The crisis of COVID-19 governance in Western countries has demonstrated inherent defects of the concept of freedom defined by liberalists.Error-Tolerantism integrating liberalism with China’s cultures divides the rig...The crisis of COVID-19 governance in Western countries has demonstrated inherent defects of the concept of freedom defined by liberalists.Error-Tolerantism integrating liberalism with China’s cultures divides the right to freedom into two categories:The right to freedom in the innovative fields is the right to be wrong as an original right;and those to freedom in the non-innovative fields are the subordinate rights.Rights come from mutual empowerment between people.The right theory of Error-Tolerantism called error-tolerant rights paradigm is the right to be wrong as an original right and mutual empowerment theory.The first defect of liberalism is that the Western media criticized China’s right to be wrong as an original right in the governance of COVID-19 by turning to the rights to freedom at the subordinate level in the context of non-COVID-19.The second defect is its failure to realize that the rational implementation of the right to be wrong as an original right will produce new subordinate rights.The number of people infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan dropping to zero indicates that new subordinate rights to freedom,such as keeping social distance,wearing face masks in public places,showing health codes,etc.,have been formed and confirmed.Error-Tolerantism holds that the definition of freedom by liberalists lacks dynamics,leading to the confusion in understanding the idea of freedom and various illegal actions endangering public security,such as traveling,gathering,or demonstrating without wearing masks during the pandemic.展开更多
Error-tolerant IR(international relation)theory is constructed on the base of error-tolerant powers paradigm and error-tolerant economics.Error-tolerant powers paradigm takes the integration between trial and error an...Error-tolerant IR(international relation)theory is constructed on the base of error-tolerant powers paradigm and error-tolerant economics.Error-tolerant powers paradigm takes the integration between trial and error and anarchy as the starting point of IR theory and upholds that the power to trial and error is an original power,for which states compete.So the core concept of realism should be the original power to trial and error;error-tolerant economics argues that liberal IR theory enables hegemonic powers to compete for their original power to trial and error in an implicit way.Error-tolerant powers paradigm regards that states who truly control original powers to trial and error can define identities and create shared knowledge,which is the core of constructivism.Besides taking the original power to trial and error as the core concept,error-tolerant IR theory can unify three major schools of realism,liberalism,and constructivism by relative right-doing and trial-and-error capabilities,and corresponding costs as endogenous drives.展开更多
Liberal democracy cannot help America govern COVID-19 effectively for liberalism’s misunderstanding of the concept of liberty.Error-tolerantism divides liberty into the right to liberty in innovative fields,the right...Liberal democracy cannot help America govern COVID-19 effectively for liberalism’s misunderstanding of the concept of liberty.Error-tolerantism divides liberty into the right to liberty in innovative fields,the right to be wrong as an original right,and the right to be right in non-innovative ones as sub-rights;rights come from mutual empowerment among people.The major defects of liberal democracy from the perspective of error-tolerant democracy constructed on error-tolerantism are as follows:The essence of election is to transfer people’s right to be wrong and corresponding right to be right to politicians,but the separation and balance of powers does not evaluate whether presidents,states,mayors,et al.,have exercised the power to be wrong reasonably,so that they could even abuse it in the COVID-19 governance,and did great harm to people’s human rights without any accountability or impeachment.Democratic governor’power to be wrong authorized by election was deprived by President Trump through issuing false information in the COVID-19 governance and encouraging people to protest against the anti-pandemic laws,which made liberal democracy in the United States threatened and COVID-19 out of control.展开更多
Error-tolerantism developed from liberalism holds that national development generally considers four fundamental concepts,trial and error costs,trial and error competences,trial and error directions,and rights to be w...Error-tolerantism developed from liberalism holds that national development generally considers four fundamental concepts,trial and error costs,trial and error competences,trial and error directions,and rights to be wrong.China’s rise is that state-owned enterprises basically bear trial and error costs of capital intensive industries,overcoming neoliberal defects;private companies mainly bear those of labor intensive industries,and foster new markets for capital intensive industries,learning neoliberal advantages.The Government develops economy through special economic zones for limited trial and error costs;good relations maintain between Chinese higher education and foreign scientific centers of the Soviet Union,Europe,the United States,etc.,and can help China improve trial and error competences.Privatization of small state-owned enterprises solves waste and inefficiency,and also participates in global competition to recover trial and error costs.The error-tolerant market economy based on error-tolerantism emphasizes that the powers to be wrong of entrepreneurs or financial units are empowered by the people,so they should benefit the people by reasonable redistribution.Error-tolerantism regards that China’s rise has developed List’s standard model to List-Afa’s error-tolerant model.展开更多
