gn） （Day 0）; （3） on Day 1 of Gn therapy; and （4） on Day 5 of Gn therapy. Comparisons of these measurements with ovarian responses and pregnancy outcomes were made and analyzed statistically. Results： （1） On Day 1 and Day 5 of recombinant FSH （rFSH） stimulation, ovarian response, i.e., numbers of follicles, oocytes, fertilized oocytes, and embryos, had a positive correlation （rs=0.46-0.61, P 0.000） with raised inhibin B and estradiol concentrations, but a negative correlation （rs=-0.67--0.38, P=0.000 or P〈0.01） with total rFSH dose and total days ofrFSH stimulation. （2） No significant variation （P〉0.05） between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups on the basis of mean age or on all hormone concentrations at four times of the IVF cycle was observed. However, all the seven patients aged 〉35 years did not reach pregnancy. Conclusions： （1） Serum inhibin B and estradiol concentrations obtained shortly after Gn therapy may offer an accurate and early prediction of ovarian response; （2） Low levels of serum inhibin B and estradiol obtained shortly after Gn stimulation indicate the need for a longer period of Gn treatment and a higher daily dosage; （3） No obvious pregnancy difference among patients of age 〈35 years was found; however, IVF pregnancy outcome is significantly lower in women of age 〉35 years.展开更多
Nanozyme catalysis has been mainly focused on a few chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, while environmentally and biologically important compounds need to be tested to advance the field. In this work, we studied o...Nanozyme catalysis has been mainly focused on a few chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, while environmentally and biologically important compounds need to be tested to advance the field. In this work, we studied oxidation of estradiol(E2) in the presence of various nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles(AuNPs), nanoceria(CeO2), Fe3O4, Fe2O3, MnO2 and Mn2O3, and found that AuNPs had a dehydrogenase-mimicking activity to convert E2 to estrone(E1). This conversion was monitored using HPLC. The reaction was faster at higher pH and reached saturation at pH 8. Smaller AuNPs had a higher catalytic efficiency and 5 nm AuNPs were 4.8-fold faster than 13 nm at the same total surface area. Finally,we tried 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2) as a substrate and found that 5 nm AuNPs can catalyze EE2 oxidation in the presence of H2O2. This work indicated that some nanomaterials can affect environmentally important hormones via oxidation reactions, and this study has expanded the scope of substrate of nanozymes.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone on the unstimulated and oxidative stressstimulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and macrophage chemotactic...AIM:To investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone on the unstimulated and oxidative stressstimulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy controls. METHODS:The PBMCs were separated from agematched 72 males and 71 females with and without chronic hepatitis C, who were divided into two groups based on a mean menopausal age of 50 years. Oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide in the cells incubated in serum-free media. Cytokines in the culture supernatant were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:The highest levels of the spontaneous production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and MCP-1 by the unstimulated PBMCs were in the older male patients with chronic hepatitis C and the lowest levels were in the premenopausal female healthy controls. E2 inhibited the cytokine production by the unstimulated PBMCs from the older male and post-menopausal female patients, which was further stimulated by progesterone. The exposure to hydrogen peroxide in the PBMCs from the younger male and pre-menopausal female healthy subjects induced the production of cytokines. The change rates of the hydrogen peroxide-stimulated cytokine production were suppressed by E2 and enhanced by progesterone. CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that E2 may play a favorable role in the course of persistent liver injury by preventing the accumulation of monocytes-macrophages and by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas progesterone may counteract the favorable E2 effects.展开更多
AIM: To examine the protective effect of estradiol on the cultured hepatocytes under oxidative stress. METHODS: Hepatocytes of rat were isolated by using perfusion method, and oxidative stress was induced by a serum-f...AIM: To examine the protective effect of estradiol on the cultured hepatocytes under oxidative stress. METHODS: Hepatocytes of rat were isolated by using perfusion method, and oxidative stress was induced by a serum-free medium and FeNTA. MDA level was determined with TBA method. Cell damage was assessed by LDH assay. Apoptosis of hepatocytes was assessed with cytoflowmetric analysis. Expression of Bcl-xl in cultured hepatocytes was detected by Western blot. The radical-scavenging activity of estradiol was valued by its ability to scavenge the stable free radical of DDPH. RESULTS: Oxidative stress increased LDH from 168 +/- 25 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) to 780 +/- 62 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) and MDA(from 0.28 +/- 0.07 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1) to 1.35 +/- 0.12 