Objective:This study aimed to examine the influence of behavioral lifestyle factors on recent episodic memory retention capacity among young-old adults(aged 60-69 years)in China.The findings provide scientific evidenc...Objective:This study aimed to examine the influence of behavioral lifestyle factors on recent episodic memory retention capacity among young-old adults(aged 60-69 years)in China.The findings provide scientific evidence to inform proactive strategies to mitigate cognitive decline risk within China’s rapidly aging population.Methods:Utilizing data from the 2022 wave of the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),a total of 2,772 adults aged 60-69 were included in the analytical sample.Recent episodic memory retention capacity(scored 0-5 points,based on self-reported assessment)served as the dependent variable.Six categories of behavioral lifestyle indicators(including exercise frequency,sleep quality,dietary patterns,etc.)were analyzed as independent variables.Associations were assessed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression models,controlling for relevant covariates.Results:Self-reported potential impairment in recent episodic memory was identified by 47.19%of respondents.Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between behavioral lifestyle factors and memory retention capacity.Regular exercise(OR=1.297,95%CI:1.118-1.504),meat consumption(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.393-2.237),regular reading habits(OR=1.599,95%CI:1.283-1.992),and internet use(OR=1.413,95%CI:1.217-1.641)emerged as significant protective factors.Abnormal sleep duration was detrimentally associated with retention capacity(too short:OR=0.728,95%CI:0.591-0.897;too long:OR=0.810,95%CI:0.670-0.980).Significant associations were also observed for control variables:urban residence(OR=1.270,95%CI:1.100-1.467),high school education or above(OR=1.543,95%CI:1.293-1.841),and better self-rated health status(OR=1.156,95%CI:1.089-1.227)were positively correlated with better memory retention.Conclusions:Optimal sleep duration,regular physical exercise,meat intake,habitual reading,and internet engagement positively predict self-assessed recent episodic memory retention capacity in Chinese young-old adults.These findings underscore the potential for multi-faceted lifestyle interventions to enhance cog-nitive health in aging populations.Specifically,strategies should encompass community-based sleep hygiene management,tailored nutritional interventions(especially promoting adequate protein sources like meat),enhanced digital literacy and internet accessibility programs,and the promotion of age-appropriate physical activity initiatives.Furthermore,implementing culturally responsive strategies adapted to urban-rural contexts-such as deploying“mobile cognitive health units”in rural areas and fostering digital reading platforms in urban settings-is recommended to optimize intervention effectiveness.展开更多
Episodic memory,our ability to recall past experiences,is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe(MTL)particularly the hippocampus,and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions.Understanding how ...Episodic memory,our ability to recall past experiences,is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe(MTL)particularly the hippocampus,and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions.Understanding how these brain regions coordinate to encode,consolidate,and retrieve episodic memories remains a fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience.Non-invasive brain stimulation(NIBS)methods,especially transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),have advanced episodic memory research beyond traditional lesion studies and neuroimaging by enabling causal investigations through targeted magnetic stimulation to specific brain regions.This review begins by delineating the evolving understanding of episodic memory from both psychological and neurobiological perspectives and discusses the brain networks supporting episodic memory processes.Then,we review studies that employed TMS to modulate episodic memory,with the aim of identifying potential cortical regions that could be used as stimulation sites to modulate episodic memory networks.We conclude with the implications and prospects of using NIBS to understand episodic memory mechanisms.展开更多
Intelligent penetration testing is of great significance for the improvement of the security of information systems,and the critical issue is the planning of penetration test paths.In view of the difficulty for attack...Intelligent penetration testing is of great significance for the improvement of the security of information systems,and the critical issue is the planning of penetration test paths.In view of the difficulty for attackers to obtain complete network information in realistic network scenarios,Reinforcement Learning(RL)is a promising solution to discover the optimal penetration path under incomplete information about the target network.Existing RL-based methods are challenged by the sizeable discrete action space,which leads to difficulties in the convergence.Moreover,most methods still rely on experts’knowledge.To address these issues,this paper proposes a penetration path planning method based on reinforcement learning with episodic memory.First,the penetration testing problem is formally described in terms of reinforcement learning.To speed up the training process without specific prior knowledge,the proposed algorithm introduces episodic memory to store experienced advantageous strategies for the first time.Furthermore,the method offers an exploration strategy based on episodic memory to guide the agents in learning.The design makes full use of historical experience to achieve the purpose of reducing blind exploration and improving planning efficiency.Ultimately,comparison experiments are carried out with the existing RL-based methods.The results reveal that the proposed method has better convergence performance.The running time is reduced by more than 20%.展开更多
The essence of episodic memory is the memory of a certain event within a certain time period and a certain region. The content of memory involves various details and background information of the event. Among them, th...The essence of episodic memory is the memory of a certain event within a certain time period and a certain region. The content of memory involves various details and background information of the event. Among them, the memory of event content is called item memory in practice, and the memory of background information is called source memory. Due to the limitation of actual conditions, the content of episodic memory is often characterized by instability and ambiguity. Children are in a stage of rapid growth, and their episodic memory ability will gradually improve with the increase of age. At present, the development characteristics and rules of children's episodic memory have attracted more and more attention from professionals.展开更多
