The isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems of ethyl acetate<sub>（1）</sub>-n-octane<sub>（2）</sub> andisopropyl acetate<sub>（1）</sub>-n-octane<sub>（2）</sub...The isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems of ethyl acetate<sub>（1）</sub>-n-octane<sub>（2）</sub> andisopropyl acetate<sub>（1）</sub>-n-octane<sub>（2）</sub> were determined at 0.0709 MPa and 0.1013 MPa by using a modifiedRose-Williams still.The experimental data were tested for thermodynamical consistency and correlatedsatisfactorily with p-T equation of state and Wilson equation.展开更多
Networked noncooperative games are investigated,where each player(or agent) plays with all other players in its neighborhood. Assume the evolution is based on the fact that each player uses its neighbors current infor...Networked noncooperative games are investigated,where each player(or agent) plays with all other players in its neighborhood. Assume the evolution is based on the fact that each player uses its neighbors current information to decide its next strategy. By using sub-neighborhood, the dynamics of the evolution is obtained. Then a method for calculating Nash equilibriums from mixed strategies of multi-players is proposed.The relationship between local Nash equilibriums based on individual neighborhoods and global Nash equilibriums of overall network is revealed. Then a technique is proposed to construct Nash equilibriums of an evolutionary game from its one step static Nash equilibriums. The basic tool of this approach is the semi-tensor product of matrices, which converts strategies into logical matrices and payoffs into pseudo-Boolean functions, then networked evolutionary games become discrete time dynamic systems.展开更多
From the viewpoint of game theory,this paper proposes a model that combines QoS index with price factor in overlay access networks,and uses the multinomial logit(MNL)to model the choice behaviour of users.Each service...From the viewpoint of game theory,this paper proposes a model that combines QoS index with price factor in overlay access networks,and uses the multinomial logit(MNL)to model the choice behaviour of users.Each service class is considered an independent and competitive entity offered by each provider,which aims at maximizing its own utility.Based on noncooperative game,we prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibriums between QoS levels and prices among various service classes,and demonstrate the properties of equilibriums.Finally,these results are verified via ntunerieal analysis.展开更多
In recent years,an increase in the content of Zn,the impurity element,in ironmaking raw materials has led to the deterioration of iron-bearing resources and has introduced new challenges to sintering dezincification.A...In recent years,an increase in the content of Zn,the impurity element,in ironmaking raw materials has led to the deterioration of iron-bearing resources and has introduced new challenges to sintering dezincification.A thorough understanding of the reaction behavior of Zn during the sintering process can form a theoretical foundation for the development of efficient dezincification technology.Therefore,the reaction behavior of Zn was investigated under different temperatures and atmospheres using thermodynamic calculations and experimental simulations,and the phase transformation of Zn in each pre-reductive sintering zone was investigated.The results showed that Zn-containing materials were mainly converted into ZnO when the temperature reached 700℃,and ZnO began to combine with Fe_(2)O_(3)to form ZnFe_(2)O_(4)at approximately 800℃.At low CO concentration,ZnFe_(2)O_(4)was stable,while ZnO combined with iron oxide to form Fe_(0.85-x)Zn_(x)O in a strong reduction atmosphere.ZnFe_(2)O_(4)could also be converted into Fe_(0.85-x)Zn_(x)O and FeO.A part of Zn was converted to elemental Zn,which was volatilized and removed into the gas phase above 1000℃.Therefore,the feasibility of dezincification via pre-reductive sintering was confirmed.At the coke ratio of 18.0 wt.%of the sintering material,the Zn removal rate reached 62.3 wt.%.展开更多
Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the deve...Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the development of melt crystallization is hampered by lacking solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data for some isomers.Therefore,the SLE data of both binary and ternary mixtures of 2,3-dimethylphenol (2,3-DMP),3,5-dimethylphenol (3,5-DMP),and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4-DMP) were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry in this work.Additionally,crystallographic analysis was conducted to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures.The experimental results indicated that all the systems investigated in this research exhibited eutectic behavior.The experimentally obtained SLE data were well correlated with the Wilson and non-random two-liquid models.The excess thermodynamic functions were calculated to analyze the types and intensities of the molecular interactions occurring in the mixtures.Furthermore,this study developed a model for the correlation between the theoretical crystallization yield and the actual cooling yield and final yield in melt crystallization.This study has furnished reliable data essential for developing and optimizing the melt crystallization process of mixtures of 2,3-DMP,3,5-DMP,and 3,4-DMP.展开更多
Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were i...Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were introduced as green solvents for separation of 2-MF/MeOH through liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE)experiment.Three ILs,namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),1-propyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)])and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),were screened out from 425 candidates using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents(COSMO-RS).Then,the ternary LLE data of 2-MF(1)+MeOH(2)+ILs(3)were determined at 30℃ and 101.32 kPa.Results confirmed[EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]as the best performer,achieving a selectivity of 343.86 and a distribution coefficient of 36.66 for MeOH—significantly higher than[PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]and[BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)].The accuracy of the LLE data was verified by Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations(R^(2)>0.90).The non-random two liquid model was used to correlate the experimental data(RMSD<2%).Besides,the combination of electrostatic surfaces potential,independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition,mean square displacement and radial distribution functions revealed strong electrostatic interactions between[H_(2)PO_(4)]^(–) and MeOH.Interaction energy analysis further emphasizes the mechanism of MeOH separation from a mixture of 2-MF and MeOH by ILs.This work provides a multiscale strategy for the separation of 2-MF and MeOH azeotropes,highlighting the potential of ILs to improve biofuel purification while reducing energy and environmental costs.展开更多