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1)) levels in cultured hepatocyte, and estradiol inhibited both LDH and MDA production in a dose dependent manner. In the presence of estradiol 10(-6)mol.L(-1), 10( -7 )mol.L(-1) and 10(-8)mol.L(-1),the LDH levels are 410 +/- 53 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) (P【0.01 vs oxidative group), 530 +/- 37 X 10(-6)IU.cell(-1 ) (P【0.01 vs oxidative group), 687+/-42 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) (P【0.05 vs oxidative group) respectively, and the MDA level are 0.71+/-0.12 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1) (P【0.01 vs oxidative group),0.97+/-0.11 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1 )(P【0.01 vs oxidative group) and 1.27+/-0.19 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1) respectively. Estradiol suppressed apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by oxidative stress, administration of estradiol(10(-6)mol/L)decreased the apoptotic rate of hepatocytes under oxidative stress from 18.6 +/- 1.2% to 6.5 +/-2.5%, P【0.01. Bcl-xl expression was related to the degree of liver cell damage due to oxidative stress, and estradiol showed a protective action. CONCLUSION: Estradiol protects hepatocytes from oxidative damage by means of its antioxidant activity.展开更多
Assays that measure steroid hormones in patient care, public health, and research need to be both accurate and precise, as these criteria help to ensure comparability across all clinical and research applications. Thi...Assays that measure steroid hormones in patient care, public health, and research need to be both accurate and precise, as these criteria help to ensure comparability across all clinical and research applications. This review addresses major issues relevant to assay variability and describes recent activities by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） to improve assay performance. Currently, high degrees of accuracy and precision are not always met for testosterone and estradiol measurements; although technologies for steroid hormone measurement have advanced significantly, measurement variability within and across laboratories has not improved accordingly. Differences in calibration and specificity are discussed as sources of variability in measurement accuracy. Ultimately, a combination of factors appears to cause inaccuracy of steroid hormone measurements, with nonuniform assay calibration and lack of specificity being two major contributors to assay variability. Within-assay variability for current assays is generally high, especially at low analyte concentrations. The CDC Hormone Standardization （HoSt） Program is improving clinical assays, as evidenced by a 50% decline in mean absolute bias between mass spectrometry assays and the CDC reference method from 2007 to 2011. This program provides the measurement traceability to CDC reference methods and helps to minimize factors affecting measurement variability.展开更多
Background: Granulosa cells(GCs) proliferation and estradiol synthesis significantly affect follicular development.The miR-214-3p expression in the ovarian tissues of high-yielding sows is higher than that in low-yiel...Background: Granulosa cells(GCs) proliferation and estradiol synthesis significantly affect follicular development.The miR-214-3p expression in the ovarian tissues of high-yielding sows is higher than that in low-yielding sows,indicating that miR-214-3p may be involved in sow fertility. However, the functions and mechanisms of miR-214-3p on GCs are unclear. This study focuses on miR-214-3p in terms of the effects on GCs proliferation and estradiol synthesis.Results: Our findings revealed that miR-214-3p promotes proliferation and inhibits estradiol synthesis in porcine GCs. MiR-214-3p can increase the percentage of S-phase cells, the number of EdU labeled positive cells, and cell viability. However, E2 concentration was reduced after miR-214-3p agomir treatment. We also found that miR-214-3p up-regulates the expression of cell cycle genes including cell cycle protein B(Cyclin B), cell cycle protein D(Cyclin D), cell cycle protein E(Cyclin E), and cyclin-dependent kinase 4(CDK4) at the transcription and translation levels, but down-regulates the mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1(CYP11A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR)(i.e., the key enzymes in estradiol synthesis). On-line prediction, bioinformatics analysis, a luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot results showed that the target genes of miR-214-3p in proliferation and estradiol synthesis are Mfn2 and NR5A1, respectively.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-214-3 p plays an important role in the functional regulation of porcine GCs and therefore may be a target gene for regulating follicular development.展开更多