Background Intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Given the significant correlation between tau pathology and memory loss in AD patients,identifying vulnerable ...Background Intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Given the significant correlation between tau pathology and memory loss in AD patients,identifying vulnerable brain regions,particularly susceptible neuron types in these regions,will advance our understanding of AD onset and shed light on therapeutic strategies to manage its progression.Methods Immunofluorescent staining was employed to identify the brain regions and neuron types vulnerable to tau pathology in AD.A combination of chemogenetics,electrophysiological recording,in vivo Ca2+recording,and a modified temporal-order discrimination behavior test was utilized to investigate the toxicity of tau accumulation to susceptible neurons in the dorsal part of the ventral hippocampus.Proteomics,phosphoproteomics,and molecular targeting were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of neuron susceptibility to tau accumulation in AD.The beneficial effects of microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4(MARK4)knockdown and administration of DEPhosphorylation TArgeting Chimera(DEPTAC)were evaluated in AD mice with tau pathology.Results In postmortem brains of AD patients,we observed robust accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the anterior hippocampal CA1 region,particularly in its Calbindin1−(Calb1−)neurons,as opposed to the posterior hippocampal CA1 region and Calb1+neurons.The susceptibility of Calb1−neurons to phospho-tau accumulation was also observed in P301L mice,especially in the dorsal part of ventral(anterior in human)hippocampal CA1(dvCA1).In P301L mice,dvCA1 displayed distinct protein and phosphorylated protein networks compared with dorsal CA1,accompanied by overactivation of MARK4.Overexpressing human tau in Calb1−neurons in the dvCA1(dvCA1Calb1−neurons)specifically impairs the temporal-order discrimination of objects.Meanwhile,tau accumulation significantly inhibited the excitability and firing patterns of dvCA1Calb1−neurons associated with temporal-order discrimination.Knocking down MARK4 or reducing hyperphosporylated tau via DEPTAC in P301L mice significantly ameliorated AD-like tau pathology in dvCA1Calb1−neurons and improved temporal-order discrimination of objects.Conclusion These findings highlight the crucial role of dvCA1Calb1−neurons in the early stage of tau pathology and demonstrate the potential of targeting phosphorylated tau through MARK4 knockdown or DEPTAC administration to counter the vulnerability of dvCA1Calb1−neurons and,consequently,ameliorate episodic memory deficits in AD.展开更多
This study investigated episodic memory in prodromal HD. Three groups were compared (N = 70): mutation carriers with less than 12.5 years to disease onset (n = 16), mutation carriers with 12.5 or more years to disease...This study investigated episodic memory in prodromal HD. Three groups were compared (N = 70): mutation carriers with less than 12.5 years to disease onset (n = 16), mutation carriers with 12.5 or more years to disease onset (n = 16), and noncarriers (n = 38). Episodic memory was assessed using the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, which included multimodal presentation and selective reminding, and the Claeson-Dahl Learning Test which included verbal repeated presentation and recall trials. Both carrier groups demonstrated deficient episodic memory compared to noncarriers. The results suggest deficient episodic memory in prodromal HD, and that inconsistent retrieval contributes to these deficits. Multimodal presentation attenuates the deficits.展开更多
Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to ...Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.展开更多
This paper focuses on developing a system that allows presentation authors to effectively retrieve presentation slides for reuse from a large volume of existing presentation materials. We assume episodic memories of t...This paper focuses on developing a system that allows presentation authors to effectively retrieve presentation slides for reuse from a large volume of existing presentation materials. We assume episodic memories of the authors can be used as contextual keywords in query expressions to efficiently dig out the expected slides for reuse rather than using only the part-of-slide-descriptions-based keyword queries. As a system, a new slide repository is proposed, composed of slide material collections, slide content data and pieces of information from authors＇ episodic memories related to each slide and presentation together with a slide retrieval application enabling authors to use the episodic memories as part of queries. The result of our experiment shows that the episodic memory-used queries can give more discoverability than the keyword-based queries. Additionally, an improvement model is discussed on the slide retrieval for further slide-finding efficiency by expanding the episodic memories model in the repository taking in the links with the author-and-slide-related data and events having been post on the private and social media sites.展开更多
Impaired structure and function of the hippocampus is a valuable predictor of progression from amnestic mild cognitive impairment（a MCI） to Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）. As a part of the medial temporal lobe memory sy...Impaired structure and function of the hippocampus is a valuable predictor of progression from amnestic mild cognitive impairment（a MCI） to Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）. As a part of the medial temporal lobe memory system,the hippocampus is one of the brain regions affected earliest by AD neuropathology,and shows progressive degeneration as a MCI progresses to AD. Currently,no validated biomarkers can precisely predict the conversion from a MCI to AD. Therefore,there is a great need of sensitive tools for the early detection of AD progression. In this review,we summarize the specifi c structural and functional changes in the hippocampus from recent a MCI studies using neurophysiological and neuroimaging data. We suggest that a combination of advanced multi-modal neuroimaging measures in discovering biomarkers will provide more precise and sensitive measures of hippocampal changes than using only one of them. These will potentially affect early diagnosis and disease-modifying treatments. We propose a new sequential and progressive framework in which the impairment spreads from the integrity of fibers to volume and then to function in hippocampal subregions. Meanwhile,this is likely to be accompanied by progressive impairment of behavioral and neuropsychological performance in the progression of a MCI to AD.展开更多
