High spatiotemporal resolution brain electrical signals are critical for basic neuroscience research and high-precision focus diagnostic localization,as the spatial scale of some pathologic signals is at the submillim...High spatiotemporal resolution brain electrical signals are critical for basic neuroscience research and high-precision focus diagnostic localization,as the spatial scale of some pathologic signals is at the submillimeter or micrometer level.This entails connecting hundreds or thousands of electrode wires on a limited surface.This study reported a class of flexible,ultrathin,highdensity electrocorticogram(ECoG)electrode arrays.The challenge of a large number of wiring arrangements was overcome by a laminated structure design and processing technology improvement.The flexible,ultrathin,high-density ECoG electrode array was conformably attached to the cortex for reliable,high spatial resolution electrophysiologic recordings.The minimum spacing between electrodes was 15μm,comparable to the diameter of a single neuron.Eight hundred electrodes were prepared with an electrode density of 4444 mm^(-2).In focal epilepsy surgery,the flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array with 36 electrodes was applied to collect epileptic spike waves inrabbits,improving the positioning accuracy of epilepsy lesions from the centimeter to the submillimeter level.The flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array has potential clinical applications in intractable epilepsy and other neurologic diseases requiring high-precision electroencephalogram acquisition.展开更多
BACKGROUND： There are two hypotheses for the underlying cause of refractory epilepsy： ＂target＂ and ＂transport＂. Studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） is over-expressed in refractory ...BACKGROUND： There are two hypotheses for the underlying cause of refractory epilepsy： ＂target＂ and ＂transport＂. Studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） is over-expressed in refractory epilepsy. Multidrug resistance 1 （MDR1） gene encodes for P-glycoprotein, the primary ATP-binding cassette transporter in the human body. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MDR1 gene have been associated with refractory epilepsy. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the association between BDNF gene C270T polymorphism and MDR1 T-129C polymorphism with refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children through the use of polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control, genetic association study was performed at the Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from June 2005 to November 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 84 cases of unrelated children with epilepsy, including 41 cases of refractory epilepsy and 43 cases of drug-responsive epilepsy, were enrolled. An additional 30 healthy, Chinese Han children, whose ages and gender matched the refractory epilepsy patients, were selected as normal controls. METHODS： Venous blood was collected and genomic DNA was extracted from the blood specimens. C270T polymorphism in BDNF gene and T-129C polymorphism in MDR1 gene were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Association analysis using the Ftest and Chi-square test was statistically performed between C270T polymorphism in BDNF gene and T-129C polymorphism in MDR1 gene and refractory epilepsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of C270T polymorphism in BDNF gene and T-129C polymorphism in MDR1 gene. RESULTS： The distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes, as well as C and T allele frequencies, in the BDNF gene was not significantly different between the refractory epilepsy group, drug-responsive epilepsy group, or the normal control group （P 〉 0.05）. The distribution of TT genotype and T allele frequencies of the MDR1 gene was significantly different in the refractory epilepsy group compared with the drug-responsive epilepsy and normal control groups （P 〈 0.05）. Comparison of haplotype combinations demonstrated that there were no significant differences in combinations of TT＋CC, -FI-＋CT, TC＋CC, and TC＋CT among the three groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： C270T polymorphism of the BDNF gene was not associated with refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children, but T-129C polymorphism in the MDR1 gene was associated with refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children. The TT genotype and T allele frequencies could serve as susceptibility loci for refractory epilepsy. Interactions between C270T in BDNF gene and T-129C in MDR1 gene were not observed in refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children.展开更多
The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in epilepsy remains controversial. The present study utilized light and electron microscopy to investigate pathological and ultrastructural changes in brain tissue obt...The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in epilepsy remains controversial. The present study utilized light and electron microscopy to investigate pathological and ultrastructural changes in brain tissue obtained from the seizure foci of 24 patients with temporal epilepsy. We found that epileptic tissue showed neuronal degeneration, glial cell proliferation, nuclear vacuolization, and neural cell tropism. Immunoelectron microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor was expressed at significantly higher levels in patients with refractory temporal epilepsy compared with normal controls, demonstrating that the pathological changes within seizure foci in patients with refractory epilepsy are associated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression alterations.展开更多
AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD)alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited a...AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD)alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded.Stool samples were collected for 16 S r DNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform.The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR,and intergroup comparison was conducted by R software.RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week,64%of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement,with a 50%decrease in seizure frequency.GM structure in epileptic infants(P1 group)differed dramatically from that in healthy infants(Health group).Proteobacteria,which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group,decreased dramatically after KD treatment(P2 group).Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups.Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group,in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group.KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Anti-epilepsy and anti-psychosis drugs have traditionally been used in the clinic to treat epilepsy complicated by mental disorders. However, there is still no effective therapy for refractory epilepsy pa...BACKGROUND： Anti-epilepsy and anti-psychosis drugs have traditionally been used in the clinic to treat epilepsy complicated by mental disorders. However, there is still no effective therapy for refractory epilepsy patients suffering from persistent mental disorders. OBJECTIVE： To explore the therapeutic effects of stereotactic multi-element localization and multi-target radiofrequency ablation on patients with refractory primary epilepsy and mental disorders. DESIGN： A retrospective case analysis. SETTING： Department of Neurosurgery, the 454 Hospital of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS： Between June and November 2004, 13 patients with refractory primary epilepsy complicated by persistent mental disorders were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, the 454 Hospital of Chinese PLA. The patient group consisted of nine males and four females, with an average age of 25 years （range 18-39 years）, and a course of disease ranging 3-11 years. Diagnosis of mental disorders was in accordance with Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and their families, and the treatment protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital. METHODS： Under venous inhalation anesthesia, the disease targets, including bilateral corpus callosum, bilateral amygdala, and bilateral medial septal area, as well as unilateral Forel-H area, were coagulated by RFG-3CF radiofrequency thermocoagnlation at 75-80 ℃ for 60-70 seconds. During thermocoagulation, the targets were identified using deep-brain microelectrodes and localized according to electrophysiology and electric resistance values. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： One year post-surgery, epileptic seizures were assessed on the basis of the Tan classification, and psychogenic （non-epileptic） seizures were evaluated using a 5-grade system. RESULTS： All enrolled 13 epileptic patients were included in the final analysis. The results of follow-up evaluations demonstrated that epilepsy was well-controlled. In total, nine patients did not experience relapse, and the frequency of seizures was reduced by 75% in two patients, and 50%-74% in another two patients. Psychogenic seizures were ameliorated in 11 cases （class 1, recovery） and improved significantly in two cases （class 2, significant improvement）. CONCLUSION： Radiofrequency ablation of bilateral corpus callosum, bilateral amygdala, bilateral medial septal area, and unilateral Forel-H area exhibits certain efficacy in treating epileptic patients suffering from persistent mental disorders.展开更多
Previous studies have focused on medial temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections. Several large-sample analyses of multi-lobe injuries or complications of medial temporal lobe epilepsy hav...Previous studies have focused on medial temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections. Several large-sample analyses of multi-lobe injuries or complications of medial temporal lobe epilepsy have been reported. The present study selected 29 patients （10 males and 19 females with a mean age of 18 years） with refractory epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections （meningitis in 8, encephalitis in 21） from Beijing Functional Neurosurgical Institute from May 2006 to August 2008. All patients underwent computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as electroencephalogram examinations; cortical electrodes were embedded in 11 patients. In addition, 13 （45%） patients underwent anterior temporal Iobectomy, and 16 （56%） underwent extratemporal corcticectomy. Results showed that 18 （62%） patients obtained favorable outcomes following surgical treatment, including 80% with temporal lobe epilepsy and 50% with extratemporal epilepsy. Central nervous system infection was not a contraindication for epilepsy treatment, and identification of epileptic foci proved to be crucial. In addition, a young age at infection, as well as prolonged latent period from time of infection to initial afebrile seizure, were 2 predictive factors for all patients. Cortical electrodes significantly increased the detection rate of epileptic foci, but did not improve prognosis of foci excision.展开更多
To investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） can improve language function in patients with refractory epilepsy, three right-handed, refractory epilepsy patients who had complained of l...To investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） can improve language function in patients with refractory epilepsy, three right-handed, refractory epilepsy patients who had complained of language dysfunction, were recruited. Over 1 month, 1-Hz rTMS treatment was performed every 3 days. A battery of language production and functional MRI were evaluated in the patients using a standard verb generation task both before and 1 month after rTMS treatment. Significant and lasting improvement in verb production was observed following rTMS treatment. Functional MRI results revealed that the left frontal lobes of two patients were more activated than they had been prior to therapy, and activation was primarily concentrated in the language-related areas. Results demonstrated that low frequency rTMS has potential to improve language function in patients with refractory epilepsy.展开更多
