Episodic memory,our ability to recall past experiences,is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe(MTL)particularly the hippocampus,and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions.Understanding how ...Episodic memory,our ability to recall past experiences,is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe(MTL)particularly the hippocampus,and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions.Understanding how these brain regions coordinate to encode,consolidate,and retrieve episodic memories remains a fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience.Non-invasive brain stimulation(NIBS)methods,especially transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),have advanced episodic memory research beyond traditional lesion studies and neuroimaging by enabling causal investigations through targeted magnetic stimulation to specific brain regions.This review begins by delineating the evolving understanding of episodic memory from both psychological and neurobiological perspectives and discusses the brain networks supporting episodic memory processes.Then,we review studies that employed TMS to modulate episodic memory,with the aim of identifying potential cortical regions that could be used as stimulation sites to modulate episodic memory networks.We conclude with the implications and prospects of using NIBS to understand episodic memory mechanisms.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to examine the influence of behavioral lifestyle factors on recent episodic memory retention capacity among young-old adults(aged 60-69 years)in China.The findings provide scientific evidenc...Objective:This study aimed to examine the influence of behavioral lifestyle factors on recent episodic memory retention capacity among young-old adults(aged 60-69 years)in China.The findings provide scientific evidence to inform proactive strategies to mitigate cognitive decline risk within China’s rapidly aging population.Methods:Utilizing data from the 2022 wave of the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),a total of 2,772 adults aged 60-69 were included in the analytical sample.Recent episodic memory retention capacity(scored 0-5 points,based on self-reported assessment)served as the dependent variable.Six categories of behavioral lifestyle indicators(including exercise frequency,sleep quality,dietary patterns,etc.)were analyzed as independent variables.Associations were assessed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression models,controlling for relevant covariates.Results:Self-reported potential impairment in recent episodic memory was identified by 47.19%of respondents.Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between behavioral lifestyle factors and memory retention capacity.Regular exercise(OR=1.297,95%CI:1.118-1.504),meat consumption(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.393-2.237),regular reading habits(OR=1.599,95%CI:1.283-1.992),and internet use(OR=1.413,95%CI:1.217-1.641)emerged as significant protective factors.Abnormal sleep duration was detrimentally associated with retention capacity(too short:OR=0.728,95%CI:0.591-0.897;too long:OR=0.810,95%CI:0.670-0.980).Significant associations were also observed for control variables:urban residence(OR=1.270,95%CI:1.100-1.467),high school education or above(OR=1.543,95%CI:1.293-1.841),and better self-rated health status(OR=1.156,95%CI:1.089-1.227)were positively correlated with better memory retention.Conclusions:Optimal sleep duration,regular physical exercise,meat intake,habitual reading,and internet engagement positively predict self-assessed recent episodic memory retention capacity in Chinese young-old adults.These findings underscore the potential for multi-faceted lifestyle interventions to enhance cog-nitive health in aging populations.Specifically,strategies should encompass community-based sleep hygiene management,tailored nutritional interventions(especially promoting adequate protein sources like meat),enhanced digital literacy and internet accessibility programs,and the promotion of age-appropriate physical activity initiatives.Furthermore,implementing culturally responsive strategies adapted to urban-rural contexts-such as deploying“mobile cognitive health units”in rural areas and fostering digital reading platforms in urban settings-is recommended to optimize intervention effectiveness.展开更多
Intelligent penetration testing is of great significance for the improvement of the security of information systems,and the critical issue is the planning of penetration test paths.In view of the difficulty for attack...Intelligent penetration testing is of great significance for the improvement of the security of information systems,and the critical issue is the planning of penetration test paths.In view of the difficulty for attackers to obtain complete network information in realistic network scenarios,Reinforcement Learning(RL)is a promising solution to discover the optimal penetration path under incomplete information about the target network.Existing RL-based methods are challenged by the sizeable discrete action space,which leads to difficulties in the convergence.Moreover,most methods still rely on experts’knowledge.To address these issues,this paper proposes a penetration path planning method based on reinforcement learning with episodic memory.First,the penetration testing problem is formally described in terms of reinforcement learning.To speed up the training process without specific prior knowledge,the proposed algorithm introduces episodic memory to store experienced advantageous strategies for the first time.Furthermore,the method offers an exploration strategy based on episodic memory to guide the agents in learning.The design makes full use of historical experience to achieve the purpose of reducing blind exploration and improving planning efficiency.Ultimately,comparison experiments are carried out with the existing RL-based methods.The results reveal that the proposed method has better convergence performance.The running time is reduced by more than 20%.展开更多