The entorhinal-hippocampus structure in the mammalian brain is the core area for realizing spatial cognition.However,the visual perception and loop detection methods in the current biomimetic robot navigation model st...The entorhinal-hippocampus structure in the mammalian brain is the core area for realizing spatial cognition.However,the visual perception and loop detection methods in the current biomimetic robot navigation model still rely on traditional visual SLAM schemes and lack the process of exploring and applying biological visual methods.Based on this,we propose amap constructionmethod thatmimics the entorhinal-hippocampal cognitive mechanismof the rat brain according to the response of entorhinal cortex neurons to eye saccades in recent related studies.That is,when mammals are free to watch the scene,the entorhinal cortex neurons will encode the saccade position of the eyeball to realize the episodicmemory function.The characteristics of thismodel are as follows:1)A scenememory algorithmthat relies on visual saccade vectors is constructed to imitate the biological brain’s memory of environmental situation information matches the current scene information with the memory;2)According to the information transmission mechanism formed by the hippocampus and the activation theory of spatial cells,a localization model based on the grid cells of the entorhinal cortex and the place cells of the hippocampus was constructed;3)Finally,the scene memory algorithm is used to correct the errors of the positioning model and complete the process of constructing the cognitive map.The model was subjected to simulation experiments on publicly available datasets and physical experiments using a mobile robot platform to verify the environmental adaptability and robustness of the algorithm.The algorithm will provide a basis for further research into bionic robot navigation.展开更多
The BRAIN project recently announced by the president Obama is the reflection of unrelenting human quest for cracking the brain code, the patterns of neuronal activity that define who we are and what we are. While the...The BRAIN project recently announced by the president Obama is the reflection of unrelenting human quest for cracking the brain code, the patterns of neuronal activity that define who we are and what we are. While the Brain Activity Mapping proposal has rightly emphasized on the need to develop new technologies for measuring every spike from every neuron, it might be helpful to consider both the theoretical and experimental aspects that would accelerate our search for the organizing principles of the brain code. Here we share several insights and lessons from the similar proposal, namely, Brain Decoding Project that we initiated since 2007. We provide a specific example in our initial mapping of real-time memory traces from one part of the memory circuit, namely, the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. We show how innovative behavioral tasks and appropriate mathematical analyses of large datasets can play equally, if not more, important roles in uncovering the specific-to-general feature-coding cell assembly mechanism by which episodic memory, semantic knowledge, and imagination are generated and organized. Our own experiences suggest that the bottleneck of the Brain Project is not only at merely developing additional new technologies, but also the lack of efficient avenues to disseminate cutting edge platforms and decoding expertise to neuroscience community. Therefore, we propose that in order to harness unique insights and extensive knowledge from various investigators working in diverse neuroscience subfields, ranging from perception and emotion to memory and social behaviors, the BRAIN project should create a set of International and National Brain Decoding Centers at which cutting-edge recording technologies and expertise on analyzing large datasets analyses can be made readily available to the entire community of neuroscientists who can apply and schedule to perform cutting-edge research.展开更多
Previous work has demonstrated that acute exercise prior to memory encoding may enhance long-term memory.Similarly,other work demonstrates that acute exercise during the memory consolidation period may also enhance lo...Previous work has demonstrated that acute exercise prior to memory encoding may enhance long-term memory.Similarly,other work demonstrates that acute exercise during the memory consolidation period may also enhance long-term memory function.However,no study has evaluated whether long-term memory is enhanced when an acute bout of exercise occurs during both of these time periods,when compared to just prior to memory encoding.A within-subject randomized con-trolled intervention was employed.On separate laboratory visits,participants completed two main protocols,including(1)exercise before memory encoding and(2)exercise before and after memory encoding.Long-term memory was assessed,via a word-list task,from a 20-min delay period and a 24-h delay period.We observed a significant main effect for time,F(8,176)=529.5,P<0.001,ηp^(2)=0.96,but no significant main effect for condition,F(l,22)=0.08,P=0.77,ηp^(2)=0.004,or time by condition interaction,F(8,176)=0.19,P=0.99,ηp^(2)=0.009.In conclusion,there was no difference in long-term memory function when comparing acute exercise only prior to memory encoding vs.acute exercise both before and immediately after memory encoding.展开更多
Feedback is an important factor to enhance subsequent memory,showing that memory performance increases after the feed-back than after the no feedback condition during retrieval practice.However,most studies have provi...Feedback is an important factor to enhance subsequent memory,showing that memory performance increases after the feed-back than after the no feedback condition during retrieval practice.However,most studies have provided answers as feedback and only examined memory accuracy.It is unclear whether memory is enhanced over time when other types of feedback(e.g.,correct/incorrect)is given.In addition,during retrieval practice,participants’responses differ in correctness and confidence level.To what extent these initial memory features interact with feedback type to influence subsequent memory accuracy and confidence level remains unclear.In this study,to address these questions,participants learned a series of sentences,then during the retrieval practice phase,different types of feedback—feedback with correct/incorrect and answer(CA-feedback),feedback with answer(A-feedback),feedback with correct/incorrect(C-feedback),and no feedback—were given after they performed a cued-recall test and rated the confidence.After retention intervals of 5 min,1 day,and 7 days,they took final tests,followed by the confidence rating.The results showed that different types of feedback influenced subsequent memory and forgetting by different mechanisms.The CA-feedback and A-feedback enhanced memory performance by correcting initial errors and increasing the confidence of correct trials,but the corrected memory was more easily forgot-ten from 5 min to 7 days.Compared to A-feedback,the CA-feedback maintained the corrected memory after 1 day.The C-feedback did not correct initial errors but slowed the forgetting rate and reduced the confidence of incorrect trials.This study highlighted the interaction between feedback type and initial memory features(correctness,confidence)to influence subsequent memory performance,including memory accuracy and confidence level.展开更多