Objective： Retinopathy of prematurity is becoming obvious with the improvement of neonatal ambulance. However there is still not a good treatment. The present study is to observe the effect of 17 beta-estradiol （E2...Objective： Retinopathy of prematurity is becoming obvious with the improvement of neonatal ambulance. However there is still not a good treatment. The present study is to observe the effect of 17 beta-estradiol （E2） on oxygen-induced retinopathy （OIR）, and explore the relationship between the changes of avascular area and malondialdehyde （MDA） in retina. Methods： Newborn oxygen-exposed mice underwent subcutaneous injections of different dose of E2 （0.1 μg, 1.0 μg, 10.0 μg ）, tamoxifen or phosphate buffered saline （PBS; controls）everyday from post-natal day （p）7 to p17. At p17, retinal flat mounts were scored for the percentage of avascular/total retinal area, and pathological changes during revascularization. The MDA concentration in the retina was determined also. In the most efficacious E2 group （10.0 μg）, 100.0 μg tamoxifen was also administered, and the percentage of capillary-free/total retinal area determined, and the retinal malondialdehyde concentration assayed. Results： The mean percentage of capillary-free area over total retinal area was 0（PBS, in room air）, 34.197±1.301（PBS, in hyperoxia）, 23.685±0.407 （0.1 μg E2）, 14.648±0.355 （1.0 μg E2）, 4.693±0.450 （10.0 μg E2） and 32.240±0.654 （10.0 μg E2 ＋100.0 μg tamoxifen）. The difference was significant （F = 2778.759, P 〈 0.01）, and the difference between any two groups were also significant （all P value were less than 0.01）. The predilection of tufts and clusters during revascularization was mainly aggregated in zones 2 and 3, but the difference of retinal neovascular clusters and tufts in fourth zone among different groups were significant [clusters （F = 44.719, P 〈 0.01） vs tufts （F = 39.997,P 〈 0.01）]. The mean MDA concentration were 0.711 ±0.037（PBS, in room air）, 2.084±0.066 （PBS, in hyperoxia）, 1.829±0.091（0.1 μg E2）, 1.152± 0.067（1.0 μg E2）, 0.796 ±0.027（10.0 μg E2）, 1.988 ± 0.049（10.0μg E2 ＋100.0 μg tamoxifen） （F = 628.103, P 〈 0.01）. The difference between any two groups were also significant （all P value were less than 0.05）. The close relation between the percentage of avascular/total retinal area and MDA concentration was also verified （r = 0.981, P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： Oxidative stress responses play a pivotal role in OIR, by means of receptor pathway. E2 can alleviate oxidative stress reaction, and thus ameliorate the severity of oxygen induced retinopathy.展开更多
Aim： To assess proliferative and apoptotic potential of the seminiferous epithelium cells in relation to Sertoli cell maturation in newborn rats under the influence of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） ...Aim： To assess proliferative and apoptotic potential of the seminiferous epithelium cells in relation to Sertoli cell maturation in newborn rats under the influence of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） or both agents given together. Methods： From postnatal day （PND） 5 to 15 male rats were daily injected with 12.5 μg of 1713-estradiol benzoate （EB） or 7.5 IU of human purified FSH （hFSH） or EB ＋ hFSH or solvents （control）. On postnatal day 16, autopsy was performed. Sertoli cell maturation/function was assessed by morphometry. Proliferation of the seminiferous epithelium cells was quantitatively evaluated using immunohistochemical labeling against proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis using the TUN-EL method. Results： Although EB inhibited Sertoli cell maturation and hFSH was not effective, a pronounced acceleration of Sertoli cell maturation occurred after EB ＋ hFSH. Whereas hFSH stimulated Sertoli cell proliferation, EB or EB ＋ hFSH inhibited Sertoli cell proliferation. All treatments significantly stimulated germ cell proliferation. Apoptosis of Sertoli cells increased 9-fold and germ cells 2-fold after EB, and was not affected by hFSH but was inhibited after EB ＋ hFSH. Conclusion： At puberty, estradiol inhibits Sertoli cell maturation, increases Sertoli and germ cell apoptosis but stimulates germ cell proliferation. Estradiol in synergism with FSH, but neither of the hormones alone, accelerates Sertoli cell maturation associated with an increase in germ cell survival. Estradiol and FSH cooperate to induce seminal tubule maturation and trigger first spermatogenesis.展开更多
Polymorph screening is currently one of the most important tasks for innovators and for generic companies from both pharmaceutical and intellectual property rights aspects. The hemihydrate form（Form Ⅰ） and formamid...Polymorph screening is currently one of the most important tasks for innovators and for generic companies from both pharmaceutical and intellectual property rights aspects. The hemihydrate form（Form Ⅰ） and formamide solvate（Form Ⅱ） of estradiol are isolated and prepared via systemic crystallization screening in this paper, and the formamide solvate form is reported for the first time. Both polymorphic forms were characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis（SXRD）, powder X-ray diffraction（PXRD）, and thermal analysis（TGA and DSC）. The PXRD experiments indicate that the samples in this study are the pure polymorphic forms via comparing the patterns with the simulated ones. The stability and equilibrium solubility data of the solid-state phase were also examined in order to check the impact of the differences observed in their crystalline structures. It has been found that Forms I and II are of conformational polymorph and Form II is the more thermodynamically stable solid form, while Form I possesses higher solubility, indicating its possibility as an alternate solid form for its further solid formulation development if necessary.展开更多