This study integrates field outcrop profiles,drilling cores,2D seismic profiles,and 3D seismic data of key areas to analyze the Triassic tectonic-sequence stratigraphy in the Kuqa foreland basin,and investigates the i...This study integrates field outcrop profiles,drilling cores,2D seismic profiles,and 3D seismic data of key areas to analyze the Triassic tectonic-sequence stratigraphy in the Kuqa foreland basin,and investigates the impact of episodic thrust structures on sedimentary evolution and source rock distribution.(1)The Kuqa foreland basin has experienced stages of initial strong,weakened activities,relaxation and inactivity of episodic thrusting,resulting in the identification of 4 second-order sequences(Ehebulake Formation,Karamay Formation,Huangshanjie Formation,Taliqike Formation)and 11 third-order sequences(SQ1-SQ11)in the Triassic strata.Each sequence or secondary sequence displays a“coarse at the bottom and fine at the top”pattern due to the influence of secondary episodic thrust activity.(2)The episodic thrusting is closely linked to regional sequence patterns,deposition and source rock formation and distribution.The sedimentary evolution in the Triassic progresses from fan delta to braided river delta,lake,braided river delta,and meandering river delta,corresponding to the initial strong to the inactivity stages of episodic thrusting.The development stage of thick,coarse-grained sandy conglomerate reservoirs aligns with the strong to weakened thrust activities,while the source rock formation period coincides with the relaxation to inactivity stages.(3)Controlled by the intensity and stages of episodic thrust activity,the nearly EW trending thrust fault significantly thickened the footwall source rock during the Huangshanjie Formation,becoming the development center of Triassic source rock,and experienced multiple overthrust nappes in the soft stratum of the source rock,showing“stacked style”distribution.(4)The deep layers of the Kuqa foreland basin have the foundation and conditions necessary for the formation of substantial gas reservoirs,capable of forming various types of reservoirs such as self-generating and self-storing lithology,lower generating and upper storing fault block-lithology,and stratigraphic unconformity.This area holds significant importance for future gas exploration efforts aimed at enhancing reserves and production capabilities.展开更多
This paper focuses on developing a system that allows presentation authors to effectively retrieve presentation slides for reuse from a large volume of existing presentation materials. We assume episodic memories of t...This paper focuses on developing a system that allows presentation authors to effectively retrieve presentation slides for reuse from a large volume of existing presentation materials. We assume episodic memories of the authors can be used as contextual keywords in query expressions to efficiently dig out the expected slides for reuse rather than using only the part-of-slide-descriptions-based keyword queries. As a system, a new slide repository is proposed, composed of slide material collections, slide content data and pieces of information from authors＇ episodic memories related to each slide and presentation together with a slide retrieval application enabling authors to use the episodic memories as part of queries. The result of our experiment shows that the episodic memory-used queries can give more discoverability than the keyword-based queries. Additionally, an improvement model is discussed on the slide retrieval for further slide-finding efficiency by expanding the episodic memories model in the repository taking in the links with the author-and-slide-related data and events having been post on the private and social media sites.展开更多
The sequence stratigraphy framework of Paleogene of Qikou Sag has been built in this paper. The evolution law of episodic subsidence in Qikou Sag has been expounded, with the analysis of the characteristic of sequence...The sequence stratigraphy framework of Paleogene of Qikou Sag has been built in this paper. The evolution law of episodic subsidence in Qikou Sag has been expounded, with the analysis of the characteristic of sequence thickness, as well as the study of consedimental tectonic activity, subsidence history, paleogeomorphology and the coupling relationship among them. The faults controlling action was the dominant mechanism during rifting stage I , as the depression was the dominant mechanism during rifting stage III, which embodies a process from intense disparity fault depression to integral subsidence. Meanwhile, under the control of regional faulting and later stage depression, subsidence rate centers and paleogeomorphic concave centers are always corresponding to the sequence thickness centers, and the changes of subsidence centers and paleogeomorphology concave centers are consistent with the migration of thickness centers, which presents the restriction, coupling and response among them and clarifies the law that tectonic activity controls the basin fill by means of controlling the subsidence rate and paleogeomorphology from contributing factor angle. On this basis, the dynamic evolution of the composite pattern of structure-subsidence-deposition in the fault controlling actic region during the three rifting stages and their petroleum geological significance has been discussed.展开更多
Multi-stage uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic implies a complex geodynamic process.In this paper,we review main geodynamic models for the uplift of the plateau,and,in particular,analyze the spatio-temp...Multi-stage uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic implies a complex geodynamic process.In this paper,we review main geodynamic models for the uplift of the plateau,and,in particular,analyze the spatio-temporal framework of the Cenozoic deformation structures,which are closely related to the deep geodynamic mechanism for the plateau uplift.From this perspective,significant change of the deformation regime over the Tibetan Plateau occurred by the middle-late Miocene,while thrust and thrust-folding system under NS compression was succeded by extension or stress-relaxation.Meanwhile,a series of large-scale strike-slip faults commenced or was kinemtically reversed.Based on a systematic synthesis of the structure deformation,magmatism,geomorphological process and geophysical exploration,we propose a periodical model of alternating crustal compression and extension for episodic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
Abstract Episodic carbonate deposits on the Triassic continental slope in southern China are mainly composed of gravity-flow limestones and contourite limestones. Gravity-flow limestones were well developed in the low...Abstract Episodic carbonate deposits on the Triassic continental slope in southern China are mainly composed of gravity-flow limestones and contourite limestones. Gravity-flow limestones were well developed in the lower and middle Yangtze area in the Early Triassic and in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area in the Early and Middle Triassic. Five fundamental types of gravity-flow limestones are recognized: slide limestone, debris-flow limestone, grain-flow limestone, turbidite limestone and rockfall limestone. They form six types of assemblage beds: slide-debris-flow limestones, slide-debris-flow-turbidite limestone, slide-debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite limestone, rockfall-debris-flow limestone, debris-flow-turbidite limestone, and debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite limestone. The first two were formed mainly in the Early Triassic slopes. The Middle Triassic slopes were characterized by widespread rockfall limestone. Growth faults, storms, earthquakes and oversteepened slopes are considered to be the probable triggers of the gravity flows.展开更多