Most studies on cognitive aging have been conducted in high-income countries(mainly on Western populations).The main aim of this study was to compare the relative importance of predictors of episodic and semantic memo...Most studies on cognitive aging have been conducted in high-income countries(mainly on Western populations).The main aim of this study was to compare the relative importance of predictors of episodic and semantic memory performance in older people(≥60 years)from Bangladesh(n=400)and Sweden(n=1,098).Hierarchical regression models were used in order to study the importance of some commonly used predictors in the two countries.A main finding was that variations in age did not have much impact on episodic and semantic memory performance in Bangladesh.Instead,sex was a strong predictor for semantic memory performance.In Sweden this pattern was reversed.In the Western world,chronological age is believed to be strongly associated with memory performance in cross-sectional studies,particularly in people greater than 60 years of age.This study indicates that the difference between the two countries(in relative importance of the predictors included in this study)is mainly due to the fact that years of education is connected to age in the Western world but to sex in Bangladesh.It remains to be examined whether earlier selective survival is also responsible for the relative absence of cognitive age differences in Bangladesh.展开更多
Using fMRI,precise temporal control was extracted from routine activities in a female blind subject.Findings reveal a specific neural machinery for temporal control of recalled sequential events in episodic memory.
Autobiographical memory(AM)represents a vital facet of human cognition,encompassing personal experiences and specific life events.This review traces AM development from infancy through childhood,beginning with episodi...Autobiographical memory(AM)represents a vital facet of human cognition,encompassing personal experiences and specific life events.This review traces AM development from infancy through childhood,beginning with episodic autobiographical memories(EAM)as AM's building blocks,leading to the emergence of AM.Neuroimaging studies are included to review the neurodevelopment of EAM and AM,highlighting the involvement of the frontal cortex and temporal lobes in these processes.The review extensively discusses three major theoretical models:the Social Cultural Developmental Theory,the Model of Culturally Situated Autobiographical Memory Development,and the Bio-Psycho-Social Model.These models are examined to understand cross-cultural differences in AM specificity,particularly focusing on the influence of social interactions,self-goals,language,emotion knowledge,and maternal reminiscing styles.The review also selects empirical studies from the last four years(2020-2024)that provide further support and evidence for these models.These studies underscore the influence of cultural contexts on AM development and highlight cultural differences in positive and negative memory recall,maternal reminiscing styles,and their impact on children's AM development,emphasizing the complex interplay of neural,cognitive,social,and cultural factors in shaping autobiographical memory.展开更多
Understanding is the essence of any intelligent system.We revise our four machine understanding paradigms which are:(i)basic understanding,(ii)rich understanding,(iii)exploratory understanding,and(iv)theory-based unde...Understanding is the essence of any intelligent system.We revise our four machine understanding paradigms which are:(i)basic understanding,(ii)rich understanding,(iii)exploratory understanding,and(iv)theory-based understanding;and we elaborate on the first two of them.We then introduce the concept of two-stage(or deep)machine understanding which provides descriptive understandings,as well as evaluations of these understandings.After a brief systematization of emotions,we cover the following paradigms for agents with two-stage(deep)understanding abilities for emotional intelligence simulation:(i)basic understanding,(ii)rich-understanding,and(iii)switchable understanding.展开更多
Past studies have illustrated that we tend to prioritize remembering information that is relevant to ourselves,resulting in a self-reference effect.This effect is often influenced by emotions associated with the stimu...Past studies have illustrated that we tend to prioritize remembering information that is relevant to ourselves,resulting in a self-reference effect.This effect is often influenced by emotions associated with the stimuli,frequently showcasing a self-positivity bias.However,these effects have only been observed in individual memory,without any consideration given to a social collaboration setting.The current study intended to clarify these effects in ongoing and enduring social collaboration.Participants were instructed to encode personality trait adjectives,displayed in different colors with various emotional valences,using either self-reference or other-reference methods.They were then tasked with individually or collaboratively recalling the words along with their associated encoding task,followed by individual recall.Our data indicated evidence of the self-reference effect in item memory during both ongoing and enduring collaborative sessions.This effect was evident for words studied in red,but the pattern was reversed for those in green.Additionally,the self-positivity bias was observed when retrieving the source of the encoding task during ongoing collaborative sessions.A reversed self-positivity bias was observed in item memory for words that were studied in green.An unexpected finding was that whether participants collaborated or not did not influence the effects we were investigating.Overall,we have extended the self-reference effect and self-positivity bias to the social collaboration setting,demonstrating that these effects remain consistent even in collaborative environments.This suggests that the underlying theories driving the effects are not contingent on social interaction.Moving forward,potential future directions for research are considered.展开更多