Erectile dysfunctio n attributable to testosterone deficiency is less comm on in young males,and the effect of estradiol on erectile function in eug on adal young males is un clear.We an a lyzed data from 195 male par...Erectile dysfunctio n attributable to testosterone deficiency is less comm on in young males,and the effect of estradiol on erectile function in eug on adal young males is un clear.We an a lyzed data from 195 male participa nts,including 143 eug on adal patients with erectile dysfunction and 52 healthy men.To distinguish psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction,penile rigidity was measured using the nocturnal penile tumescenee rigidity test.Serum levels of sexual hormones were quantified by electrochemiluminescence,and penile vascular status was assessed by penile color Doppler ultrasound.Both serum estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone were higher in patients with organic erectile dysfunction than in patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction or healthy controls.Organic erectile dysfunction was negatively associated with estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone,and estradiol was the only sign ifica nt risk factor for orga nic erectile dysf un ction(odds ratio:1.094;95%con fide nee interval:1.042-1.149,P=0.000).Moreover,serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated with penile rigidity.Serum estradiol levels were higher and penile rigidity was lower in patients with venous erectile dysfunction than in patients with nonvascular erectile dysf unction.We con elude that elevated serum estradiol levels may impair erectile function and may be involved in the pathoge nesis of organic erectile dysfunction in eugonadal young men.展开更多
基金The Institutional Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics(NCHS)approved the survey protocols(Protocol#2011-17).
文摘BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating the association between loss of estrogen at menopause and skeletal muscle mass came to contradictory conclusions.AIM To evaluate the association between serum estradiol level and appendicular lean mass index in middle-aged postmenopausal women using population-based data.METHODS This study included 673 postmenopausal women,aged 40-59 years,from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2016.Weighted multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between serum E2 Level and appendicular lean mass index(ALMI).When non-linear associations were found by using weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting,two-piecewise linear regression models were further applied to examine the threshold effects.RESULTS There was a positive association between serum E2 level and ALMI.Compared to individuals in quartile 1 group,those in other quartiles had higher ALMI levels.An inverted U-shaped curve relationship between serum E2 Level and ALMI was found on performing weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting,and the inflection point was identified as a serum E2 level of 85 pg/mL.CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between serum E2 levels and ALMI in middle-aged postmenopausal women,suggesting that low serum E2 levels play an important in the loss of muscle mass in middleaged postmenopausal women.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30700938,30872656, 30700861, 30800451) the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (No. 20082078)
文摘Objective To investigate whether estrogen modulates learning and memory and long-term potentiation （LTP） in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. Methods The rats were divided into ovariectomy （OVX） and estrogen replacement therapy （ERT） groups. Rats in the ERT group received OVX, followed by ERT, while rats in the OVX group received only OVX. The rat model of AD was established by injection of 1 μL （10 μg/μL） amyloid-beta peptide 1-40（Aβ1-40） into the hippocampus. The learning and memory ability and LTP were determined by Morris water maze and electrophysiological method, respectively. Results The escape latency in Morris water maze significantly decreased in ERT group compared with that in OVX group （P 〈 0.05）. Besides, rats in ERT group exhibited a significant enhancement of the magnitude of LTP at 30 min after high-frequency stimulation （HFS）, compared with that in OVX group （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion ERT can attenuate the cognitive deficits in the rat model of AD, and estrogen can regulate LTP and synaptic remodeling in AD rats.
文摘Aim PLA/PLGA was used as biodegradable and biocompatible carriers to achieve sustained release of estradiol (E 2). Methods Microcapsules (MC) were prepared by an emulsification solvent extraction method, and then the properties and in vitro drug release behavior of MC were examined. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the statistical significance. Then, multiple comparisons were made with a T method between levels to examine the significance of difference further. For all the results a P value 】0 05 was considered statistically insignificant . Results Under the same conditions, the water adding speed and the particle size had significant effects ( P 【0 01) on the entrapment efficiency of MC; the water adding speed and the concentration of PLA in the oil phase had significant effects ( P 【0 01) on the diameter MC in medium. Release of E 2 from MC was influenced significantly ( P 【0 01) by the water adding speed and the type and molecule weight of the polymers. But the differences between levels of the variates were not all significant. Conclusion E 2 PLA/PLGA MC with various properties can be formed when the formulation and the technology were changed accordingly.