A total of 80 patients with refractory epilepsy were recruited from the Inner Mongolia Medical College Affiliated Hospital. The loci of 60% of the patients could be positioned using a combined positron emission tomogr...A total of 80 patients with refractory epilepsy were recruited from the Inner Mongolia Medical College Affiliated Hospital. The loci of 60% of the patients could be positioned using a combined positron emission tomography/CT imaging modality. Hyper- and hypometabolism foci were examined as part of this study. Patients who had abnormal metabolism in positron emission tomography/CT imaging were divided into intermittent-phase group and the seizure-phase group. The intermittent-phase group was further divided into a single-focus group and a multiple-foci group according to the number of seizure foci detected by imaging. Following gamma knife treatment, seizure frequency was significantly lower in the intermittent-phase group and the seizure-phase group. Wieser＇s classification reached Grade I or II in nearly 40% of patients. Seizure frequency was significantly lower following treatment, but Wieser＇s classification score was significantly higher in the seizure-phase group compared with the intermittent-phase group. Seizure frequency was significantly lower following treatment in the single-focus group, but Wieser＇s classification score was significantly higher in the single-focus group as compared with the multiple-foci group.展开更多
Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is a non-invasive technique of reconstructing brain activities using EEG data. This technique has been applied to evaluate epilepsy patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, showin...Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is a non-invasive technique of reconstructing brain activities using EEG data. This technique has been applied to evaluate epilepsy patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, showing encouraging results for mapping interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). However, ESI is underused in planning epilepsy surgery. This is basically due to the wide availability of methods for solving the electromagnetism inverse problem (e-IP) associated to few studies using EEG setups similar to those most commonly used in clinical setting. In this study, we applied six different methods of solving the e-IP based on IEDs of 20 focal epilepsy patients that presented abnormalities in their MRI. We compared the ESI maps obtained by each method with the location of the abnormality, calculating the Euclidian distances from the center of the lesion to the closest border of the method solution (CL-BM) and also to the solution’s maxima (CL-MM). We also applied a score system in order to allow us to evaluate the sensitivity of each method for temporal and extra temporal patients. In our patients, the Bayesian Model Averaging method had a sensitivity of 86% and the shortest CL-MM. This method also had more restricted solutions that were more representative of epileptogenic activities than those obtained by the other methods.展开更多
1 Production and Running Status of China’s Refractories Industry in 20241.1 Production and Running Status In 2024,according to the statistical data from The Association of China Refractories Industry,China’s refract...1 Production and Running Status of China’s Refractories Industry in 20241.1 Production and Running Status In 2024,according to the statistical data from The Association of China Refractories Industry,China’s refractories output was 22.0711million tons,decreasing by 3.73%YOY;in which the outputs of dense shaped refractory products,insulating refractory products and monolithic refractories were 11.3163 million tons decreasing by 6.07%YOY,83.77 thousand tons increasing by 11.17%YOY,and 9.9971 million tons decreasing by 2.07%YOY,respectively.The outputs of the main varieties are shown in Fig.1.展开更多
Epilepsy is a severe,relapsing,and multifactorial neurological disorder.Studies regarding the accurate diagnosis,prognosis,and in-depth pathogenesis are crucial for the precise and effective treatment of epilepsy.The ...Epilepsy is a severe,relapsing,and multifactorial neurological disorder.Studies regarding the accurate diagnosis,prognosis,and in-depth pathogenesis are crucial for the precise and effective treatment of epilepsy.The pathogenesis of epilepsy is complex and involves alterations in variables such as gene expression,protein expression,ion channel activity,energy metabolites,and gut microbiota composition.Satisfactory results are lacking for conventional treatments for epilepsy.Surgical resection of lesions,drug therapy,and non-drug interventions are mainly used in clinical practice to treat pain associated with epilepsy.Non-pharmacological treatments,such as a ketogenic diet,gene therapy for nerve regeneration,and neural regulation,are currently areas of research focus.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis,diagnostic methods,and treatments of epilepsy.It also elaborates on the theoretical basis,treatment modes,and effects of invasive nerve stimulation in neurotherapy,including percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation,deep brain electrical stimulation,repetitive nerve electrical stimulation,in addition to non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.Numerous studies have shown that electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy can markedly improve neurological function and reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures.Additionally,many new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are being explored.However,current research is mainly focused on analyzing patients’clinical manifestations and exploring relevant diagnostic and treatment methods to study the pathogenesis at a molecular level,which has led to a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms related to the disease.展开更多