文摘Objective:This study aimed to examine the influence of behavioral lifestyle factors on recent episodic memory retention capacity among young-old adults(aged 60-69 years)in China.The findings provide scientific evidence to inform proactive strategies to mitigate cognitive decline risk within China’s rapidly aging population.Methods:Utilizing data from the 2022 wave of the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),a total of 2,772 adults aged 60-69 were included in the analytical sample.Recent episodic memory retention capacity(scored 0-5 points,based on self-reported assessment)served as the dependent variable.Six categories of behavioral lifestyle indicators(including exercise frequency,sleep quality,dietary patterns,etc.)were analyzed as independent variables.Associations were assessed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression models,controlling for relevant covariates.Results:Self-reported potential impairment in recent episodic memory was identified by 47.19%of respondents.Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between behavioral lifestyle factors and memory retention capacity.Regular exercise(OR=1.297,95%CI:1.118-1.504),meat consumption(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.393-2.237),regular reading habits(OR=1.599,95%CI:1.283-1.992),and internet use(OR=1.413,95%CI:1.217-1.641)emerged as significant protective factors.Abnormal sleep duration was detrimentally associated with retention capacity(too short:OR=0.728,95%CI:0.591-0.897;too long:OR=0.810,95%CI:0.670-0.980).Significant associations were also observed for control variables:urban residence(OR=1.270,95%CI:1.100-1.467),high school education or above(OR=1.543,95%CI:1.293-1.841),and better self-rated health status(OR=1.156,95%CI:1.089-1.227)were positively correlated with better memory retention.Conclusions:Optimal sleep duration,regular physical exercise,meat intake,habitual reading,and internet engagement positively predict self-assessed recent episodic memory retention capacity in Chinese young-old adults.These findings underscore the potential for multi-faceted lifestyle interventions to enhance cog-nitive health in aging populations.Specifically,strategies should encompass community-based sleep hygiene management,tailored nutritional interventions(especially promoting adequate protein sources like meat),enhanced digital literacy and internet accessibility programs,and the promotion of age-appropriate physical activity initiatives.Furthermore,implementing culturally responsive strategies adapted to urban-rural contexts-such as deploying“mobile cognitive health units”in rural areas and fostering digital reading platforms in urban settings-is recommended to optimize intervention effectiveness.
文摘Episodic memory,our ability to recall past experiences,is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe(MTL)particularly the hippocampus,and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions.Understanding how these brain regions coordinate to encode,consolidate,and retrieve episodic memories remains a fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience.Non-invasive brain stimulation(NIBS)methods,especially transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),have advanced episodic memory research beyond traditional lesion studies and neuroimaging by enabling causal investigations through targeted magnetic stimulation to specific brain regions.This review begins by delineating the evolving understanding of episodic memory from both psychological and neurobiological perspectives and discusses the brain networks supporting episodic memory processes.Then,we review studies that employed TMS to modulate episodic memory,with the aim of identifying potential cortical regions that could be used as stimulation sites to modulate episodic memory networks.We conclude with the implications and prospects of using NIBS to understand episodic memory mechanisms.
文摘Intelligent penetration testing is of great significance for the improvement of the security of information systems,and the critical issue is the planning of penetration test paths.In view of the difficulty for attackers to obtain complete network information in realistic network scenarios,Reinforcement Learning(RL)is a promising solution to discover the optimal penetration path under incomplete information about the target network.Existing RL-based methods are challenged by the sizeable discrete action space,which leads to difficulties in the convergence.Moreover,most methods still rely on experts’knowledge.To address these issues,this paper proposes a penetration path planning method based on reinforcement learning with episodic memory.First,the penetration testing problem is formally described in terms of reinforcement learning.To speed up the training process without specific prior knowledge,the proposed algorithm introduces episodic memory to store experienced advantageous strategies for the first time.Furthermore,the method offers an exploration strategy based on episodic memory to guide the agents in learning.The design makes full use of historical experience to achieve the purpose of reducing blind exploration and improving planning efficiency.Ultimately,comparison experiments are carried out with the existing RL-based methods.The results reveal that the proposed method has better convergence performance.The running time is reduced by more than 20%.
文摘The essence of episodic memory is the memory of a certain event within a certain time period and a certain region. The content of memory involves various details and background information of the event. Among them, the memory of event content is called item memory in practice, and the memory of background information is called source memory. Due to the limitation of actual conditions, the content of episodic memory is often characterized by instability and ambiguity. Children are in a stage of rapid growth, and their episodic memory ability will gradually improve with the increase of age. At present, the development characteristics and rules of children's episodic memory have attracted more and more attention from professionals.
基金supported in part by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(82071219,82371436,82230041,91949205)the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(SZSM202211010)+1 种基金the Special Project of Technological Innovation of Hubei Province(2018ACA142)Guangdong Provincial Key S&T Program(018B030336001).