The advantage of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, which takes base-levels as reference, is that it can be applied to continental depositional basins controlled by multiple factors and can effectively improve the...The advantage of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, which takes base-levels as reference, is that it can be applied to continental depositional basins controlled by multiple factors and can effectively improve the accuracy and resolution of sequential stratigraphic analysis. Moreover, the principles of base-level cycles are also suitable for analyzing sequential stratigraphy in continental coal-bearing basins because of their accuracy in forecasting distribution of coal measures. By taking the Dongsheng coalfield in the Ordos basin as an example, the extensive application of base-level cycles in exploration and exploitation of coal is analyzed. The result shows that the Yan’an formation in the Dongsheng area is a long-term base-level cycle which is bordered by nonconformities and made up of five mid-term cycles and 13 short-term cycles. The long-term cycle and the mid-term cycles are obvious in comparison with a transverse profile. The episodic coal accumulation in the Mesozoic Ordos basin means that the deposition of primary matter (peat bogs) of coalification is discontinuous, periodical and cyclical in the evolution of the basin. The episodic accumulation of coal measures in the Yan’an stage is controlled by ascending-descending changes of a long-term cycle and middle-term cycles. Coal measures formed during the early and late periods of the long-term cycle are characterized by multiple layers, big cumulative thickness and poor continuity. Coal measures formed in the mid-term of the long cycle are dominated by good continuity, fewer layers and a small additive thickness, which is favorable for the accumulation of thick and continuous coal measures in the transition stage of mid term base-level cycles.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the reliability of an instrument that measures disability arising from episodic abdominal pain in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD).METHODS:Although several treatments have bee...AIM:To evaluate the reliability of an instrument that measures disability arising from episodic abdominal pain in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD).METHODS:Although several treatments have been utilized to reduce pain and associated disability,measurement tools have not been developed to reliably track outcomes.Two pilot studies were conducted to assess test-retest reliability of a newly developed instrument,the recurrent abdominal pain intensity and disability(RAPID) instrument.The RAPID score is a 90-d summation of days where productivity for various daily activities is reduced as a result of abdominal pain episodes,and is modeled after the migraine disability assessment instrument used to measure headache-related disability.RAPID was administered by telephone on 2 consecutive occasions in 2 consenting populations with suspected SOD:a pre-sphincterotomy population(Pilot Ⅰ,n = 55) and a post-sphincterotomy population(Pilot Ⅱ,n = 70).RESULTS:The average RAPID scores for Pilots Ⅰ and Ⅱ were:82 d(median:81.5 d,SD:64 d) and 48 d(median:0 d,SD:91 d),respectively.The concordance between the 2 assessments for both populations was very good:0.81 for the pre-sphincterotomy population and 0.95 for the post-sphincterotomy population.CONCLUSION:The described pilot studies suggest that RAPID is a reliable instrument for measuring disability resulting from abdominal pain in suspected SOD patients.展开更多
Episodic deposition has been recognized as a major factor affecting the decomposition rate of detrital material in salt marshes. In this paper, three one-off burial treatments, no burial treatment(0 cm, NBT), current ...Episodic deposition has been recognized as a major factor affecting the decomposition rate of detrital material in salt marshes. In this paper, three one-off burial treatments, no burial treatment(0 cm, NBT), current burial treatment(10 cm, CBT) and strong burial treatment(20 cm, SBT), were designed in intertidal zone of the Yellow River Estuary to determine the potential influences of episodic deposition on nutrient(C, N) and heavy metal(Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cd, V and Co) variations in decomposing litters of Suaeda glauca. Results showed that although various burial treatments showed no statistical difference in decomposition rate of S. glauca, the values generally followed the sequence of CBT(0.002 403/d) > SBT(0.002 195/d) > NBT(0.002 060/d). The nutrients and heavy metals in decomposing litters of the three burial treatments exhibited different variations except for N, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co. Except for Mn, no significant differences in C, N, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, V and Co concentrations occurred among the three treatments(P > 0.05). With increasing burial depth, Cr and Cd levels generally increased while Cu, Ni and Mn concentrations decreased. Although episodic deposition was generally favorable for C and N release from S. glauca, its influence on release was insignificant. In the three burial treatments, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Mn, V and Co stocks in S. glauca generally evidenced the export of metals from litter to environment, and, with increasing burial depth, the export amounts increased greatly. The S. glauca were particular efficient in binding Cd and releasing Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Mn, V and Co, and, with increasing burial depth, stocks of Cu in decomposing litters generally shifted from release to accumulation. The experiment indicated that the potential eco-toxic risk of Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Mn, V and Co exposure would be serious as the strong burial episodes occurred in S. glauca marsh.展开更多
The fracturing of the pressure compartments in sedimentary basins may not be caused completely by natural hydraulic fracturing. On the bases of fracture mechanics and numerical simulation, we consider that there are t...The fracturing of the pressure compartments in sedimentary basins may not be caused completely by natural hydraulic fracturing. On the bases of fracture mechanics and numerical simulation, we consider that there are two mechanisms concerning the fracturing of pressure compartments, which are as follows: (1) natural hydraulic fracturing of the sediments within pressure compartments, and (2) tensile fracturing due to tangential traction. When the fracture, formed in the sediments within pressure compartments due to hydraulic fracturing, arrives at the base of the seal, the intensely tangential tensile stresses are created and lead to the fracturing of the seal. After the seal fractured, the fluid escaped from the pressure compartments. In a shallow pressure compartment, the duration of fracture opening and fluid expulsion is about 10-20 years in a cycle.展开更多