Current treatments for epilepsy can only manage the symptoms of the condition but cannot alter the initial onset or halt the progression of the disease. Consequently, it is crucial to identify drugs that can target no...Current treatments for epilepsy can only manage the symptoms of the condition but cannot alter the initial onset or halt the progression of the disease. Consequently, it is crucial to identify drugs that can target novel cellular and molecular mechanisms and mechanisms of action. Increasing evidence suggests that axon guidance molecules play a role in the structural and functional modifications of neural networks and that the dysregulation of these molecules is associated with epilepsy susceptibility. In this review, we discuss the essential role of axon guidance molecules in neuronal activity in patients with epilepsy as well as the impact of these molecules on synaptic plasticity and brain tissue remodeling. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between axon guidance molecules and neuroinflammation, as well as the structural changes in specific brain regions that contribute to the development of epilepsy. Ample evidence indicates that axon guidance molecules, including semaphorins and ephrins, play a fundamental role in guiding axon growth and the establishment of synaptic connections. Deviations in their expression or function can disrupt neuronal connections, ultimately leading to epileptic seizures. The remodeling of neural networks is a significant characteristic of epilepsy, with axon guidance molecules playing a role in the dynamic reorganization of neural circuits. This, in turn, affects synapse formation and elimination. Dysregulation of these molecules can upset the delicate balance between excitation and inhibition within a neural network, thereby increasing the risk of overexcitation and the development of epilepsy. Inflammatory signals can regulate the expression and function of axon guidance molecules, thus influencing axonal growth, axon orientation, and synaptic plasticity. The dysregulation of neuroinflammation can intensify neuronal dysfunction and contribute to the occurrence of epilepsy. This review delves into the mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of axon guidance molecules in epilepsy, offering a valuable reference for the exploration of therapeutic targets and presenting a fresh perspective on treatment strategies for this condition.展开更多
[Objectives]To observe the clinical effect of Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription combined with western medicine on epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type.[Methods]A total of 60 cases of patients of epilepsy of...[Objectives]To observe the clinical effect of Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription combined with western medicine on epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type.[Methods]A total of 60 cases of patients of epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type admitted to Maoming Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine from June 2023 to July 2024 were selected as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group using a random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with levetiracetam,while the observation group was treated with Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription on the basis of the control group.Both groups were treated for 3 months,and the clinical efficacy,frequency and duration of epilepsy onset,improvement of electroencephalogram(EEG),Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory(QOLIE-31)scores,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome scores,and incidence of adverse reactions were evaluated in both groups.[Results]The total effective rate in the observation group was 93.33%(28/30),compared to 73.33%(22/30)in the control group,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Following treatment,the frequency and duration of epilepsy onset in both groups were decreased when compared to the pre-treatment period(P<0.05),and the frequency and duration of epilepsy onset in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the EEG grading of both groups was improved when compared with that before treatment(P<0.05),and the EEG grading in the observation group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the QOLIE-31 scores in both groups,including epilepsy-related concerns,overall health,emotional health,energy,cognitive function,drug effects,and social function,were increased when compared to the scores recorded prior to treatment(P<0.05),and all scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the TCM syndrome scores in both groups were decreased when compared to those prior to treatment(P<0.05),and the scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was observed to be 6.67%(2/30)in the observation group and 13.33%(4/30)in the control group,with no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The combination of Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription and levetiracetam in the treatment of epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type can improve clinical efficacy,alleviate patient s symptoms and quality of life,and has good safety.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor has long been acknowledged as a key target in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.The GABRA1 and GABRG2 genes encode the α1 and γ2 subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric ac...BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor has long been acknowledged as a key target in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.The GABRA1 and GABRG2 genes encode the α1 and γ2 subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor,a key protein implicated in the development of epilepsy.However,the specific association of the GABRA1 IVS11+15 A>G rs2279020 and GABRG2 G3145A rs211013 polymorphisms with antiepileptic drug resistance has been elucidated in only a limited number of investigations.AIM To elucidate the association between GABRA1 IVS11+15 A>G rs2279020 and GABRG2 G3145A rs211013 gene mutations and drug resistance in epilepsy patients.METHODS A total of 100 epilepsy patients(50 drug responsive and 50 drug resistant subjects)were recruited and rs2279020-and