文摘Background Intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Given the significant correlation between tau pathology and memory loss in AD patients,identifying vulnerable brain regions,particularly susceptible neuron types in these regions,will advance our understanding of AD onset and shed light on therapeutic strategies to manage its progression.Methods Immunofluorescent staining was employed to identify the brain regions and neuron types vulnerable to tau pathology in AD.A combination of chemogenetics,electrophysiological recording,in vivo Ca2+recording,and a modified temporal-order discrimination behavior test was utilized to investigate the toxicity of tau accumulation to susceptible neurons in the dorsal part of the ventral hippocampus.Proteomics,phosphoproteomics,and molecular targeting were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of neuron susceptibility to tau accumulation in AD.The beneficial effects of microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4(MARK4)knockdown and administration of DEPhosphorylation TArgeting Chimera(DEPTAC)were evaluated in AD mice with tau pathology.Results In postmortem brains of AD patients,we observed robust accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the anterior hippocampal CA1 region,particularly in its Calbindin1−(Calb1−)neurons,as opposed to the posterior hippocampal CA1 region and Calb1+neurons.The susceptibility of Calb1−neurons to phospho-tau accumulation was also observed in P301L mice,especially in the dorsal part of ventral(anterior in human)hippocampal CA1(dvCA1).In P301L mice,dvCA1 displayed distinct protein and phosphorylated protein networks compared with dorsal CA1,accompanied by overactivation of MARK4.Overexpressing human tau in Calb1−neurons in the dvCA1(dvCA1Calb1−neurons)specifically impairs the temporal-order discrimination of objects.Meanwhile,tau accumulation significantly inhibited the excitability and firing patterns of dvCA1Calb1−neurons associated with temporal-order discrimination.Knocking down MARK4 or reducing hyperphosporylated tau via DEPTAC in P301L mice significantly ameliorated AD-like tau pathology in dvCA1Calb1−neurons and improved temporal-order discrimination of objects.Conclusion These findings highlight the crucial role of dvCA1Calb1−neurons in the early stage of tau pathology and demonstrate the potential of targeting phosphorylated tau through MARK4 knockdown or DEPTAC administration to counter the vulnerability of dvCA1Calb1−neurons and,consequently,ameliorate episodic memory deficits in AD.
基金Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital
文摘This study investigated episodic memory in prodromal HD. Three groups were compared (N = 70): mutation carriers with less than 12.5 years to disease onset (n = 16), mutation carriers with 12.5 or more years to disease onset (n = 16), and noncarriers (n = 38). Episodic memory was assessed using the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, which included multimodal presentation and selective reminding, and the Claeson-Dahl Learning Test which included verbal repeated presentation and recall trials. Both carrier groups demonstrated deficient episodic memory compared to noncarriers. The results suggest deficient episodic memory in prodromal HD, and that inconsistent retrieval contributes to these deficits. Multimodal presentation attenuates the deficits.
基金supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad(BFU2013-43458-R)Junta de Andalucia(P12-CTS-1694 and Proyexcel-00422)to ZUK。
文摘Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.
文摘This paper focuses on developing a system that allows presentation authors to effectively retrieve presentation slides for reuse from a large volume of existing presentation materials. We assume episodic memories of the authors can be used as contextual keywords in query expressions to efficiently dig out the expected slides for reuse rather than using only the part-of-slide-descriptions-based keyword queries. As a system, a new slide repository is proposed, composed of slide material collections, slide content data and pieces of information from authors＇ episodic memories related to each slide and presentation together with a slide retrieval application enabling authors to use the episodic memories as part of queries. The result of our experiment shows that the episodic memory-used queries can give more discoverability than the keyword-based queries. Additionally, an improvement model is discussed on the slide retrieval for further slide-finding efficiency by expanding the episodic memories model in the repository taking in the links with the author-and-slide-related data and events having been post on the private and social media sites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91332000,81171021,and 91132727)the Key Program for Clinical Medicine and Science and Technology,Jiangsu Provence,China ( BL2013025 and BL2014077)
文摘Impaired structure and function of the hippocampus is a valuable predictor of progression from amnestic mild cognitive impairment（a MCI） to Alzheimer＇s disease（AD）. As a part of the medial temporal lobe memory system,the hippocampus is one of the brain regions affected earliest by AD neuropathology,and shows progressive degeneration as a MCI progresses to AD. Currently,no validated biomarkers can precisely predict the conversion from a MCI to AD. Therefore,there is a great need of sensitive tools for the early detection of AD progression. In this review,we summarize the specifi c structural and functional changes in the hippocampus from recent a MCI studies using neurophysiological and neuroimaging data. We suggest that a combination of advanced multi-modal neuroimaging measures in discovering biomarkers will provide more precise and sensitive measures of hippocampal changes than using only one of them. These will potentially affect early diagnosis and disease-modifying treatments. We propose a new sequential and progressive framework in which the impairment spreads from the integrity of fibers to volume and then to function in hippocampal subregions. Meanwhile,this is likely to be accompanied by progressive impairment of behavioral and neuropsychological performance in the progression of a MCI to AD.
基金This research was funded by the National Science Foundation of China,Grant No.62076014as well as the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.4162012.