The failure of COVID-19 governance in the United States of America is closely related to its economic inequality.According to the theory of error-tolerant democracy,after reflecting on the American financial crisis of...The failure of COVID-19 governance in the United States of America is closely related to its economic inequality.According to the theory of error-tolerant democracy,after reflecting on the American financial crisis of 2008,liberty should be redefined from mutual empowerment under the background of regulation,which means that rights to liberty of entrepreneurs and financial capitalists in the public economy are empowered by the people,so they should empower and benefit the people,corresponding to regulation and redistribution respectively.During the COVID-19 pandemic,empowering and benefiting the people regarded as economic democracy has not been realized for neoliberal policies,leading to insufficient public funds to help citizens badly hurt by the disease.To restore the U.S.as the beacon of democracy,it should undertake the historical mission:expansion of liberal democracy from politics to economy so as to reduce unreasonable economic inequality and protect rights to life of more infected Americans.展开更多
The existing solutions to keyword search in the cloud can be divided into two categories： searching on exact keywords and searching on error-tolerant keywords. An error-tolerant keyword search scheme permits to make ...The existing solutions to keyword search in the cloud can be divided into two categories： searching on exact keywords and searching on error-tolerant keywords. An error-tolerant keyword search scheme permits to make searches on encrypted data with only an approximation of some keyword. The scheme is suitable to the case where users＇ searching input might not exactly match those pre-set keywords. In this paper, we first present a general framework for searching on error-tolerant keywords. Then we propose a concrete scheme, based on a fuzzy extractor, which is proved secure against an adaptive adversary under well-defined security definition. The scheme is suitable for all similarity metrics including Hamming distance, edit distance, and set difference. It does not require the user to construct or store anything in advance, other than the key used to calculate the trapdoor of keywords and the key to encrypt data documents. Thus, our scheme tremendously eases the users＇ burden. What is more, our scheme is able to transform the servers＇ searching for error-tolerant keywords on ciphertexts to the searching for exact keywords on plaintexts. The server can use any existing approaches of exact keywords search to search plaintexts on an index table.展开更多
With more and more knowledge provided by WWW, querying and mining the knowledge bases have attracted much research attention. Among all the queries over knowledge bases, which are usually modelled as graphs, a keyword...With more and more knowledge provided by WWW, querying and mining the knowledge bases have attracted much research attention. Among all the queries over knowledge bases, which are usually modelled as graphs, a keyword query is the most widely used one. Although the problem of keyword query over graphs has been deeply studied for years, knowledge bases, as special error-tolerant graphs, lead to the results of the traditional defined keyword queries out of users＇ satisfaction. Thus, in this paper, we define a new keyword query, called confident r-clique, specific for knowledge bases based on the r-clique definition for keyword query on general graphs, which has been proved to be the best one. However, as we prove in the paper, finding the confident r-cliques is #P-hard. We propose a filtering-and-verification framework to improve the search efficiency. In the filtering phase, we develop the tightest upper bound of the confident r-clique, and design an index together with its search algorithm, which suits the large scale of knowledge bases well. In the verification phase, we develop an efficient sampling method to verify the final answers from the candidates remaining in the filtering phase. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the results derived from our new definition satisfy the users＇ requirement better compared with the traditional r-clique definition, and our algorithms are efficient.展开更多
基金We really appreciate our colleague Associate Professor Yaxiong Zhu who helps us revise the grammatical problems in the article.
文摘The crisis of COVID-19 governance in Western countries has demonstrated inherent defects of the concept of freedom defined by liberalists.Error-Tolerantism integrating liberalism with China’s cultures divides the right to freedom into two categories:The right to freedom in the innovative fields is the right to be wrong as an original right;and those to freedom in the non-innovative fields are the subordinate rights.Rights come from mutual empowerment between people.The right theory of Error-Tolerantism called error-tolerant rights paradigm is the right to be wrong as an original right and mutual empowerment theory.The first defect of liberalism is that the Western media criticized China’s right to be wrong as an original right in the governance of COVID-19 by turning to the rights to freedom at the subordinate level in the context of non-COVID-19.The second defect is its failure to realize that the rational implementation of the right to be wrong as an original right will produce new subordinate rights.The number of people infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan dropping to zero indicates that new subordinate rights to freedom,such as keeping social distance,wearing face masks in public places,showing health codes,etc.,have been formed and confirmed.Error-Tolerantism holds that the definition of freedom by liberalists lacks dynamics,leading to the confusion in understanding the idea of freedom and various illegal actions endangering public security,such as traveling,gathering,or demonstrating without wearing masks during the pandemic.
文摘Error-tolerant IR(international relation)theory is constructed on the base of error-tolerant powers paradigm and error-tolerant economics.Error-tolerant powers paradigm takes the integration between trial and error and anarchy as the starting point of IR theory and upholds that the power to trial and error is an original power,for which states compete.So the core concept of realism should be the original power to trial and error;error-tolerant economics argues that liberal IR theory enables hegemonic powers to compete for their original power to trial and error in an implicit way.Error-tolerant powers paradigm regards that states who truly control original powers to trial and error can define identities and create shared knowledge,which is the core of constructivism.Besides taking the original power to trial and error as the core concept,error-tolerant IR theory can unify three major schools of realism,liberalism,and constructivism by relative right-doing and trial-and-error capabilities,and corresponding costs as endogenous drives.