rs211013-polymorphism analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction technique.RESULTS For GABRA1 rs2279020 polymorphism,AG genotype exhibited risk association with an odds ratio of 0.966(95%confidence interval=0.346-2.698)with P value=0.948;however,this association did not achieve statistical significance(P=0.948).Additionally,a higher risk association was identified with the GG genotype,with an odds ratio of 1.808(P=0.382).GABRG2 rs211013 polymorphism revealed no significant association with drug resistance.CONCLUSION The GABRA1 rs2279020 genetic variation is associated with an increased risk for the AG and GG variants,although this association was not statistically significant.Limited investigations have explored the relevance of genetic variations in epilepsy and drug resistance.Longitudinal research is needed to better understand their significance in epilepsy management and to optimize therapeutic strategies.展开更多
Dear Editor,I diopathic macular telangiectasia(MacTel)type 1 is a retinal vascular disease characterized by abnormal dilation of macular capillaries,leading to metamorphopsia,progressive vision loss,and temporal scoto...Dear Editor,I diopathic macular telangiectasia(MacTel)type 1 is a retinal vascular disease characterized by abnormal dilation of macular capillaries,leading to metamorphopsia,progressive vision loss,and temporal scotoma enlargement.Currently,there is no standardized treatment protocol for MacTel type 1[1-2].Treatment outcomes can vary significantly among individuals,highlighting the ongoing need for further exploration of new and more effective treatment options.This paper presents a case of refractory macular edema associated with MacTel type 1,which showed a favorable response to pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling.展开更多
BACKGROUND The NaV1.1 sodium channel alpha subunit,encoded by SCN1A,is crucial for initiating and propagating action potentials in neurons.SCN1A gene has long been an established target in the etiology and therapy of ...BACKGROUND The NaV1.1 sodium channel alpha subunit,encoded by SCN1A,is crucial for initiating and propagating action potentials in neurons.SCN1A gene has long been an established target in the etiology and therapy of epilepsy.However,very few studies have investigated the relevance of genetic variations in epilepsy and anti-epileptic drug resistance.AIM To investigate associations between polymorphisms,rs121917953 T/A and rs121918623 C/T,and drug resistance in epilepsy patients in the north Indian population.METHODS A total of 100 age-and sex-matched epilepsy patients(50 drug responsive and 50 drug resistant subjects)were recruited and SCN1A rs121918623 C/T*and rs121917953 T/A*polymorphisms were analyzed by the allele specific-PCR technique.χ^(2)and Fisher’s exact test were used to estimate differences between the distribution of SCN1A rs121918623 and rs121917953 gene polymorphisms among various groups.The association between distinct rs121917953 genotypes and drug resistance was analyzed using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS For the SCN1A rs121917953 T/A*(D188V)polymorphism,a significantly higher proportion of individuals with AT genotype were observed in the drug-resistant group as compared to the drug-responsive group.Additionally,a higher risk association was exhibited by AT genotype for drug resistance with an odds ratio of 3.51 and P value=0.017.For the SCN1A rs121918623 C/T*(T875M)polymorphism,no significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive groups.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the SCN1A polymorphism D188V is associated with a higher risk of drug resistance for the AT variant as compared to the homozygous TT wild-type.Further research is needed at the functional level and in larger cohorts to determine the potential of these genes as a therapeutic target in epilepsy subjects.展开更多
Refractory high/medium-entropy alloys(RH/MEAs)are known for their outstanding performance at el-evated temperatures;however,they usually exhibit poor room-temperature plasticity,which can be at-tributed to the non-uni...Refractory high/medium-entropy alloys(RH/MEAs)are known for their outstanding performance at el-evated temperatures;however,they usually exhibit poor room-temperature plasticity,which can be at-tributed to the non-uniform deformation that occurs at room temperature.Once cracks nucleate,they will rapidly propagate into vertical splitting cracks.Here,we introduce multiple phases including FCC and HCP phases into the NbMoTa RMEA via appropriate addition of carbon.The results show that multiple-phase synergy effectively suppresses non-uniform deformation,thereby delaying the onset of vertical splitting cracks.An optimal combination of compressive strength-plasticity is achieved by the(NbMoTa)_(92.5)C_(7.5) alloy.The significant improvement in room-temperature mechanical properties can be attributed to its hierarchical microstructure:in the mesoscale,the BCC matrix is divided by eutectic structures;while at the microscale,the BCC matrix is further refined by abundant lath-like FCC precipitates.The FCC precip-itates contain high-density stacking faults,acting as a dislocation source under compressive loading.The HCP phase in the eutectic microstructures,in turn,acts as a strong barrier to dislocation movement and simultaneously increases the dislocation storage capacity.These findings open a new route to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of RH/MEAs.展开更多