文摘The entorhinal-hippocampus structure in the mammalian brain is the core area for realizing spatial cognition.However,the visual perception and loop detection methods in the current biomimetic robot navigation model still rely on traditional visual SLAM schemes and lack the process of exploring and applying biological visual methods.Based on this,we propose amap constructionmethod thatmimics the entorhinal-hippocampal cognitive mechanismof the rat brain according to the response of entorhinal cortex neurons to eye saccades in recent related studies.That is,when mammals are free to watch the scene,the entorhinal cortex neurons will encode the saccade position of the eyeball to realize the episodicmemory function.The characteristics of thismodel are as follows:1)A scenememory algorithmthat relies on visual saccade vectors is constructed to imitate the biological brain’s memory of environmental situation information matches the current scene information with the memory;2)According to the information transmission mechanism formed by the hippocampus and the activation theory of spatial cells,a localization model based on the grid cells of the entorhinal cortex and the place cells of the hippocampus was constructed;3)Finally,the scene memory algorithm is used to correct the errors of the positioning model and complete the process of constructing the cognitive map.The model was subjected to simulation experiments on publicly available datasets and physical experiments using a mobile robot platform to verify the environmental adaptability and robustness of the algorithm.The algorithm will provide a basis for further research into bionic robot navigation.
基金Georgia Research Alliance for funding the Brain Decoding Initiative (2007 present)Yunnan Province Department of Science and Technology for the support of our work
文摘The BRAIN project recently announced by the president Obama is the reflection of unrelenting human quest for cracking the brain code, the patterns of neuronal activity that define who we are and what we are. While the Brain Activity Mapping proposal has rightly emphasized on the need to develop new technologies for measuring every spike from every neuron, it might be helpful to consider both the theoretical and experimental aspects that would accelerate our search for the organizing principles of the brain code. Here we share several insights and lessons from the similar proposal, namely, Brain Decoding Project that we initiated since 2007. We provide a specific example in our initial mapping of real-time memory traces from one part of the memory circuit, namely, the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. We show how innovative behavioral tasks and appropriate mathematical analyses of large datasets can play equally, if not more, important roles in uncovering the specific-to-general feature-coding cell assembly mechanism by which episodic memory, semantic knowledge, and imagination are generated and organized. Our own experiences suggest that the bottleneck of the Brain Project is not only at merely developing additional new technologies, but also the lack of efficient avenues to disseminate cutting edge platforms and decoding expertise to neuroscience community. Therefore, we propose that in order to harness unique insights and extensive knowledge from various investigators working in diverse neuroscience subfields, ranging from perception and emotion to memory and social behaviors, the BRAIN project should create a set of International and National Brain Decoding Centers at which cutting-edge recording technologies and expertise on analyzing large datasets analyses can be made readily available to the entire community of neuroscientists who can apply and schedule to perform cutting-edge research.
文摘Previous work has demonstrated that acute exercise prior to memory encoding may enhance long-term memory.Similarly,other work demonstrates that acute exercise during the memory consolidation period may also enhance long-term memory function.However,no study has evaluated whether long-term memory is enhanced when an acute bout of exercise occurs during both of these time periods,when compared to just prior to memory encoding.A within-subject randomized con-trolled intervention was employed.On separate laboratory visits,participants completed two main protocols,including(1)exercise before memory encoding and(2)exercise before and after memory encoding.Long-term memory was assessed,via a word-list task,from a 20-min delay period and a 24-h delay period.We observed a significant main effect for time,F(8,176)=529.5,P<0.001,ηp^(2)=0.96,but no significant main effect for condition,F(l,22)=0.08,P=0.77,ηp^(2)=0.004,or time by condition interaction,F(8,176)=0.19,P=0.99,ηp^(2)=0.009.In conclusion,there was no difference in long-term memory function when comparing acute exercise only prior to memory encoding vs.acute exercise both before and immediately after memory encoding.
基金supported by Grant 32071027(J.Yang)from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Feedback is an important factor to enhance subsequent memory,showing that memory performance increases after the feed-back than after the no feedback condition during retrieval practice.However,most studies have provided answers as feedback and only examined memory accuracy.It is unclear whether memory is enhanced over time when other types of feedback(e.g.,correct/incorrect)is given.In addition,during retrieval practice,participants’responses differ in correctness and confidence level.To what extent these initial memory features interact with feedback type to influence subsequent memory accuracy and confidence level remains unclear.In this study,to address these questions,participants learned a series of sentences,then during the retrieval practice phase,different types of feedback—feedback with correct/incorrect and answer(CA-feedback),feedback with answer(A-feedback),feedback with correct/incorrect(C-feedback),and no feedback—were given after they performed a cued-recall test and rated the confidence.After retention intervals of 5 min,1 day,and 7 days,they took final tests,followed by the confidence rating.The results showed that different types of feedback influenced subsequent memory and forgetting by different mechanisms.The CA-feedback and A-feedback enhanced memory performance by correcting initial errors and increasing the confidence of correct trials,but the corrected memory was more easily forgot-ten from 5 min to 7 days.Compared to A-feedback,the CA-feedback maintained the corrected memory after 1 day.The C-feedback did not correct initial errors but slowed the forgetting rate and reduced the confidence of incorrect trials.This study highlighted the interaction between feedback type and initial memory features(correctness,confidence)to influence subsequent memory performance,including memory accuracy and confidence level.