The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behav...The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behavior of dispersed long chains.Using molecular dynamics simulations based on the Kremer-Grest model,we systematically explore the N_(S)-dependence of static conformations,equilibrium dynamics,and nonlinear shear responses in unentangled long-chain/short-chain polymer blends.Our results demonstrate a decoupling between the static and dynamic sensitivity to N_(S):while the static chain size,R_g,follows Flory theory with slight swelling at small N_(S) due to incomplete excluded volume screening,the diffusion coefficient,D,and the relaxation time,τ_(0),exhibit a strong,non-monotonic N_(S)-dependence,transitioning from monomeric friction dominance at small N_(S) to collective segmental rearrangement at large N_(S).Additionally,we observe partial decoupling between the viscous and normal stress responses:while the zero-shear viscosity,η,is strongly N_(S)-dependent,the first and second normal stress coefficients,Ψ_(1) and Ψ_(2),collapse onto universal curves when scaled by the dimensionless shear rate,γτ_(0),suggesting a common mechanism of orientation and stretching.Under shear,long chains compress in the vorticity direction λ_(z)~Wi^(-0.2),which reduces collision frequency and contributes to shear thinning,while the scaling of weaker orientation resistance m_(G)~Wi^(0.35)reflects hydrodynamic screening by the short-chain matrix.These findings highlight the limitations of single-chain models and emphasize the necessity of considering N_(S)-dependent matrix dynamics and flow-induced structural changes in understanding the rheology of unentangled polymer blends.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel framework based on the Stackelberg game and deep reinforcement learning for multi-microgrids(MGs)in achieving peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading.A multi-leaders,multi-followers Stackelberg gam...This paper proposes a novel framework based on the Stackelberg game and deep reinforcement learning for multi-microgrids(MGs)in achieving peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading.A multi-leaders,multi-followers Stackelberg game is utilized to model the P2P energy trading process.Stackelberg equilibrium(SE)is regarded as a P2P optimal trading strategy.A two-stage privacy protection solution technique combining data-driven and model-driven is developed to obtain the SE.Specifically,energy storage scheduling problem in MGs is formulated as a Markov decision process with discrete periods,and a multi-action single-observation deep deterministic policy gradient(MASO-DDPG)algorithm is proposed to tackle optimal scheduling of energy storage in the first stage.According to optimal scheduling of energy storage,the closed-form expression for SE based on model-driven is derived,and distributed SE solution technique(DSET)is developed to obtain SE in the second stage.Case studies involving a 4-Microgrid demonstrate the P2P electricity price obtained by the two-stage method,as a novel pricing mechanism,can reasonably regulate microgrid operation mode and improve microgrid income participating in the P2P market,which verifies effectiveness and superiority of the proposed P2P energy trading model and two-stage solution method.展开更多
The intrinsic pressure framework,which treats self-propelling force as an external force,provides a convenient and consistent description of mechanical equilibrium in active matter.However,direct experimental evidence...The intrinsic pressure framework,which treats self-propelling force as an external force,provides a convenient and consistent description of mechanical equilibrium in active matter.However,direct experimental evidence is still lacking.To validate this framework,here we employ a programmable robotic platform,where a single light-controlled wheeled robot travels in an activity landscape.Our experiments quantitatively demonstrate that the intrinsic pressure difference across the activity interface is balanced by the emerged polarization force.This result unambiguously confirms the theoretical predictions,thus validating the intrinsic pressure framework and laying the experimental foundation for the intrinsic pressure-based mechanical description of dry active matter.展开更多
This paper studies an indefinite mean-field game with Markov jump parameters,where all agents'diffusion terms depend on control variables and both state and control average terms(x.^((N)),u.^((N)))are considered.O...This paper studies an indefinite mean-field game with Markov jump parameters,where all agents'diffusion terms depend on control variables and both state and control average terms(x.^((N)),u.^((N)))are considered.One notable aspect is the relaxation of the assumption regarding the positivity or non-negativity of weight matrices within costs,allowing for zero or even negative values.By virtue of mean-field methods and decomposition techniques,we have derived decentralized strategies presented by Hamiltonian systems and a new type of consistency condition system.These systems consist of fully coupled regime-switching forward-backward stochastic differential equations that do not conform to the Monotonicity condition.The well-posedness of these strategies is established by employing a relaxed compensator method with an easily verifiable Condition(RC)and the decomposition technique.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the resulting decentralized strategies achieve anϵ-Nash equilibrium in the indefinite case without any assumptions on admissible control sets using novel estimates of the disturbed state and cost function.Finally,our theoretical results are applied to resolve a class of mean-variance portfolio selection problems.We provide corresponding numerical simulation results and economic explanations.展开更多