Up-and-coming high-temperature materials,refractory high entropy alloys,are suffering from lower oxidation resistance,restricting their applications in the aerospace field.In this study,two novel treatments of Al-depo...Up-and-coming high-temperature materials,refractory high entropy alloys,are suffering from lower oxidation resistance,restricting their applications in the aerospace field.In this study,two novel treatments of Al-deposited and remelted were developed to refine the microstructure and enhance the oxidation resistance of refractory high entropy alloy using electron beam freeform fabrication(EBF3).Finer and short-range ordering structures were observed in the remelted sample,whereas the Al-deposited sample showcased the formation of silicide and intermetallic phases.High-temperature cyclic and isothermal oxidation tests at 1000℃ were carried out.The total weight gain after 60 h of cyclic oxidation decreased by 17.49%and 30.46%for the remelted and deposited samples,respectively,compared to the as-cast state.Oxidation kinetics reveal an evident lower mass gain and oxidation rate in the treated samples.A multilayer oxide consisting of TiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)+SiO_(2)+AlNbO_(4) was studied for its excellent oxidation resistance.The oxidation behavior of rutile,corundum and other oxides was analyzed using first principles calculations and chemical defect analysis.Overall,this research,which introduces novel treatments,offers promising insights for enhancing the inherent oxidation resistance of refractory high entropy alloys.展开更多
Grain boundary engineering plays a significant role in the improvement of strength and plasticity of alloys. However, in refractory high-entropy alloys, the susceptibility of grain boundaries to oxygen presents a bott...Grain boundary engineering plays a significant role in the improvement of strength and plasticity of alloys. However, in refractory high-entropy alloys, the susceptibility of grain boundaries to oxygen presents a bottleneck in achieving high mechanical performance. Creating a large number of clean grain boundaries in refractory high-entropy alloys is a challenge. In this study, an ultrafine-grained (UFG) NbMoTaW alloy with high grain-boundary cohesion was prepared by powder metallurgy, taking advantages of rapid hot-pressing sintering and full-process inert atmosphere protection from powder synthesis to sintering. By oxygen control and an increase in the proportion of grain boundaries, the segregation of oxygen and formation of oxides at grain boundaries were strongly mitigated, thus the intrinsic high cohesion of the interfaces was preserved. Compared to the coarse-grained alloys prepared by arc-melting and those sintered by traditional powder metallurgy methods, the UFG NbMoTaW alloy demonstrated simultaneously increased strength and plasticity at ambient temperature. The highly cohesive grain boundaries not only reduce brittle fractures effectively but also promote intragranular deformation. Consequently, the UFG NbMoTaW alloy achieved a high yield strength even at elevated temperatures, with a remarkable performance of 1117 MPa at 1200 ℃. This work provides a feasible solution for producing refractory high-entropy alloys with low impurity content, refined microstructure, and excellent mechanical performance.展开更多
Hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation(HMPT)technology has demonstrated its effectiveness in separating iron and enriching rare earths from Bayan Obo refractory ores.However,further research is needed to clarify ...Hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation(HMPT)technology has demonstrated its effectiveness in separating iron and enriching rare earths from Bayan Obo refractory ores.However,further research is needed to clarify the phase composition and floatability of rare earths obtained after HMPT owing to the associated phase transformations.This study explored the mineralogical characteristics and separation behavior of rare earths in HMPT-treated iron tailings.Process mineralogy studies conducted via BGRIMM process mineralogy analysis and X-ray diffraction revealed that the main valuable minerals in the tailings included rare-earth oxides(9.15wt%),monazite(5.31wt%),and fluorite(23.52wt%).The study also examined the impact of mineral liberation and gangue mineral intergrowth on flotation performance.Flotation tests achieved a rare-earth oxide(REO)grade of 74.12wt% with a recovery of 34.17% in open-circuit flotation,whereas closed-circuit flotation resulted in a REO grade of 60.27wt% with a recovery of 73%.Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed that monazite remained stable during the HMPT process,while bastnaesite was transformed into Ce_(7)O_(12)and CeF_(3),leading to increased collector consumption.Nonetheless,the HMPT process did not significantly affect the flotation performance of rare earths.The enrichment of fluorite in the tailings highlighted its further recovery potential.The integration of HMPT with magnetic separation and flotation presents an efficient strategy for recovering rare earths,iron,and fluorite from Bayan Obo ores.展开更多
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A6001,12002190,11972207,and 11921002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.SWUKQ22029)the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of China(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1635).
文摘High spatiotemporal resolution brain electrical signals are critical for basic neuroscience research and high-precision focus diagnostic localization,as the spatial scale of some pathologic signals is at the submillimeter or micrometer level.This entails connecting hundreds or thousands of electrode wires on a limited surface.This study reported a class of flexible,ultrathin,highdensity electrocorticogram(ECoG)electrode arrays.The challenge of a large number of wiring arrangements was overcome by a laminated structure design and processing technology improvement.The flexible,ultrathin,high-density ECoG electrode array was conformably attached to the cortex for reliable,high spatial resolution electrophysiologic recordings.The minimum spacing between electrodes was 15μm,comparable to the diameter of a single neuron.Eight hundred electrodes were prepared with an electrode density of 4444 mm^(-2).In focal epilepsy surgery,the flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array with 36 electrodes was applied to collect epileptic spike waves inrabbits,improving the positioning accuracy of epilepsy lesions from the centimeter to the submillimeter level.The flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array has potential clinical applications in intractable epilepsy and other neurologic diseases requiring high-precision electroencephalogram acquisition.