基金supported by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation(1988-0082:17)Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research(D1988-0092,D1989-0115,D1990-0074,D1991-0258,D1992-0143,D1997-0756,D1997-1841,D1999-0739,and B1999-474)+4 种基金Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences(F377/1988-2000)the Swedish Council for Social Research(1988-1990:88-0082 and 311/1991-2000)the Swedish Research Council(345-2003-3883 and 315-2004-6977)The Poverty and Health in Ageing(PHA)project was funded by Department for International Development(DfID),UK and Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation/Swedish International Development Agency,and the Swedish Research CouncilWe acknowledge the contribution of the staff members in the PHA and Betula projects.Å.Wahlin and O.Sternäng were funded by a grant from Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences(Dnr 421-2002-2575).
文摘Most studies on cognitive aging have been conducted in high-income countries(mainly on Western populations).The main aim of this study was to compare the relative importance of predictors of episodic and semantic memory performance in older people(≥60 years)from Bangladesh(n=400)and Sweden(n=1,098).Hierarchical regression models were used in order to study the importance of some commonly used predictors in the two countries.A main finding was that variations in age did not have much impact on episodic and semantic memory performance in Bangladesh.Instead,sex was a strong predictor for semantic memory performance.In Sweden this pattern was reversed.In the Western world,chronological age is believed to be strongly associated with memory performance in cross-sectional studies,particularly in people greater than 60 years of age.This study indicates that the difference between the two countries(in relative importance of the predictors included in this study)is mainly due to the fact that years of education is connected to age in the Western world but to sex in Bangladesh.It remains to be examined whether earlier selective survival is also responsible for the relative absence of cognitive age differences in Bangladesh.
文摘Using fMRI,precise temporal control was extracted from routine activities in a female blind subject.Findings reveal a specific neural machinery for temporal control of recalled sequential events in episodic memory.
文摘Autobiographical memory(AM)represents a vital facet of human cognition,encompassing personal experiences and specific life events.This review traces AM development from infancy through childhood,beginning with episodic autobiographical memories(EAM)as AM's building blocks,leading to the emergence of AM.Neuroimaging studies are included to review the neurodevelopment of EAM and AM,highlighting the involvement of the frontal cortex and temporal lobes in these processes.The review extensively discusses three major theoretical models:the Social Cultural Developmental Theory,the Model of Culturally Situated Autobiographical Memory Development,and the Bio-Psycho-Social Model.These models are examined to understand cross-cultural differences in AM specificity,particularly focusing on the influence of social interactions,self-goals,language,emotion knowledge,and maternal reminiscing styles.The review also selects empirical studies from the last four years(2020-2024)that provide further support and evidence for these models.These studies underscore the influence of cultural contexts on AM development and highlight cultural differences in positive and negative memory recall,maternal reminiscing styles,and their impact on children's AM development,emphasizing the complex interplay of neural,cognitive,social,and cultural factors in shaping autobiographical memory.
文摘Understanding is the essence of any intelligent system.We revise our four machine understanding paradigms which are:(i)basic understanding,(ii)rich understanding,(iii)exploratory understanding,and(iv)theory-based understanding;and we elaborate on the first two of them.We then introduce the concept of two-stage(or deep)machine understanding which provides descriptive understandings,as well as evaluations of these understandings.After a brief systematization of emotions,we cover the following paradigms for agents with two-stage(deep)understanding abilities for emotional intelligence simulation:(i)basic understanding,(ii)rich-understanding,and(iii)switchable understanding.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province of China)(Grant No.202303021221150)the Research Project Supported by the Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(Grant No.2024-090)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31300831)the Humanities and Social Sciences,Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.21YJA190005)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY21C090002)the Initial Scientific Research Fund of Shanxi Normal University.
文摘Past studies have illustrated that we tend to prioritize remembering information that is relevant to ourselves,resulting in a self-reference effect.This effect is often influenced by emotions associated with the stimuli,frequently showcasing a self-positivity bias.However,these effects have only been observed in individual memory,without any consideration given to a social collaboration setting.The current study intended to clarify these effects in ongoing and enduring social collaboration.Participants were instructed to encode personality trait adjectives,displayed in different colors with various emotional valences,using either self-reference or other-reference methods.They were then tasked with individually or collaboratively recalling the words along with their associated encoding task,followed by individual recall.Our data indicated evidence of the self-reference effect in item memory during both ongoing and enduring collaborative sessions.This effect was evident for words studied in red,but the pattern was reversed for those in green.Additionally,the self-positivity bias was observed when retrieving the source of the encoding task during ongoing collaborative sessions.A reversed self-positivity bias was observed in item memory for words that were studied in green.An unexpected finding was that whether participants collaborated or not did not influence the effects we were investigating.Overall,we have extended the self-reference effect and self-positivity bias to the social collaboration setting,demonstrating that these effects remain consistent even in collaborative environments.This suggests that the underlying theories driving the effects are not contingent on social interaction.Moving forward,potential future directions for research are considered.