The modified molecular interaction volume model(M-MIVM)was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.Subsequently,theoretical vapor-liquid equi...The modified molecular interaction volume model(M-MIVM)was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.Subsequently,theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium phase diagrams(T-x-y and p-x-y)were plotted via combining M-MIVM and vacuum theory.The vapor-liquid phase equilibrium(VLE)experiments were conducted on the Ag-Cu alloy at 1500-1560 K and 10-15 Pa and Ag-Sb alloys at 950-1350 K and 10 Pa.The results showed that the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of activity were lower than 5%and 0.02,respectively.A comparison of theoretical and experiment results for VLE revealed that the simulated data on the T-x-y diagram were well consistent with experimental values.Therefore,the VLE phase diagrams can serve as a guide in vacuum separation experiments and industrial production for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.展开更多
The application of the non equilibrium stage model to the multicomponent, non ideal liquid liquid extraction process is described in this paper. Pilot plant experiments and a commercial process of aromatic separati...The application of the non equilibrium stage model to the multicomponent, non ideal liquid liquid extraction process is described in this paper. Pilot plant experiments and a commercial process of aromatic separation by sulfolane in sieve tray extraction columns were chosen as examples to show the advantages and benefits of the non equilibrium stage model over the conventional model.展开更多
Reaction of the non-substituted/substituted unsymmetric pinene-derived complex[Pt(N^C^N')Cl]with the aryl isocyanide 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide(CNXyl)afforded a mixture of two isomeric species:the ionic complex...Reaction of the non-substituted/substituted unsymmetric pinene-derived complex[Pt(N^C^N')Cl]with the aryl isocyanide 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide(CNXyl)afforded a mixture of two isomeric species:the ionic complex[Pt(κ^(3)-N^C^N')(CNXyl)]Cl([A]Cl)and the molecular complex[Pt(κ^(2)-N^C^N')(CNXyl)Cl](B).Isomer B was almost the dominating product.The structures of the isomer B derivatives bearing-CF_(3)and-Cl substituents on the pyridine ring of the pinene moiety(5B and 7B,respectively)have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,revealing a slightly distorted square planar geometry with trans-N_(N^C^N'),CNR configuration(The terminal N atom of theκ^(2)-N^C^N'ligand is trans to the isocyanide ligand CNXyl.).Isomer B is thermodynamically more stable,as confirmed by theoretical calculations.CCDC:2416415,5B;2416414,7B.展开更多
This paper designs distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategies for heterogeneous dynamic cyber-physical systems.In particular, we are concerned with parametric uncertainties in the control channel of the players. ...This paper designs distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategies for heterogeneous dynamic cyber-physical systems.In particular, we are concerned with parametric uncertainties in the control channel of the players. Moreover, the weights on communication links can be compromised by time-varying uncertainties, which can result from possibly malicious attacks,faults and disturbances. To deal with the unavailability of measurement of optimization errors, an output observer is constructed,based on which adaptive laws are designed to compensate for physical uncertainties. With adaptive laws, a new distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategy is designed by further integrating consensus protocols and gradient search algorithms.Moreover, to further accommodate compromised communication weights resulting from cyber-uncertainties, the coupling strengths of the consensus module are designed to be adaptive. As a byproduct, the coupling strengths are independent of any global information. With theoretical investigations, it is proven that the proposed strategies are resilient to these uncertainties and players' actions are convergent to the Nash equilibrium. Simulation examples are given to numerically validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.展开更多
With increasing interdependence among electricity,district heating,and natural gas systems in economy and physics,this paper focuses on the optimal bidding problem of a dominant gas-fired CHP unit in synchronized elec...With increasing interdependence among electricity,district heating,and natural gas systems in economy and physics,this paper focuses on the optimal bidding problem of a dominant gas-fired CHP unit in synchronized electricity-heat-gas markets with real-life step-wise energy offer format.Gas-fired CHP generators act as price makers and submit price-quantity offering curves in independently cleared electricity and district heating markets.A novel loss-embedded power flow model is proposed for market clearing which accounts for active power loss,congestion,reactive power flow,and voltage constraints.Adding penalty terms into the objective function eliminates additional binary variables,which eases computation burden.A two-stage trading mechanism is designed for gas-fired CHP generators to simultaneously participate in the multi-energy market.Based on a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints,an optimal bidding model is established in which the bilinear terms are eliminated by applying the binary expansion method.A diagonalization algorithm can be nested in the proposed trading mechanism if we intend to study the Nash equilibrium of the Nperson Cournot oligopoly market.Numerical tests with different scales are carried out to validate the proposed methodology in detail.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter addresses the impulse game problem for a general scope of deterministic,multi-player,nonzero-sum differential games wherein all participants adopt impulse controls.Our objective is to formulate...Dear Editor,This letter addresses the impulse game problem for a general scope of deterministic,multi-player,nonzero-sum differential games wherein all participants adopt impulse controls.Our objective is to formulate this impulse game problem with the modified objective function including interaction costs among the players in a discontinuous fashion,and subsequently,to derive a verification theorem for identifying the feedback Nash equilibrium strategy.展开更多