基金the Doctoral Foundation of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University,No. 2005-08
文摘BACKGROUND： There are two hypotheses for the underlying cause of refractory epilepsy： ＂target＂ and ＂transport＂. Studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） is over-expressed in refractory epilepsy. Multidrug resistance 1 （MDR1） gene encodes for P-glycoprotein, the primary ATP-binding cassette transporter in the human body. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MDR1 gene have been associated with refractory epilepsy. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the association between BDNF gene C270T polymorphism and MDR1 T-129C polymorphism with refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children through the use of polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control, genetic association study was performed at the Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from June 2005 to November 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 84 cases of unrelated children with epilepsy, including 41 cases of refractory epilepsy and 43 cases of drug-responsive epilepsy, were enrolled. An additional 30 healthy, Chinese Han children, whose ages and gender matched the refractory epilepsy patients, were selected as normal controls. METHODS： Venous blood was collected and genomic DNA was extracted from the blood specimens. C270T polymorphism in BDNF gene and T-129C polymorphism in MDR1 gene were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Association analysis using the Ftest and Chi-square test was statistically performed between C270T polymorphism in BDNF gene and T-129C polymorphism in MDR1 gene and refractory epilepsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of C270T polymorphism in BDNF gene and T-129C polymorphism in MDR1 gene. RESULTS： The distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes, as well as C and T allele frequencies, in the BDNF gene was not significantly different between the refractory epilepsy group, drug-responsive epilepsy group, or the normal control group （P 〉 0.05）. The distribution of TT genotype and T allele frequencies of the MDR1 gene was significantly different in the refractory epilepsy group compared with the drug-responsive epilepsy and normal control groups （P 〈 0.05）. Comparison of haplotype combinations demonstrated that there were no significant differences in combinations of TT＋CC, -FI-＋CT, TC＋CC, and TC＋CT among the three groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： C270T polymorphism of the BDNF gene was not associated with refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children, but T-129C polymorphism in the MDR1 gene was associated with refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children. The TT genotype and T allele frequencies could serve as susceptibility loci for refractory epilepsy. Interactions between C270T in BDNF gene and T-129C in MDR1 gene were not observed in refractory epilepsy in Chinese Han children.
基金the "211 Project" Foundation of Jilin University,No.450101120008
文摘The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in epilepsy remains controversial. The present study utilized light and electron microscopy to investigate pathological and ultrastructural changes in brain tissue obtained from the seizure foci of 24 patients with temporal epilepsy. We found that epileptic tissue showed neuronal degeneration, glial cell proliferation, nuclear vacuolization, and neural cell tropism. Immunoelectron microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor was expressed at significantly higher levels in patients with refractory temporal epilepsy compared with normal controls, demonstrating that the pathological changes within seizure foci in patients with refractory epilepsy are associated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression alterations.
基金Supported by the Innovation Fund of Science and Technology Commission of Shenzhen Municipality,China,No.JCYJ-2015-0403100317071
文摘AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD)alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded.Stool samples were collected for 16 S r DNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform.The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR,and intergroup comparison was conducted by R software.RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week,64%of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement,with a 50%decrease in seizure frequency.GM structure in epileptic infants(P1 group)differed dramatically from that in healthy infants(Health group).Proteobacteria,which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group,decreased dramatically after KD treatment(P2 group).Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups.Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group,in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group.KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.
文摘BACKGROUND： Anti-epilepsy and anti-psychosis drugs have traditionally been used in the clinic to treat epilepsy complicated by mental disorders. However, there is still no effective therapy for refractory epilepsy patients suffering from persistent mental disorders. OBJECTIVE： To explore the therapeutic effects of stereotactic multi-element localization and multi-target radiofrequency ablation on patients with refractory primary epilepsy and mental disorders. DESIGN： A retrospective case analysis. SETTING： Department of Neurosurgery, the 454 Hospital of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS： Between June and November 2004, 13 patients with refractory primary epilepsy complicated by persistent mental disorders were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, the 454 Hospital of Chinese PLA. The patient group consisted of nine males and four females, with an average age of 25 years （range 18-39 years）, and a course of disease ranging 3-11 years. Diagnosis of mental disorders was in accordance with Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and their families, and the treatment protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital. METHODS： Under venous inhalation anesthesia, the disease targets, including bilateral corpus callosum, bilateral amygdala, and bilateral medial septal area, as well as unilateral Forel-H area, were coagulated by RFG-3CF radiofrequency thermocoagnlation at 75-80 ℃ for 60-70 seconds. During thermocoagulation, the targets were identified using deep-brain microelectrodes and localized according to electrophysiology and electric resistance values. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： One year post-surgery, epileptic seizures were assessed on the basis of the Tan classification, and psychogenic （non-epileptic） seizures were evaluated using a 5-grade system. RESULTS： All enrolled 13 epileptic patients were included in the final analysis. The results of follow-up evaluations demonstrated that epilepsy was well-controlled. In total, nine patients did not experience relapse, and the frequency of seizures was reduced by 75% in two patients, and 50%-74% in another two patients. Psychogenic seizures were ameliorated in 11 cases （class 1, recovery） and improved significantly in two cases （class 2, significant improvement）. CONCLUSION： Radiofrequency ablation of bilateral corpus callosum, bilateral amygdala, bilateral medial septal area, and unilateral Forel-H area exhibits certain efficacy in treating epileptic patients suffering from persistent mental disorders.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars
文摘Previous studies have focused on medial temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections. Several large-sample analyses of multi-lobe injuries or complications of medial temporal lobe epilepsy have been reported. The present study selected 29 patients （10 males and 19 females with a mean age of 18 years） with refractory epilepsy secondary to central nervous system infections （meningitis in 8, encephalitis in 21） from Beijing Functional Neurosurgical Institute from May 2006 to August 2008. All patients underwent computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as electroencephalogram examinations; cortical electrodes were embedded in 11 patients. In addition, 13 （45%） patients underwent anterior temporal Iobectomy, and 16 （56%） underwent extratemporal corcticectomy. Results showed that 18 （62%） patients obtained favorable outcomes following surgical treatment, including 80% with temporal lobe epilepsy and 50% with extratemporal epilepsy. Central nervous system infection was not a contraindication for epilepsy treatment, and identification of epileptic foci proved to be crucial. In addition, a young age at infection, as well as prolonged latent period from time of infection to initial afebrile seizure, were 2 predictive factors for all patients. Cortical electrodes significantly increased the detection rate of epileptic foci, but did not improve prognosis of foci excision.