1 Introduction Mafic rocks are widespread throughout the Liaodong Peninsula and vicinity,northeastern North China Craton,providing important constraints on their mantle source characteristics of individual episodes,as...1 Introduction Mafic rocks are widespread throughout the Liaodong Peninsula and vicinity,northeastern North China Craton,providing important constraints on their mantle source characteristics of individual episodes,as they have展开更多
An 82-year-old male suffered from prostatic cancer five years ago. Since then, he has taken flutamide and was bothered with episodic vertigo (EV) every morning. In order to treat prostatic cancer, flutamide was not di...An 82-year-old male suffered from prostatic cancer five years ago. Since then, he has taken flutamide and was bothered with episodic vertigo (EV) every morning. In order to treat prostatic cancer, flutamide was not discontinued, but conservative treatment and life-style change were recommended. Finally, EV actually subsided. Herein, we report the rare case, in which EV was an unexpected side effect of flutamide. Herein we review his whole history, physical examination, vestibular function test, electronystagmogram, caloric test, awake encephalogram, blood examinations, color-coded duplex ultrasonogram and magnetic resonance imaging/angiogram to suggest a mechanism of flutamide responsible for EV.展开更多
This study investigated episodic memory in prodromal HD. Three groups were compared (N = 70): mutation carriers with less than 12.5 years to disease onset (n = 16), mutation carriers with 12.5 or more years to disease...This study investigated episodic memory in prodromal HD. Three groups were compared (N = 70): mutation carriers with less than 12.5 years to disease onset (n = 16), mutation carriers with 12.5 or more years to disease onset (n = 16), and noncarriers (n = 38). Episodic memory was assessed using the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, which included multimodal presentation and selective reminding, and the Claeson-Dahl Learning Test which included verbal repeated presentation and recall trials. Both carrier groups demonstrated deficient episodic memory compared to noncarriers. The results suggest deficient episodic memory in prodromal HD, and that inconsistent retrieval contributes to these deficits. Multimodal presentation attenuates the deficits.展开更多
The essence of episodic memory is the memory of a certain event within a certain time period and a certain region. The content of memory involves various details and background information of the event. Among them, th...The essence of episodic memory is the memory of a certain event within a certain time period and a certain region. The content of memory involves various details and background information of the event. Among them, the memory of event content is called item memory in practice, and the memory of background information is called source memory. Due to the limitation of actual conditions, the content of episodic memory is often characterized by instability and ambiguity. Children are in a stage of rapid growth, and their episodic memory ability will gradually improve with the increase of age. At present, the development characteristics and rules of children's episodic memory have attracted more and more attention from professionals.展开更多
This study summarizes recent research findings on the regional tectonic evolution and metallogenic mechanisms in the East Tianshan Tectonic Belt,proposing a Paleozoic episodic metallogenic model for the region.During ...This study summarizes recent research findings on the regional tectonic evolution and metallogenic mechanisms in the East Tianshan Tectonic Belt,proposing a Paleozoic episodic metallogenic model for the region.During the Paleozoic,the East Tianshan tectonic belt experienced multiple changes in subduction angles and polarities,which resulted in six arc-basin transition processes and multiple periods of mineralization in approximately 200 m.y.:(1)the Kanggur oceanic crust northward subduction forming the Harlik and Dananhu-Tousuquan island arcs and related porphyry deposits in the Late Ordovician,(2)opening of the Kalatage back-arc basin in the Harlik and Dananhu-Tousuquan island arcs and related VMS deposits in the Early to Middle Silurian,(3)closure of the Kalatage back-arc basin and related porphyry-epithermal deposits in the Late Silurian,(4)extension of the Harlik and Dananhu-Tousuquan island arcs,along with the closure of shallow marine basins,forming porphyry deposits in the Late Devonian,(4)bidirectional subduction of the Kanggur oceanic plate in the Early Carboniferous forming the Yamansu continental margin arc and related basins with submarine volcanic-type Fe deposits in the south and porphyry deposits in the north;(5)closure of the Yamansu continental margin basin and related Fe-Cu deposits in the Late Carboniferous,and(6)collision between the Yamansu continental margin arc and the Dananhu island arc,followed by extension,forming orogenic Au deposits and following magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the Early Permian.These findings help to establish a precise framework for the Paleozoic tectonic evolution and metallogenic processes in the East Tianshan tectonic belt,which has important implications for further categorizing the multi-stage metallogenic events in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.Additionally,they also provide a scientific basis for more accurate metallogenic predictions in the East Tianshan tectonic belt.展开更多
Understanding the viscoelastic structure of subduction zones is essential for assessing seismic hazards and understanding subduction-zone dynamics.However,the influence of lateral variations in elastic upper-plate thi...Understanding the viscoelastic structure of subduction zones is essential for assessing seismic hazards and understanding subduction-zone dynamics.However,the influence of lateral variations in elastic upper-plate thickness(H_(c))remains poorly constrained and is often overlooked.In this study,we use two-dimensional forward viscoelastic earthquake-cycle models to fit both horizontal and vertical Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)observations.We identify a clear trade-off between locking depth(D)and H_(c)in both components.To resolve this ambiguity,we incorporate constraints from thermal models and tremor distributions along the Cascadia Subduction Zone.As a novel result extending beyond previous kinematic models,our results reveal a systematic northward increase in H_(c)from~20 km to~30 km.This trend correlates with increasing oceanic plate age and likely reflects variations in the subaccretion and wedge-cooling processes along the trench-parallel direction.In contrast,D remains relatively uniform at~10 km,consistent with previous findings.These results demonstrate the robustness of our approach for simultaneously constraining H_(c)and D,and they suggest it may be applied to other subduction zones.Lateral variations in H_(c)significantly affect crust deformation and should not be ignored in earthquake-cycle models.Accounting for these heterogeneities improves estimates of H_(c)and D and enhances our understanding of megathrust locking,seismic hazard potential,and the physical conditions controlling episodic tremor and slip events.展开更多
Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea...Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea is not a passive margin and that the western margin is characteristic of the transformextension. Episodic rifting and the thermal events since 10 Ma in the area have been documented by the integrated analysis of dynamic process. It has been clarified that the tectono-thermal events have exerted a significant influence on basin features and hydrocarbon accumulation, and particularly, the westward collision of the Lusong Island Arc, the generation of densely spaced faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the rapid subsidence, high heat flow and large-scale over pressure and thermal-fluid breakthrough in the Yinggehai and the Qiongdongnan basins have proved to be the important factors determining the formation of oil and gas in these basins.展开更多
文摘Episodic memory,our ability to recall past experiences,is supported by structures in the medial temporal lobe(MTL)particularly the hippocampus,and its interactions with fronto-parietal brain regions.Understanding how these brain regions coordinate to encode,consolidate,and retrieve episodic memories remains a fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience.Non-invasive brain stimulation(NIBS)methods,especially transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),have advanced episodic memory research beyond traditional lesion studies and neuroimaging by enabling causal investigations through targeted magnetic stimulation to specific brain regions.This review begins by delineating the evolving understanding of episodic memory from both psychological and neurobiological perspectives and discusses the brain networks supporting episodic memory processes.Then,we review studies that employed TMS to modulate episodic memory,with the aim of identifying potential cortical regions that could be used as stimulation sites to modulate episodic memory networks.We conclude with the implications and prospects of using NIBS to understand episodic memory mechanisms.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to examine the influence of behavioral lifestyle factors on recent episodic memory retention capacity among young-old adults(aged 60-69 years)in China.The findings provide scientific evidence to inform proactive strategies to mitigate cognitive decline risk within China’s rapidly aging population.Methods:Utilizing data from the 2022 wave of the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),a total of 2,772 adults aged 60-69 were included in the analytical sample.Recent episodic memory retention capacity(scored 0-5 points,based on self-reported assessment)served as the dependent variable.Six categories of behavioral lifestyle indicators(including exercise frequency,sleep quality,dietary patterns,etc.)were analyzed as independent variables.Associations were assessed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression models,controlling for relevant covariates.Results:Self-reported potential impairment in recent episodic memory was identified by 47.19%of respondents.Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between behavioral lifestyle factors and memory retention capacity.Regular exercise(OR=1.297,95%CI:1.118-1.504),meat consumption(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.393-2.237),regular reading habits(OR=1.599,95%CI:1.283-1.992),and internet use(OR=1.413,95%CI:1.217-1.641)emerged as significant protective factors.Abnormal sleep duration was detrimentally associated with retention capacity(too short:OR=0.728,95%CI:0.591-0.897;too long:OR=0.810,95%CI:0.670-0.980).Significant associations were also observed for control variables:urban residence(OR=1.270,95%CI:1.100-1.467),high school education or above(OR=1.543,95%CI:1.293-1.841),and better self-rated health status(OR=1.156,95%CI:1.089-1.227)were positively correlated with better memory retention.Conclusions:Optimal sleep duration,regular physical exercise,meat intake,habitual reading,and internet engagement positively predict self-assessed recent episodic memory retention capacity in Chinese young-old adults.These findings underscore the potential for multi-faceted lifestyle interventions to enhance cog-nitive health in aging populations.Specifically,strategies should encompass community-based sleep hygiene management,tailored nutritional interventions(especially promoting adequate protein sources like meat),enhanced digital literacy and internet accessibility programs,and the promotion of age-appropriate physical activity initiatives.Furthermore,implementing culturally responsive strategies adapted to urban-rural contexts-such as deploying“mobile cognitive health units”in rural areas and fostering digital reading platforms in urban settings-is recommended to optimize intervention effectiveness.
文摘Intelligent penetration testing is of great significance for the improvement of the security of information systems,and the critical issue is the planning of penetration test paths.In view of the difficulty for attackers to obtain complete network information in realistic network scenarios,Reinforcement Learning(RL)is a promising solution to discover the optimal penetration path under incomplete information about the target network.Existing RL-based methods are challenged by the sizeable discrete action space,which leads to difficulties in the convergence.Moreover,most methods still rely on experts’knowledge.To address these issues,this paper proposes a penetration path planning method based on reinforcement learning with episodic memory.First,the penetration testing problem is formally described in terms of reinforcement learning.To speed up the training process without specific prior knowledge,the proposed algorithm introduces episodic memory to store experienced advantageous strategies for the first time.Furthermore,the method offers an exploration strategy based on episodic memory to guide the agents in learning.The design makes full use of historical experience to achieve the purpose of reducing blind exploration and improving planning efficiency.Ultimately,comparison experiments are carried out with the existing RL-based methods.The results reveal that the proposed method has better convergence performance.The running time is reduced by more than 20%.