Non-precious metal cobalt-based oxide inevitably dissolves for acid oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Designing an efficient deposition channel for leaching cobalt species is a promising approach.The dissolution-depositi...Non-precious metal cobalt-based oxide inevitably dissolves for acid oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Designing an efficient deposition channel for leaching cobalt species is a promising approach.The dissolution-deposition equilibrium of Co is achieved by doping Mn in the lattice of LaCo_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3),prolonging the lifespan in acidic conditions by 14 times.The lattice doping of Mn produces a strain that enhances the adsorption capacity of OH^(-).The self-catalysis of Mn causes the leaching Co to be deposited in the form of CoO_(2),which ensures that the long-term stability of LaCo_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3)is 70 h instead of 5 h for LaCoO_(3).Mn doping enhances the deprotonation of^(*)OOH→O_(2)in acidic environments.Notably,the over-potential of optimized LaCo_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3)is 345 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)for acidic OER.This work presents a promising method for developing noble metal-free catalysts that enhance the acidic OER activity and stability.展开更多
1.Introduction Various geological phenomena on the surface and in the interior of the Earth,as well as their associated physical and chemical pro-cesses,are closely correlated with the action of in situ rock stress[1-...1.Introduction Various geological phenomena on the surface and in the interior of the Earth,as well as their associated physical and chemical pro-cesses,are closely correlated with the action of in situ rock stress[1-5].Understanding the rock stress state at great depths is not only an indispensable foundation for solving scientific problems associated with geology,geophysics,and geodynamics-such as plate-driving mechanisms,the earth’s energy equilibrium,earth-quake mechanisms,and tectonic activities-but also a necessary prerequisite for the evaluation,exploitation,and disposal of deep energy and resources,such as coal and metal minerals.Due to the complexity and uncertainty of the origin of in situ rock stress,it is a difficult quantity to evaluate,in comparison with other rock properties.Currently,reliable information on the stress state in a region can only be determined through field stress measurement.Therefore,a variety of stress measurement techniques have been developed and applied worldwide to provide information on crus-tal contemporary stress at specific depth ranges[6].展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter presents a solution to the problem of seeking Nash equilibrium(NE)in a class of non-cooperative games of multi-agent systems(MASs)subject to the input disturbance and the networked communicatio...Dear Editor,This letter presents a solution to the problem of seeking Nash equilibrium(NE)in a class of non-cooperative games of multi-agent systems(MASs)subject to the input disturbance and the networked communication.To this end,a novel distributed robust predefined-time algorithm is proposed,which ensures the precise convergence of agent states to the NE within a settling time that can be directly determined by adjusting one or more parameters.The proposed algorithm employs an integral sliding mode strategy to effectively reject disturbances.Additionally,a consensus-based estimator is designed to overcome the challenge of limited information availability,where each agent can only access information from its directly connected neighbors,which conflicts with the computation of the cost function that requires information from all agents.Finally,a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness and performance.展开更多
The paper considers the methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the stability of an open pit-dump system,using limit equilibrium(LEM)and finite element(FEM)methods in the Russian CAE(computer-aided engineering)sof...The paper considers the methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the stability of an open pit-dump system,using limit equilibrium(LEM)and finite element(FEM)methods in the Russian CAE(computer-aided engineering)software Fidesys.It briefly highlights the issues of comparing limit equilibrium methods using the VNIMI(Research Institute of Geomechanics and Mine Surveying-Intersectoral Scientific Center"VNIMI")methodology and a specialized software product with numerical methods.The main focus of this study is to compare the results of the stability analysis in the volumetric model of the open pit-dump system using limit equilibrium and finite element methods in the CAE software Fidesys.It was found that,when modeling the combined operation of an open pit-dump system in complex terrain,both methods should be used,as each has its own advantages.The finite element method,for instance,has certain features that are not present in the calculations using the limit equilibrium approach.As a key scientific contribution,this paper introduces an automation program for calculating the stability of open-pit walls using the limit equilibrium method in CAE Fidesys,which was not previously integrated in the original software.The calculations performed with the use of this newly developed module were compared to those obtained from other widely used software solutions available on the market.The findings demonstrate a remarkable level of convergence in the calculation results for all relevant parameters,including the safety factor,localization,instability type,and deformation.The proposed approach i mproves the accuracy of calculati ons and ensures consistency between the higher stress design zones and the actual deformation and fracture patterns.It also enhances the ability to predict the behavior of rock mass when calculating stability parameters for facilities,both during operation and desi gn.展开更多
文摘The isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems of ethyl acetate<sub>（1）</sub>-n-octane<sub>（2）</sub> andisopropyl acetate<sub>（1）</sub>-n-octane<sub>（2）</sub> were determined at 0.0709 MPa and 0.1013 MPa by using a modifiedRose-Williams still.The experimental data were tested for thermodynamical consistency and correlatedsatisfactorily with p-T equation of state and Wilson equation.