基金This research was supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents (NCET-07-0507)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation (Z2008D01)+1 种基金Project of Science and Technology Development Plan in Shandong Province (2007GG2009011)Shandong Province Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2005BS02005, 2008BS09011)
文摘Understanding basic reproductive physiology is crucial for the management of both captive and free-ranging wolf. In the present study, we determined hormonal changes during pregnancy and the estrous cycle in captive female wolf by measuring fecal steroids collected during the breeding season with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. These biochemical analyses were validated using chemical devivatization and mass spectrometry, and interpreted along with the behavioral data. All four females undergoing estrus cycles were copulated with their partners and delivered pups successfully. We found that estradiol concen-trations were significantly higher during the estrus cycle than other stages （p0.01） and progesterone was also significantly increased throughout the pregnancy （p0.01）. These hormonal fluctuations demonstrated pregnancy-specific changes in the fecal progesterone and estradiol con-centrations. Patterns of fecal estradiol and progesterone concentrations during estrous cycles were similar to those reported for other canids.
文摘Rats were implanted subcutaneously with silastic capsules containing 10 mg 17-β-estradiol. After 30, 60 and 120 days, their pituitary weights and plasma PRL levels were found to increase significantly. The administration of β-estradiol also produced a marked rise of PRL mRNA concentrations in the rat total RNA, but the sharper rise of serum PRL levels indicates that estradiol not only promotes transcription of prolactin gene, but also improves the efficiency of translation of the transcription product.
基金Supported by the Hebei Province Medical Science Research Key Project(No.20210276).
文摘Objective The aim of the study was to determine the association of urinary levels of estradiol(E_(2))and 2-methoxyestradiol(2-MeOE_(2))with the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer.Methods In this case-control study,24-h urine specimens were collected from 28 postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer and 28 postmenopausal healthy female controls.The concentration of 2-MeOE_(2) was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction.The concentration of E_(2) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Estrogen levels were different between the patients with endometrial cancer and controls.The relative quantity of E_(2) in the case group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),whereas that of 2-MeOE_(2) was lower in the case group than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ratio of E_(2)-to-2-MeOE_(2) in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The results of this study indicate an imbalance of estrogen metabolites in endometrial carcinogenesis.Reduced 2-MeOE_(2) levels and elevated E_(2)-to-2-MeOE_(2) ratio may be used as potential biomarkers for the risk assessment of estrogen-induced endometrial cancer.
基金supported by the Special Environmental Research Funds for Public Welfare (No. 201209053)the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2008AA062502)
文摘The sorption of 17α-ethinyl estradiol （EE2）, bisphenol A （BPA）, and 4-n-nonylphenol （NP） in single systems and the sorption of EE2 with different initial aqueous concentrations of BPA or NP were examined using three soils. Results showed that all sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fit the Freundlich model. The degree of nonlinearity was in the order BPA （0.537-0.686） 〉 EE2 （0.705-0.858） 〉 NP （0.875-0.0.951） in single systems. The isotherm linearity index of EE2 sorption calculated by the Freundlich model for Loam, Silt Loam and Silt increased from 0.758, 0.705 and 0.858, to 0.889, 0.910 and 0.969, respectively, when BPA concentration increased from 0 to 1000 μg/L, but the effect of NP was comparably minimal. Additionally, EE2 significantly suppressed the sorption of BPA, but insignificantly suppressed that of NE These findings can be attributed to the difference of sorption affinity of EE2, NP and BPA on the hard carbon （e.g., black carbon） of soil organic matter that dominated the sorption in the low equilibrium aqueous concentration range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals （EDCs）. Competitive sorption among EDCs presents new challenges for predicting the transport and fate of EDCs under the influence of co-solutes.