基金Supported by the CNPC Major Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ14YJ02)Petro China Science and Technology Major Project(2022KT0201)。
文摘This study integrates field outcrop profiles,drilling cores,2D seismic profiles,and 3D seismic data of key areas to analyze the Triassic tectonic-sequence stratigraphy in the Kuqa foreland basin,and investigates the impact of episodic thrust structures on sedimentary evolution and source rock distribution.(1)The Kuqa foreland basin has experienced stages of initial strong,weakened activities,relaxation and inactivity of episodic thrusting,resulting in the identification of 4 second-order sequences(Ehebulake Formation,Karamay Formation,Huangshanjie Formation,Taliqike Formation)and 11 third-order sequences(SQ1-SQ11)in the Triassic strata.Each sequence or secondary sequence displays a“coarse at the bottom and fine at the top”pattern due to the influence of secondary episodic thrust activity.(2)The episodic thrusting is closely linked to regional sequence patterns,deposition and source rock formation and distribution.The sedimentary evolution in the Triassic progresses from fan delta to braided river delta,lake,braided river delta,and meandering river delta,corresponding to the initial strong to the inactivity stages of episodic thrusting.The development stage of thick,coarse-grained sandy conglomerate reservoirs aligns with the strong to weakened thrust activities,while the source rock formation period coincides with the relaxation to inactivity stages.(3)Controlled by the intensity and stages of episodic thrust activity,the nearly EW trending thrust fault significantly thickened the footwall source rock during the Huangshanjie Formation,becoming the development center of Triassic source rock,and experienced multiple overthrust nappes in the soft stratum of the source rock,showing“stacked style”distribution.(4)The deep layers of the Kuqa foreland basin have the foundation and conditions necessary for the formation of substantial gas reservoirs,capable of forming various types of reservoirs such as self-generating and self-storing lithology,lower generating and upper storing fault block-lithology,and stratigraphic unconformity.This area holds significant importance for future gas exploration efforts aimed at enhancing reserves and production capabilities.
文摘This paper focuses on developing a system that allows presentation authors to effectively retrieve presentation slides for reuse from a large volume of existing presentation materials. We assume episodic memories of the authors can be used as contextual keywords in query expressions to efficiently dig out the expected slides for reuse rather than using only the part-of-slide-descriptions-based keyword queries. As a system, a new slide repository is proposed, composed of slide material collections, slide content data and pieces of information from authors＇ episodic memories related to each slide and presentation together with a slide retrieval application enabling authors to use the episodic memories as part of queries. The result of our experiment shows that the episodic memory-used queries can give more discoverability than the keyword-based queries. Additionally, an improvement model is discussed on the slide retrieval for further slide-finding efficiency by expanding the episodic memories model in the repository taking in the links with the author-and-slide-related data and events having been post on the private and social media sites.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40872077)National Major Science and Technology Project of China (Grant No. 2011ZX05009-002)Open Project Foundation of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (Grant No. TPR-2011-09)
文摘The sequence stratigraphy framework of Paleogene of Qikou Sag has been built in this paper. The evolution law of episodic subsidence in Qikou Sag has been expounded, with the analysis of the characteristic of sequence thickness, as well as the study of consedimental tectonic activity, subsidence history, paleogeomorphology and the coupling relationship among them. The faults controlling action was the dominant mechanism during rifting stage I , as the depression was the dominant mechanism during rifting stage III, which embodies a process from intense disparity fault depression to integral subsidence. Meanwhile, under the control of regional faulting and later stage depression, subsidence rate centers and paleogeomorphic concave centers are always corresponding to the sequence thickness centers, and the changes of subsidence centers and paleogeomorphology concave centers are consistent with the migration of thickness centers, which presents the restriction, coupling and response among them and clarifies the law that tectonic activity controls the basin fill by means of controlling the subsidence rate and paleogeomorphology from contributing factor angle. On this basis, the dynamic evolution of the composite pattern of structure-subsidence-deposition in the fault controlling actic region during the three rifting stages and their petroleum geological significance has been discussed.
基金supported by the National Special Project on the Tibetan Plateau of the China Geological Survey (1212011121261, 1212010610103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41202144, 40902060)
文摘Multi-stage uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic implies a complex geodynamic process.In this paper,we review main geodynamic models for the uplift of the plateau,and,in particular,analyze the spatio-temporal framework of the Cenozoic deformation structures,which are closely related to the deep geodynamic mechanism for the plateau uplift.From this perspective,significant change of the deformation regime over the Tibetan Plateau occurred by the middle-late Miocene,while thrust and thrust-folding system under NS compression was succeded by extension or stress-relaxation.Meanwhile,a series of large-scale strike-slip faults commenced or was kinemtically reversed.Based on a systematic synthesis of the structure deformation,magmatism,geomorphological process and geophysical exploration,we propose a periodical model of alternating crustal compression and extension for episodic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.
文摘Abstract Episodic carbonate deposits on the Triassic continental slope in southern China are mainly composed of gravity-flow limestones and contourite limestones. Gravity-flow limestones were well developed in the lower and middle Yangtze area in the Early Triassic and in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area in the Early and Middle Triassic. Five fundamental types of gravity-flow limestones are recognized: slide limestone, debris-flow limestone, grain-flow limestone, turbidite limestone and rockfall limestone. They form six types of assemblage beds: slide-debris-flow limestones, slide-debris-flow-turbidite limestone, slide-debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite limestone, rockfall-debris-flow limestone, debris-flow-turbidite limestone, and debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite limestone. The first two were formed mainly in the Early Triassic slopes. The Middle Triassic slopes were characterized by widespread rockfall limestone. Growth faults, storms, earthquakes and oversteepened slopes are considered to be the probable triggers of the gravity flows.