文摘Networked noncooperative games are investigated,where each player(or agent) plays with all other players in its neighborhood. Assume the evolution is based on the fact that each player uses its neighbors current information to decide its next strategy. By using sub-neighborhood, the dynamics of the evolution is obtained. Then a method for calculating Nash equilibriums from mixed strategies of multi-players is proposed.The relationship between local Nash equilibriums based on individual neighborhoods and global Nash equilibriums of overall network is revealed. Then a technique is proposed to construct Nash equilibriums of an evolutionary game from its one step static Nash equilibriums. The basic tool of this approach is the semi-tensor product of matrices, which converts strategies into logical matrices and payoffs into pseudo-Boolean functions, then networked evolutionary games become discrete time dynamic systems.
基金Supported by the High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2003AA121220)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60472067).
文摘From the viewpoint of game theory,this paper proposes a model that combines QoS index with price factor in overlay access networks,and uses the multinomial logit(MNL)to model the choice behaviour of users.Each service class is considered an independent and competitive entity offered by each provider,which aims at maximizing its own utility.Based on noncooperative game,we prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibriums between QoS levels and prices among various service classes,and demonstrate the properties of equilibriums.Finally,these results are verified via ntunerieal analysis.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3707001).
文摘In recent years,an increase in the content of Zn,the impurity element,in ironmaking raw materials has led to the deterioration of iron-bearing resources and has introduced new challenges to sintering dezincification.A thorough understanding of the reaction behavior of Zn during the sintering process can form a theoretical foundation for the development of efficient dezincification technology.Therefore,the reaction behavior of Zn was investigated under different temperatures and atmospheres using thermodynamic calculations and experimental simulations,and the phase transformation of Zn in each pre-reductive sintering zone was investigated.The results showed that Zn-containing materials were mainly converted into ZnO when the temperature reached 700℃,and ZnO began to combine with Fe_(2)O_(3)to form ZnFe_(2)O_(4)at approximately 800℃.At low CO concentration,ZnFe_(2)O_(4)was stable,while ZnO combined with iron oxide to form Fe_(0.85-x)Zn_(x)O in a strong reduction atmosphere.ZnFe_(2)O_(4)could also be converted into Fe_(0.85-x)Zn_(x)O and FeO.A part of Zn was converted to elemental Zn,which was volatilized and removed into the gas phase above 1000℃.Therefore,the feasibility of dezincification via pre-reductive sintering was confirmed.At the coke ratio of 18.0 wt.%of the sintering material,the Zn removal rate reached 62.3 wt.%.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22308358,22208346,22421003)IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research(QYJC-2023-05)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-038).
文摘Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the development of melt crystallization is hampered by lacking solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data for some isomers.Therefore,the SLE data of both binary and ternary mixtures of 2,3-dimethylphenol (2,3-DMP),3,5-dimethylphenol (3,5-DMP),and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4-DMP) were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry in this work.Additionally,crystallographic analysis was conducted to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures.The experimental results indicated that all the systems investigated in this research exhibited eutectic behavior.The experimentally obtained SLE data were well correlated with the Wilson and non-random two-liquid models.The excess thermodynamic functions were calculated to analyze the types and intensities of the molecular interactions occurring in the mixtures.Furthermore,this study developed a model for the correlation between the theoretical crystallization yield and the actual cooling yield and final yield in melt crystallization.This study has furnished reliable data essential for developing and optimizing the melt crystallization process of mixtures of 2,3-DMP,3,5-DMP,and 3,4-DMP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278272)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2024-MS-129).