文摘Objective： We dynamically measured serum inhibin B and estradiol in the early stage of hormonal stimulation to predict the ovarian response in in vitro fertilization （IVF） treatment. Methods： A total of 57 patients （〈40 years of age） who underwent the first cycle of long protocol IVF or introcytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） treatment were included. Serum inhibin B, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） and luteinizing hormone （LH） levels were measured four times： （1） on Day 3 of the menstrual cycle （basal）; （2） on the day before the first administration ofgonadotrophin （Gn） （Day 0）; （3） on Day 1 of Gn therapy; and （4） on Day 5 of Gn therapy. Comparisons of these measurements with ovarian responses and pregnancy outcomes were made and analyzed statistically. Results： （1） On Day 1 and Day 5 of recombinant FSH （rFSH） stimulation, ovarian response, i.e., numbers of follicles, oocytes, fertilized oocytes, and embryos, had a positive correlation （rs=0.46-0.61, P 0.000） with raised inhibin B and estradiol concentrations, but a negative correlation （rs=-0.67--0.38, P=0.000 or P〈0.01） with total rFSH dose and total days ofrFSH stimulation. （2） No significant variation （P〉0.05） between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups on the basis of mean age or on all hormone concentrations at four times of the IVF cycle was observed. However, all the seven patients aged 〉35 years did not reach pregnancy. Conclusions： （1） Serum inhibin B and estradiol concentrations obtained shortly after Gn therapy may offer an accurate and early prediction of ovarian response; （2） Low levels of serum inhibin B and estradiol obtained shortly after Gn stimulation indicate the need for a longer period of Gn treatment and a higher daily dosage; （3） No obvious pregnancy difference among patients of age 〈35 years was found; however, IVF pregnancy outcome is significantly lower in women of age 〉35 years.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
文摘Nanozyme catalysis has been mainly focused on a few chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, while environmentally and biologically important compounds need to be tested to advance the field. In this work, we studied oxidation of estradiol(E2) in the presence of various nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles(AuNPs), nanoceria(CeO2), Fe3O4, Fe2O3, MnO2 and Mn2O3, and found that AuNPs had a dehydrogenase-mimicking activity to convert E2 to estrone(E1). This conversion was monitored using HPLC. The reaction was faster at higher pH and reached saturation at pH 8. Smaller AuNPs had a higher catalytic efficiency and 5 nm AuNPs were 4.8-fold faster than 13 nm at the same total surface area. Finally,we tried 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2) as a substrate and found that 5 nm AuNPs can catalyze EE2 oxidation in the presence of H2O2. This work indicated that some nanomaterials can affect environmentally important hormones via oxidation reactions, and this study has expanded the scope of substrate of nanozymes.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone on the unstimulated and oxidative stressstimulated production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy controls. METHODS:The PBMCs were separated from agematched 72 males and 71 females with and without chronic hepatitis C, who were divided into two groups based on a mean menopausal age of 50 years. Oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide in the cells incubated in serum-free media. Cytokines in the culture supernatant were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:The highest levels of the spontaneous production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and MCP-1 by the unstimulated PBMCs were in the older male patients with chronic hepatitis C and the lowest levels were in the premenopausal female healthy controls. E2 inhibited the cytokine production by the unstimulated PBMCs from the older male and post-menopausal female patients, which was further stimulated by progesterone. The exposure to hydrogen peroxide in the PBMCs from the younger male and pre-menopausal female healthy subjects induced the production of cytokines. The change rates of the hydrogen peroxide-stimulated cytokine production were suppressed by E2 and enhanced by progesterone. CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that E2 may play a favorable role in the course of persistent liver injury by preventing the accumulation of monocytes-macrophages and by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas progesterone may counteract the favorable E2 effects.
文摘AIM: To examine the protective effect of estradiol on the cultured hepatocytes under oxidative stress. METHODS: Hepatocytes of rat were isolated by using perfusion method, and oxidative stress was induced by a serum-free medium and FeNTA. MDA level was determined with TBA method. Cell damage was assessed by LDH assay. Apoptosis of hepatocytes was assessed with cytoflowmetric analysis. Expression of Bcl-xl in cultured hepatocytes was detected by Western blot. The radical-scavenging activity of estradiol was valued by its ability to scavenge the stable free radical of DDPH. RESULTS: Oxidative stress increased LDH from 168 +/- 25 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) to 780 +/- 62 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) and MDA(from 0.28 +/- 0.07 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1) to 1.35 +/- 0.12 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1)) levels in cultured hepatocyte, and estradiol inhibited both LDH and MDA production in a dose dependent manner. In the presence of estradiol 10(-6)mol.L(-1), 10( -7 )mol.L(-1) and 10(-8)mol.L(-1),the LDH levels are 410 +/- 53 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) (P【0.01 vs oxidative group), 530 +/- 37 X 10(-6)IU.cell(-1 ) (P【0.01 vs oxidative group), 687+/-42 x 10(-6)IU.cell(-1) (P【0.05 vs oxidative group) respectively, and the MDA level are 0.71+/-0.12 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1) (P【0.01 vs oxidative group),0.97+/-0.11 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1 )(P【0.01 vs oxidative group) and 1.27+/-0.19 x 10(-6)nmol.cell(-1) respectively. Estradiol suppressed apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by oxidative stress, administration of estradiol(10(-6)mol/L)decreased the apoptotic rate of hepatocytes under oxidative stress from 18.6 +/- 1.2% to 6.5 +/-2.5%, P【0.01. Bcl-xl expression was related to the degree of liver cell damage due to oxidative stress, and estradiol showed a protective action. CONCLUSION: Estradiol protects hepatocytes from oxidative damage by means of its antioxidant activity.