文摘Liberal democracy cannot help America govern COVID-19 effectively for liberalism’s misunderstanding of the concept of liberty.Error-tolerantism divides liberty into the right to liberty in innovative fields,the right to be wrong as an original right,and the right to be right in non-innovative ones as sub-rights;rights come from mutual empowerment among people.The major defects of liberal democracy from the perspective of error-tolerant democracy constructed on error-tolerantism are as follows:The essence of election is to transfer people’s right to be wrong and corresponding right to be right to politicians,but the separation and balance of powers does not evaluate whether presidents,states,mayors,et al.,have exercised the power to be wrong reasonably,so that they could even abuse it in the COVID-19 governance,and did great harm to people’s human rights without any accountability or impeachment.Democratic governor’power to be wrong authorized by election was deprived by President Trump through issuing false information in the COVID-19 governance and encouraging people to protest against the anti-pandemic laws,which made liberal democracy in the United States threatened and COVID-19 out of control.
文摘Error-tolerantism developed from liberalism holds that national development generally considers four fundamental concepts,trial and error costs,trial and error competences,trial and error directions,and rights to be wrong.China’s rise is that state-owned enterprises basically bear trial and error costs of capital intensive industries,overcoming neoliberal defects;private companies mainly bear those of labor intensive industries,and foster new markets for capital intensive industries,learning neoliberal advantages.The Government develops economy through special economic zones for limited trial and error costs;good relations maintain between Chinese higher education and foreign scientific centers of the Soviet Union,Europe,the United States,etc.,and can help China improve trial and error competences.Privatization of small state-owned enterprises solves waste and inefficiency,and also participates in global competition to recover trial and error costs.The error-tolerant market economy based on error-tolerantism emphasizes that the powers to be wrong of entrepreneurs or financial units are empowered by the people,so they should benefit the people by reasonable redistribution.Error-tolerantism regards that China’s rise has developed List’s standard model to List-Afa’s error-tolerant model.
文摘The failure of COVID-19 governance in the United States of America is closely related to its economic inequality.According to the theory of error-tolerant democracy,after reflecting on the American financial crisis of 2008,liberty should be redefined from mutual empowerment under the background of regulation,which means that rights to liberty of entrepreneurs and financial capitalists in the public economy are empowered by the people,so they should empower and benefit the people,corresponding to regulation and redistribution respectively.During the COVID-19 pandemic,empowering and benefiting the people regarded as economic democracy has not been realized for neoliberal policies,leading to insufficient public funds to help citizens badly hurt by the disease.To restore the U.S.as the beacon of democracy,it should undertake the historical mission:expansion of liberal democracy from politics to economy so as to reduce unreasonable economic inequality and protect rights to life of more infected Americans.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61272436,61003232 and 61272404the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China under Grant No.10351806001000000
文摘The existing solutions to keyword search in the cloud can be divided into two categories： searching on exact keywords and searching on error-tolerant keywords. An error-tolerant keyword search scheme permits to make searches on encrypted data with only an approximation of some keyword. The scheme is suitable to the case where users＇ searching input might not exactly match those pre-set keywords. In this paper, we first present a general framework for searching on error-tolerant keywords. Then we propose a concrete scheme, based on a fuzzy extractor, which is proved secure against an adaptive adversary under well-defined security definition. The scheme is suitable for all similarity metrics including Hamming distance, edit distance, and set difference. It does not require the user to construct or store anything in advance, other than the key used to calculate the trapdoor of keywords and the key to encrypt data documents. Thus, our scheme tremendously eases the users＇ burden. What is more, our scheme is able to transform the servers＇ searching for error-tolerant keywords on ciphertexts to the searching for exact keywords on plaintexts. The server can use any existing approaches of exact keywords search to search plaintexts on an index table.
基金Yu-Rong Cheng and Guo-Ren Wang are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） under Grant Nos. 61332006, 61332014, 61328202 and U1401256. Ye Yuan is supported by the NSFC under Grant No. 61572119 and the Fundamental Research Fudnds for the Central Universities of China under Grant Nos. N150402005 and N130504006. Lei Chen is supported by the NSFC under Grant No. 61328202.
文摘With more and more knowledge provided by WWW, querying and mining the knowledge bases have attracted much research attention. Among all the queries over knowledge bases, which are usually modelled as graphs, a keyword query is the most widely used one. Although the problem of keyword query over graphs has been deeply studied for years, knowledge bases, as special error-tolerant graphs, lead to the results of the traditional defined keyword queries out of users＇ satisfaction. Thus, in this paper, we define a new keyword query, called confident r-clique, specific for knowledge bases based on the r-clique definition for keyword query on general graphs, which has been proved to be the best one. However, as we prove in the paper, finding the confident r-cliques is #P-hard. We propose a filtering-and-verification framework to improve the search efficiency. In the filtering phase, we develop the tightest upper bound of the confident r-clique, and design an index together with its search algorithm, which suits the large scale of knowledge bases well. In the verification phase, we develop an efficient sampling method to verify the final answers from the candidates remaining in the filtering phase. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the results derived from our new definition satisfy the users＇ requirement better compared with the traditional r-clique definition, and our algorithms are efficient.