基金Project2003CB214603 supported by Development Plan of the State Key Fundamental Research, China
文摘The advantage of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, which takes base-levels as reference, is that it can be applied to continental depositional basins controlled by multiple factors and can effectively improve the accuracy and resolution of sequential stratigraphic analysis. Moreover, the principles of base-level cycles are also suitable for analyzing sequential stratigraphy in continental coal-bearing basins because of their accuracy in forecasting distribution of coal measures. By taking the Dongsheng coalfield in the Ordos basin as an example, the extensive application of base-level cycles in exploration and exploitation of coal is analyzed. The result shows that the Yan’an formation in the Dongsheng area is a long-term base-level cycle which is bordered by nonconformities and made up of five mid-term cycles and 13 short-term cycles. The long-term cycle and the mid-term cycles are obvious in comparison with a transverse profile. The episodic coal accumulation in the Mesozoic Ordos basin means that the deposition of primary matter (peat bogs) of coalification is discontinuous, periodical and cyclical in the evolution of the basin. The episodic accumulation of coal measures in the Yan’an stage is controlled by ascending-descending changes of a long-term cycle and middle-term cycles. Coal measures formed during the early and late periods of the long-term cycle are characterized by multiple layers, big cumulative thickness and poor continuity. Coal measures formed in the mid-term of the long cycle are dominated by good continuity, fewer layers and a small additive thickness, which is favorable for the accumulation of thick and continuous coal measures in the transition stage of mid term base-level cycles.
基金Supported by The development of the RAPID instrument was supported in part by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, No R03 DK069328-01
文摘AIM:To evaluate the reliability of an instrument that measures disability arising from episodic abdominal pain in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD).METHODS:Although several treatments have been utilized to reduce pain and associated disability,measurement tools have not been developed to reliably track outcomes.Two pilot studies were conducted to assess test-retest reliability of a newly developed instrument,the recurrent abdominal pain intensity and disability(RAPID) instrument.The RAPID score is a 90-d summation of days where productivity for various daily activities is reduced as a result of abdominal pain episodes,and is modeled after the migraine disability assessment instrument used to measure headache-related disability.RAPID was administered by telephone on 2 consecutive occasions in 2 consenting populations with suspected SOD:a pre-sphincterotomy population(Pilot Ⅰ,n = 55) and a post-sphincterotomy population(Pilot Ⅱ,n = 70).RESULTS:The average RAPID scores for Pilots Ⅰ and Ⅱ were:82 d(median:81.5 d,SD:64 d) and 48 d(median:0 d,SD:91 d),respectively.The concordance between the 2 assessments for both populations was very good:0.81 for the pre-sphincterotomy population and 0.95 for the post-sphincterotomy population.CONCLUSION:The described pilot studies suggest that RAPID is a reliable instrument for measuring disability resulting from abdominal pain in suspected SOD patients.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41971128,41371104)Key Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Fujian Province(No.2016R1032-1)the Award Program for Min River Scholar in Fujian Province(No.Min 201531)。
文摘Episodic deposition has been recognized as a major factor affecting the decomposition rate of detrital material in salt marshes. In this paper, three one-off burial treatments, no burial treatment(0 cm, NBT), current burial treatment(10 cm, CBT) and strong burial treatment(20 cm, SBT), were designed in intertidal zone of the Yellow River Estuary to determine the potential influences of episodic deposition on nutrient(C, N) and heavy metal(Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cd, V and Co) variations in decomposing litters of Suaeda glauca. Results showed that although various burial treatments showed no statistical difference in decomposition rate of S. glauca, the values generally followed the sequence of CBT(0.002 403/d) > SBT(0.002 195/d) > NBT(0.002 060/d). The nutrients and heavy metals in decomposing litters of the three burial treatments exhibited different variations except for N, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co. Except for Mn, no significant differences in C, N, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, V and Co concentrations occurred among the three treatments(P > 0.05). With increasing burial depth, Cr and Cd levels generally increased while Cu, Ni and Mn concentrations decreased. Although episodic deposition was generally favorable for C and N release from S. glauca, its influence on release was insignificant. In the three burial treatments, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Mn, V and Co stocks in S. glauca generally evidenced the export of metals from litter to environment, and, with increasing burial depth, the export amounts increased greatly. The S. glauca were particular efficient in binding Cd and releasing Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Mn, V and Co, and, with increasing burial depth, stocks of Cu in decomposing litters generally shifted from release to accumulation. The experiment indicated that the potential eco-toxic risk of Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Mn, V and Co exposure would be serious as the strong burial episodes occurred in S. glauca marsh.
文摘The fracturing of the pressure compartments in sedimentary basins may not be caused completely by natural hydraulic fracturing. On the bases of fracture mechanics and numerical simulation, we consider that there are two mechanisms concerning the fracturing of pressure compartments, which are as follows: (1) natural hydraulic fracturing of the sediments within pressure compartments, and (2) tensile fracturing due to tangential traction. When the fracture, formed in the sediments within pressure compartments due to hydraulic fracturing, arrives at the base of the seal, the intensely tangential tensile stresses are created and lead to the fracturing of the seal. After the seal fractured, the fluid escaped from the pressure compartments. In a shallow pressure compartment, the duration of fracture opening and fluid expulsion is about 10-20 years in a cycle.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41430207 and 90914001)National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB416603)+1 种基金the Opening Foundation of the Peking University (Grant No. 0000010541)the Undergraduates Innovating Experimentation Project of Jilin University (Grant No. 2010C61164)
文摘1 Introduction Mafic rocks are widespread throughout the Liaodong Peninsula and vicinity,northeastern North China Craton,providing important constraints on their mantle source characteristics of individual episodes,as they have
文摘An 82-year-old male suffered from prostatic cancer five years ago. Since then, he has taken flutamide and was bothered with episodic vertigo (EV) every morning. In order to treat prostatic cancer, flutamide was not discontinued, but conservative treatment and life-style change were recommended. Finally, EV actually subsided. Herein, we report the rare case, in which EV was an unexpected side effect of flutamide. Herein we review his whole history, physical examination, vestibular function test, electronystagmogram, caloric test, awake encephalogram, blood examinations, color-coded duplex ultrasonogram and magnetic resonance imaging/angiogram to suggest a mechanism of flutamide responsible for EV.