文摘Assays that measure steroid hormones in patient care, public health, and research need to be both accurate and precise, as these criteria help to ensure comparability across all clinical and research applications. This review addresses major issues relevant to assay variability and describes recent activities by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） to improve assay performance. Currently, high degrees of accuracy and precision are not always met for testosterone and estradiol measurements; although technologies for steroid hormone measurement have advanced significantly, measurement variability within and across laboratories has not improved accordingly. Differences in calibration and specificity are discussed as sources of variability in measurement accuracy. Ultimately, a combination of factors appears to cause inaccuracy of steroid hormone measurements, with nonuniform assay calibration and lack of specificity being two major contributors to assay variability. Within-assay variability for current assays is generally high, especially at low analyte concentrations. The CDC Hormone Standardization （HoSt） Program is improving clinical assays, as evidenced by a 50% decline in mean absolute bias between mass spectrometry assays and the CDC reference method from 2007 to 2011. This program provides the measurement traceability to CDC reference methods and helps to minimize factors affecting measurement variability.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation (No.31802047)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. 2016ZX08006003)Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project (CN)(No. 2018ZDXM-NY-035)。
文摘Background: Granulosa cells(GCs) proliferation and estradiol synthesis significantly affect follicular development.The miR-214-3p expression in the ovarian tissues of high-yielding sows is higher than that in low-yielding sows,indicating that miR-214-3p may be involved in sow fertility. However, the functions and mechanisms of miR-214-3p on GCs are unclear. This study focuses on miR-214-3p in terms of the effects on GCs proliferation and estradiol synthesis.Results: Our findings revealed that miR-214-3p promotes proliferation and inhibits estradiol synthesis in porcine GCs. MiR-214-3p can increase the percentage of S-phase cells, the number of EdU labeled positive cells, and cell viability. However, E2 concentration was reduced after miR-214-3p agomir treatment. We also found that miR-214-3p up-regulates the expression of cell cycle genes including cell cycle protein B(Cyclin B), cell cycle protein D(Cyclin D), cell cycle protein E(Cyclin E), and cyclin-dependent kinase 4(CDK4) at the transcription and translation levels, but down-regulates the mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1(CYP11A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR)(i.e., the key enzymes in estradiol synthesis). On-line prediction, bioinformatics analysis, a luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot results showed that the target genes of miR-214-3p in proliferation and estradiol synthesis are Mfn2 and NR5A1, respectively.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-214-3 p plays an important role in the functional regulation of porcine GCs and therefore may be a target gene for regulating follicular development.
基金funded by Xi'an Science and Technology Agency (K2007-7)
文摘Objective： Retinopathy of prematurity is becoming obvious with the improvement of neonatal ambulance. However there is still not a good treatment. The present study is to observe the effect of 17 beta-estradiol （E2） on oxygen-induced retinopathy （OIR）, and explore the relationship between the changes of avascular area and malondialdehyde （MDA） in retina. Methods： Newborn oxygen-exposed mice underwent subcutaneous injections of different dose of E2 （0.1 μg, 1.0 μg, 10.0 μg ）, tamoxifen or phosphate buffered saline （PBS; controls）everyday from post-natal day （p）7 to p17. At p17, retinal flat mounts were scored for the percentage of avascular/total retinal area, and pathological changes during revascularization. The MDA concentration in the retina was determined also. In the most efficacious E2 group （10.0 μg）, 100.0 μg tamoxifen was also administered, and the percentage of capillary-free/total retinal area determined, and the retinal malondialdehyde concentration assayed. Results： The mean percentage of capillary-free area over total retinal area was 0（PBS, in room air）, 34.197±1.301（PBS, in hyperoxia）, 23.685±0.407 （0.1 μg E2）, 14.648±0.355 （1.0 μg E2）, 4.693±0.450 （10.0 μg E2） and 32.240±0.654 （10.0 μg E2 ＋100.0 μg tamoxifen）. The difference was significant （F = 2778.759, P 〈 0.01）, and the difference between any two groups were also significant （all P value were less than 0.01）. The predilection of tufts and clusters during revascularization was mainly aggregated in zones 2 and 3, but the difference of retinal neovascular clusters and tufts in fourth zone among different groups were significant [clusters （F = 44.719, P 〈 0.01） vs tufts （F = 39.997,P 〈 0.01）]. The mean MDA concentration were 0.711 ±0.037（PBS, in room air）, 2.084±0.066 （PBS, in hyperoxia）, 1.829±0.091（0.1 μg E2）, 1.152± 0.067（1.0 μg E2）, 0.796 ±0.027（10.0 μg E2）, 1.988 ± 0.049（10.0μg E2 ＋100.0 μg tamoxifen） （F = 628.103, P 〈 0.01）. The difference between any two groups were also significant （all P value were less than 0.05）. The close relation between the percentage of avascular/total retinal area and MDA concentration was also verified （r = 0.981, P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： Oxidative stress responses play a pivotal role in OIR, by means of receptor pathway. E2 can alleviate oxidative stress reaction, and thus ameliorate the severity of oxygen induced retinopathy.