文摘Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were introduced as green solvents for separation of 2-MF/MeOH through liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE)experiment.Three ILs,namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),1-propyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)])and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),were screened out from 425 candidates using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents(COSMO-RS).Then,the ternary LLE data of 2-MF(1)+MeOH(2)+ILs(3)were determined at 30℃ and 101.32 kPa.Results confirmed[EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]as the best performer,achieving a selectivity of 343.86 and a distribution coefficient of 36.66 for MeOH—significantly higher than[PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]and[BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)].The accuracy of the LLE data was verified by Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations(R^(2)>0.90).The non-random two liquid model was used to correlate the experimental data(RMSD<2%).Besides,the combination of electrostatic surfaces potential,independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition,mean square displacement and radial distribution functions revealed strong electrostatic interactions between[H_(2)PO_(4)]^(–) and MeOH.Interaction energy analysis further emphasizes the mechanism of MeOH separation from a mixture of 2-MF and MeOH by ILs.This work provides a multiscale strategy for the separation of 2-MF and MeOH azeotropes,highlighting the potential of ILs to improve biofuel purification while reducing energy and environmental costs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22341304,22303100 and 12205270)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1008800 and 2020YFA0713601)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDC0180303)。
文摘The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behavior of dispersed long chains.Using molecular dynamics simulations based on the Kremer-Grest model,we systematically explore the N_(S)-dependence of static conformations,equilibrium dynamics,and nonlinear shear responses in unentangled long-chain/short-chain polymer blends.Our results demonstrate a decoupling between the static and dynamic sensitivity to N_(S):while the static chain size,R_g,follows Flory theory with slight swelling at small N_(S) due to incomplete excluded volume screening,the diffusion coefficient,D,and the relaxation time,τ_(0),exhibit a strong,non-monotonic N_(S)-dependence,transitioning from monomeric friction dominance at small N_(S) to collective segmental rearrangement at large N_(S).Additionally,we observe partial decoupling between the viscous and normal stress responses:while the zero-shear viscosity,η,is strongly N_(S)-dependent,the first and second normal stress coefficients,Ψ_(1) and Ψ_(2),collapse onto universal curves when scaled by the dimensionless shear rate,γτ_(0),suggesting a common mechanism of orientation and stretching.Under shear,long chains compress in the vorticity direction λ_(z)~Wi^(-0.2),which reduces collision frequency and contributes to shear thinning,while the scaling of weaker orientation resistance m_(G)~Wi^(0.35)reflects hydrodynamic screening by the short-chain matrix.These findings highlight the limitations of single-chain models and emphasize the necessity of considering N_(S)-dependent matrix dynamics and flow-induced structural changes in understanding the rheology of unentangled polymer blends.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020YJS162).
文摘This paper proposes a novel framework based on the Stackelberg game and deep reinforcement learning for multi-microgrids(MGs)in achieving peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading.A multi-leaders,multi-followers Stackelberg game is utilized to model the P2P energy trading process.Stackelberg equilibrium(SE)is regarded as a P2P optimal trading strategy.A two-stage privacy protection solution technique combining data-driven and model-driven is developed to obtain the SE.Specifically,energy storage scheduling problem in MGs is formulated as a Markov decision process with discrete periods,and a multi-action single-observation deep deterministic policy gradient(MASO-DDPG)algorithm is proposed to tackle optimal scheduling of energy storage in the first stage.According to optimal scheduling of energy storage,the closed-form expression for SE based on model-driven is derived,and distributed SE solution technique(DSET)is developed to obtain SE in the second stage.Case studies involving a 4-Microgrid demonstrate the P2P electricity price obtained by the two-stage method,as a novel pricing mechanism,can reasonably regulate microgrid operation mode and improve microgrid income participating in the P2P market,which verifies effectiveness and superiority of the proposed P2P energy trading model and two-stage solution method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.T2325027,12274448,T2350007,12404239,12174041,12325405,12090054,and T2221001)the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2022YFF0503504)。
文摘The intrinsic pressure framework,which treats self-propelling force as an external force,provides a convenient and consistent description of mechanical equilibrium in active matter.However,direct experimental evidence is still lacking.To validate this framework,here we employ a programmable robotic platform,where a single light-controlled wheeled robot travels in an activity landscape.Our experiments quantitatively demonstrate that the intrinsic pressure difference across the activity interface is balanced by the emerged polarization force.This result unambiguously confirms the theoretical predictions,thus validating the intrinsic pressure framework and laying the experimental foundation for the intrinsic pressure-based mechanical description of dry active matter.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFA1009200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12401583,12571482,12521001)+2 种基金the Taishan Scholars Climbing Program of Shandong(TSPD20210302)the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20240416)the General Program of Philosophy and Social Science Research(PSSR)of Shandong Higher Education Institutions(2024ZSMS007)。