基金Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital
文摘This study investigated episodic memory in prodromal HD. Three groups were compared (N = 70): mutation carriers with less than 12.5 years to disease onset (n = 16), mutation carriers with 12.5 or more years to disease onset (n = 16), and noncarriers (n = 38). Episodic memory was assessed using the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, which included multimodal presentation and selective reminding, and the Claeson-Dahl Learning Test which included verbal repeated presentation and recall trials. Both carrier groups demonstrated deficient episodic memory compared to noncarriers. The results suggest deficient episodic memory in prodromal HD, and that inconsistent retrieval contributes to these deficits. Multimodal presentation attenuates the deficits.
文摘The essence of episodic memory is the memory of a certain event within a certain time period and a certain region. The content of memory involves various details and background information of the event. Among them, the memory of event content is called item memory in practice, and the memory of background information is called source memory. Due to the limitation of actual conditions, the content of episodic memory is often characterized by instability and ambiguity. Children are in a stage of rapid growth, and their episodic memory ability will gradually improve with the increase of age. At present, the development characteristics and rules of children's episodic memory have attracted more and more attention from professionals.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2903301)the Xinjiang Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2023B03014)。
文摘This study summarizes recent research findings on the regional tectonic evolution and metallogenic mechanisms in the East Tianshan Tectonic Belt,proposing a Paleozoic episodic metallogenic model for the region.During the Paleozoic,the East Tianshan tectonic belt experienced multiple changes in subduction angles and polarities,which resulted in six arc-basin transition processes and multiple periods of mineralization in approximately 200 m.y.:(1)the Kanggur oceanic crust northward subduction forming the Harlik and Dananhu-Tousuquan island arcs and related porphyry deposits in the Late Ordovician,(2)opening of the Kalatage back-arc basin in the Harlik and Dananhu-Tousuquan island arcs and related VMS deposits in the Early to Middle Silurian,(3)closure of the Kalatage back-arc basin and related porphyry-epithermal deposits in the Late Silurian,(4)extension of the Harlik and Dananhu-Tousuquan island arcs,along with the closure of shallow marine basins,forming porphyry deposits in the Late Devonian,(4)bidirectional subduction of the Kanggur oceanic plate in the Early Carboniferous forming the Yamansu continental margin arc and related basins with submarine volcanic-type Fe deposits in the south and porphyry deposits in the north;(5)closure of the Yamansu continental margin basin and related Fe-Cu deposits in the Late Carboniferous,and(6)collision between the Yamansu continental margin arc and the Dananhu island arc,followed by extension,forming orogenic Au deposits and following magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the Early Permian.These findings help to establish a precise framework for the Paleozoic tectonic evolution and metallogenic processes in the East Tianshan tectonic belt,which has important implications for further categorizing the multi-stage metallogenic events in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.Additionally,they also provide a scientific basis for more accurate metallogenic predictions in the East Tianshan tectonic belt.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0803200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42288201).
文摘Understanding the viscoelastic structure of subduction zones is essential for assessing seismic hazards and understanding subduction-zone dynamics.However,the influence of lateral variations in elastic upper-plate thickness(H_(c))remains poorly constrained and is often overlooked.In this study,we use two-dimensional forward viscoelastic earthquake-cycle models to fit both horizontal and vertical Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)observations.We identify a clear trade-off between locking depth(D)and H_(c)in both components.To resolve this ambiguity,we incorporate constraints from thermal models and tremor distributions along the Cascadia Subduction Zone.As a novel result extending beyond previous kinematic models,our results reveal a systematic northward increase in H_(c)from~20 km to~30 km.This trend correlates with increasing oceanic plate age and likely reflects variations in the subaccretion and wedge-cooling processes along the trench-parallel direction.In contrast,D remains relatively uniform at~10 km,consistent with previous findings.These results demonstrate the robustness of our approach for simultaneously constraining H_(c)and D,and they suggest it may be applied to other subduction zones.Lateral variations in H_(c)significantly affect crust deformation and should not be ignored in earthquake-cycle models.Accounting for these heterogeneities improves estimates of H_(c)and D and enhances our understanding of megathrust locking,seismic hazard potential,and the physical conditions controlling episodic tremor and slip events.
文摘Integrated study on the tectonic, basin filling and thermal evolution of the Tertiary basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea has indicated that the rift continental margin on the northern South China Sea is not a passive margin and that the western margin is characteristic of the transformextension. Episodic rifting and the thermal events since 10 Ma in the area have been documented by the integrated analysis of dynamic process. It has been clarified that the tectono-thermal events have exerted a significant influence on basin features and hydrocarbon accumulation, and particularly, the westward collision of the Lusong Island Arc, the generation of densely spaced faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, the rapid subsidence, high heat flow and large-scale over pressure and thermal-fluid breakthrough in the Yinggehai and the Qiongdongnan basins have proved to be the important factors determining the formation of oil and gas in these basins.