文摘Aim： To assess proliferative and apoptotic potential of the seminiferous epithelium cells in relation to Sertoli cell maturation in newborn rats under the influence of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） or both agents given together. Methods： From postnatal day （PND） 5 to 15 male rats were daily injected with 12.5 μg of 1713-estradiol benzoate （EB） or 7.5 IU of human purified FSH （hFSH） or EB ＋ hFSH or solvents （control）. On postnatal day 16, autopsy was performed. Sertoli cell maturation/function was assessed by morphometry. Proliferation of the seminiferous epithelium cells was quantitatively evaluated using immunohistochemical labeling against proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis using the TUN-EL method. Results： Although EB inhibited Sertoli cell maturation and hFSH was not effective, a pronounced acceleration of Sertoli cell maturation occurred after EB ＋ hFSH. Whereas hFSH stimulated Sertoli cell proliferation, EB or EB ＋ hFSH inhibited Sertoli cell proliferation. All treatments significantly stimulated germ cell proliferation. Apoptosis of Sertoli cells increased 9-fold and germ cells 2-fold after EB, and was not affected by hFSH but was inhibited after EB ＋ hFSH. Conclusion： At puberty, estradiol inhibits Sertoli cell maturation, increases Sertoli and germ cell apoptosis but stimulates germ cell proliferation. Estradiol in synergism with FSH, but neither of the hormones alone, accelerates Sertoli cell maturation associated with an increase in germ cell survival. Estradiol and FSH cooperate to induce seminal tubule maturation and trigger first spermatogenesis.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC1000901)the Postdoctoral Innovation Fund of National Research Institute for Family Planning(No.KYS[2017]BSHCX001)
文摘Polymorph screening is currently one of the most important tasks for innovators and for generic companies from both pharmaceutical and intellectual property rights aspects. The hemihydrate form（Form Ⅰ） and formamide solvate（Form Ⅱ） of estradiol are isolated and prepared via systemic crystallization screening in this paper, and the formamide solvate form is reported for the first time. Both polymorphic forms were characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis（SXRD）, powder X-ray diffraction（PXRD）, and thermal analysis（TGA and DSC）. The PXRD experiments indicate that the samples in this study are the pure polymorphic forms via comparing the patterns with the simulated ones. The stability and equilibrium solubility data of the solid-state phase were also examined in order to check the impact of the differences observed in their crystalline structures. It has been found that Forms I and II are of conformational polymorph and Form II is the more thermodynamically stable solid form, while Form I possesses higher solubility, indicating its possibility as an alternate solid form for its further solid formulation development if necessary.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2017YFC1002003)the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(No.81701428).
文摘Erectile dysfunctio n attributable to testosterone deficiency is less comm on in young males,and the effect of estradiol on erectile function in eug on adal young males is un clear.We an a lyzed data from 195 male participa nts,including 143 eug on adal patients with erectile dysfunction and 52 healthy men.To distinguish psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction,penile rigidity was measured using the nocturnal penile tumescenee rigidity test.Serum levels of sexual hormones were quantified by electrochemiluminescence,and penile vascular status was assessed by penile color Doppler ultrasound.Both serum estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone were higher in patients with organic erectile dysfunction than in patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction or healthy controls.Organic erectile dysfunction was negatively associated with estradiol levels and the ratio of estradiol to testosterone,and estradiol was the only sign ifica nt risk factor for orga nic erectile dysf un ction(odds ratio:1.094;95%con fide nee interval:1.042-1.149,P=0.000).Moreover,serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated with penile rigidity.Serum estradiol levels were higher and penile rigidity was lower in patients with venous erectile dysfunction than in patients with nonvascular erectile dysf unction.We con elude that elevated serum estradiol levels may impair erectile function and may be involved in the pathoge nesis of organic erectile dysfunction in eugonadal young men.