文摘This paper studies an indefinite mean-field game with Markov jump parameters,where all agents'diffusion terms depend on control variables and both state and control average terms(x.^((N)),u.^((N)))are considered.One notable aspect is the relaxation of the assumption regarding the positivity or non-negativity of weight matrices within costs,allowing for zero or even negative values.By virtue of mean-field methods and decomposition techniques,we have derived decentralized strategies presented by Hamiltonian systems and a new type of consistency condition system.These systems consist of fully coupled regime-switching forward-backward stochastic differential equations that do not conform to the Monotonicity condition.The well-posedness of these strategies is established by employing a relaxed compensator method with an easily verifiable Condition(RC)and the decomposition technique.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the resulting decentralized strategies achieve anϵ-Nash equilibrium in the indefinite case without any assumptions on admissible control sets using novel estimates of the disturbed state and cost function.Finally,our theoretical results are applied to resolve a class of mean-variance portfolio selection problems.We provide corresponding numerical simulation results and economic explanations.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274352)。
文摘The modified molecular interaction volume model(M-MIVM)was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.Subsequently,theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium phase diagrams(T-x-y and p-x-y)were plotted via combining M-MIVM and vacuum theory.The vapor-liquid phase equilibrium(VLE)experiments were conducted on the Ag-Cu alloy at 1500-1560 K and 10-15 Pa and Ag-Sb alloys at 950-1350 K and 10 Pa.The results showed that the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of activity were lower than 5%and 0.02,respectively.A comparison of theoretical and experiment results for VLE revealed that the simulated data on the T-x-y diagram were well consistent with experimental values.Therefore,the VLE phase diagrams can serve as a guide in vacuum separation experiments and industrial production for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.
文摘The application of the non equilibrium stage model to the multicomponent, non ideal liquid liquid extraction process is described in this paper. Pilot plant experiments and a commercial process of aromatic separation by sulfolane in sieve tray extraction columns were chosen as examples to show the advantages and benefits of the non equilibrium stage model over the conventional model.
文摘Reaction of the non-substituted/substituted unsymmetric pinene-derived complex[Pt(N^C^N')Cl]with the aryl isocyanide 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide(CNXyl)afforded a mixture of two isomeric species:the ionic complex[Pt(κ^(3)-N^C^N')(CNXyl)]Cl([A]Cl)and the molecular complex[Pt(κ^(2)-N^C^N')(CNXyl)Cl](B).Isomer B was almost the dominating product.The structures of the isomer B derivatives bearing-CF_(3)and-Cl substituents on the pyridine ring of the pinene moiety(5B and 7B,respectively)have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,revealing a slightly distorted square planar geometry with trans-N_(N^C^N'),CNR configuration(The terminal N atom of theκ^(2)-N^C^N'ligand is trans to the isocyanide ligand CNXyl.).Isomer B is thermodynamically more stable,as confirmed by theoretical calculations.CCDC:2416415,5B;2416414,7B.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022ZD0119604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62173181,62222308,62221004)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220139)
文摘This paper designs distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategies for heterogeneous dynamic cyber-physical systems.In particular, we are concerned with parametric uncertainties in the control channel of the players. Moreover, the weights on communication links can be compromised by time-varying uncertainties, which can result from possibly malicious attacks,faults and disturbances. To deal with the unavailability of measurement of optimization errors, an output observer is constructed,based on which adaptive laws are designed to compensate for physical uncertainties. With adaptive laws, a new distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategy is designed by further integrating consensus protocols and gradient search algorithms.Moreover, to further accommodate compromised communication weights resulting from cyber-uncertainties, the coupling strengths of the consensus module are designed to be adaptive. As a byproduct, the coupling strengths are independent of any global information. With theoretical investigations, it is proven that the proposed strategies are resilient to these uncertainties and players' actions are convergent to the Nash equilibrium. Simulation examples are given to numerically validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52107076)in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20200013)in part by the Smart Grid Joint Fund of National Science Foundation of China&State Grid Corporation of China(U1866208).
文摘With increasing interdependence among electricity,district heating,and natural gas systems in economy and physics,this paper focuses on the optimal bidding problem of a dominant gas-fired CHP unit in synchronized electricity-heat-gas markets with real-life step-wise energy offer format.Gas-fired CHP generators act as price makers and submit price-quantity offering curves in independently cleared electricity and district heating markets.A novel loss-embedded power flow model is proposed for market clearing which accounts for active power loss,congestion,reactive power flow,and voltage constraints.Adding penalty terms into the objective function eliminates additional binary variables,which eases computation burden.A two-stage trading mechanism is designed for gas-fired CHP generators to simultaneously participate in the multi-energy market.Based on a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints,an optimal bidding model is established in which the bilinear terms are eliminated by applying the binary expansion method.A diagonalization algorithm can be nested in the proposed trading mechanism if we intend to study the Nash equilibrium of the Nperson Cournot oligopoly market.Numerical tests with different scales are carried out to validate the proposed methodology in detail.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173051)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024CDJCGJ012,2023CDJXY-010)+1 种基金the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Key Project(CSTB2022TIADCUX0015,CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0162)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M763865)
文摘Dear Editor,This letter addresses the impulse game problem for a general scope of deterministic,multi-player,nonzero-sum differential games wherein all participants adopt impulse controls.Our objective is to formulate this impulse game problem with the modified objective function including interaction costs among the players in a discontinuous fashion,and subsequently,to derive a verification theorem for identifying the feedback Nash equilibrium strategy.
基金financially supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023LFG005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22479161,52274308 and U22B20144)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.24CX03012A)。
文摘Non-precious metal cobalt-based oxide inevitably dissolves for acid oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Designing an efficient deposition channel for leaching cobalt species is a promising approach.The dissolution-deposition equilibrium of Co is achieved by doping Mn in the lattice of LaCo_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3),prolonging the lifespan in acidic conditions by 14 times.The lattice doping of Mn produces a strain that enhances the adsorption capacity of OH^(-).The self-catalysis of Mn causes the leaching Co to be deposited in the form of CoO_(2),which ensures that the long-term stability of LaCo_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3)is 70 h instead of 5 h for LaCoO_(3).Mn doping enhances the deprotonation of^(*)OOH→O_(2)in acidic environments.Notably,the over-potential of optimized LaCo_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3)is 345 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)for acidic OER.This work presents a promising method for developing noble metal-free catalysts that enhance the acidic OER activity and stability.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3004601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52204084)the Science,Technology and Innovation Project of Xiongan New Area(2023XAGG0061).
文摘1.Introduction Various geological phenomena on the surface and in the interior of the Earth,as well as their associated physical and chemical pro-cesses,are closely correlated with the action of in situ rock stress[1-5].Understanding the rock stress state at great depths is not only an indispensable foundation for solving scientific problems associated with geology,geophysics,and geodynamics-such as plate-driving mechanisms,the earth’s energy equilibrium,earth-quake mechanisms,and tectonic activities-but also a necessary prerequisite for the evaluation,exploitation,and disposal of deep energy and resources,such as coal and metal minerals.Due to the complexity and uncertainty of the origin of in situ rock stress,it is a difficult quantity to evaluate,in comparison with other rock properties.Currently,reliable information on the stress state in a region can only be determined through field stress measurement.Therefore,a variety of stress measurement techniques have been developed and applied worldwide to provide information on crus-tal contemporary stress at specific depth ranges[6].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373162,U24A20268,624B2055).
文摘Dear Editor,This letter presents a solution to the problem of seeking Nash equilibrium(NE)in a class of non-cooperative games of multi-agent systems(MASs)subject to the input disturbance and the networked communication.To this end,a novel distributed robust predefined-time algorithm is proposed,which ensures the precise convergence of agent states to the NE within a settling time that can be directly determined by adjusting one or more parameters.The proposed algorithm employs an integral sliding mode strategy to effectively reject disturbances.Additionally,a consensus-based estimator is designed to overcome the challenge of limited information availability,where each agent can only access information from its directly connected neighbors,which conflicts with the computation of the cost function that requires information from all agents.Finally,a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness and performance.
文摘The paper considers the methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the stability of an open pit-dump system,using limit equilibrium(LEM)and finite element(FEM)methods in the Russian CAE(computer-aided engineering)software Fidesys.It briefly highlights the issues of comparing limit equilibrium methods using the VNIMI(Research Institute of Geomechanics and Mine Surveying-Intersectoral Scientific Center"VNIMI")methodology and a specialized software product with numerical methods.The main focus of this study is to compare the results of the stability analysis in the volumetric model of the open pit-dump system using limit equilibrium and finite element methods in the CAE software Fidesys.It was found that,when modeling the combined operation of an open pit-dump system in complex terrain,both methods should be used,as each has its own advantages.The finite element method,for instance,has certain features that are not present in the calculations using the limit equilibrium approach.As a key scientific contribution,this paper introduces an automation program for calculating the stability of open-pit walls using the limit equilibrium method in CAE Fidesys,which was not previously integrated in the original software.The calculations performed with the use of this newly developed module were compared to those obtained from other widely used software solutions available on the market.The findings demonstrate a remarkable level of convergence in the calculation results for all relevant parameters,including the safety factor,localization,instability type,and deformation.The proposed approach i mproves the accuracy of calculati ons and ensures consistency between the higher stress design zones and the actual deformation and fracture patterns.It also enhances the ability to predict the behavior of rock mass when calculating stability parameters for facilities,both during operation and desi gn.