文摘To investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） can improve language function in patients with refractory epilepsy, three right-handed, refractory epilepsy patients who had complained of language dysfunction, were recruited. Over 1 month, 1-Hz rTMS treatment was performed every 3 days. A battery of language production and functional MRI were evaluated in the patients using a standard verb generation task both before and 1 month after rTMS treatment. Significant and lasting improvement in verb production was observed following rTMS treatment. Functional MRI results revealed that the left frontal lobes of two patients were more activated than they had been prior to therapy, and activation was primarily concentrated in the language-related areas. Results demonstrated that low frequency rTMS has potential to improve language function in patients with refractory epilepsy.
基金supported by the Natural ScienceFoundation of Inner Mongolia, No. 20080404Zd29
文摘A total of 80 patients with refractory epilepsy were recruited from the Inner Mongolia Medical College Affiliated Hospital. The loci of 60% of the patients could be positioned using a combined positron emission tomography/CT imaging modality. Hyper- and hypometabolism foci were examined as part of this study. Patients who had abnormal metabolism in positron emission tomography/CT imaging were divided into intermittent-phase group and the seizure-phase group. The intermittent-phase group was further divided into a single-focus group and a multiple-foci group according to the number of seizure foci detected by imaging. Following gamma knife treatment, seizure frequency was significantly lower in the intermittent-phase group and the seizure-phase group. Wieser＇s classification reached Grade I or II in nearly 40% of patients. Seizure frequency was significantly lower following treatment, but Wieser＇s classification score was significantly higher in the seizure-phase group compared with the intermittent-phase group. Seizure frequency was significantly lower following treatment in the single-focus group, but Wieser＇s classification score was significantly higher in the single-focus group as compared with the multiple-foci group.
文摘Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is a non-invasive technique of reconstructing brain activities using EEG data. This technique has been applied to evaluate epilepsy patients being evaluated for epilepsy surgery, showing encouraging results for mapping interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). However, ESI is underused in planning epilepsy surgery. This is basically due to the wide availability of methods for solving the electromagnetism inverse problem (e-IP) associated to few studies using EEG setups similar to those most commonly used in clinical setting. In this study, we applied six different methods of solving the e-IP based on IEDs of 20 focal epilepsy patients that presented abnormalities in their MRI. We compared the ESI maps obtained by each method with the location of the abnormality, calculating the Euclidian distances from the center of the lesion to the closest border of the method solution (CL-BM) and also to the solution’s maxima (CL-MM). We also applied a score system in order to allow us to evaluate the sensitivity of each method for temporal and extra temporal patients. In our patients, the Bayesian Model Averaging method had a sensitivity of 86% and the shortest CL-MM. This method also had more restricted solutions that were more representative of epileptogenic activities than those obtained by the other methods.
文摘1 Production and Running Status of China’s Refractories Industry in 20241.1 Production and Running Status In 2024,according to the statistical data from The Association of China Refractories Industry,China’s refractories output was 22.0711million tons,decreasing by 3.73%YOY;in which the outputs of dense shaped refractory products,insulating refractory products and monolithic refractories were 11.3163 million tons decreasing by 6.07%YOY,83.77 thousand tons increasing by 11.17%YOY,and 9.9971 million tons decreasing by 2.07%YOY,respectively.The outputs of the main varieties are shown in Fig.1.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.32130060(to XG).
文摘Epilepsy is a severe,relapsing,and multifactorial neurological disorder.Studies regarding the accurate diagnosis,prognosis,and in-depth pathogenesis are crucial for the precise and effective treatment of epilepsy.The pathogenesis of epilepsy is complex and involves alterations in variables such as gene expression,protein expression,ion channel activity,energy metabolites,and gut microbiota composition.Satisfactory results are lacking for conventional treatments for epilepsy.Surgical resection of lesions,drug therapy,and non-drug interventions are mainly used in clinical practice to treat pain associated with epilepsy.Non-pharmacological treatments,such as a ketogenic diet,gene therapy for nerve regeneration,and neural regulation,are currently areas of research focus.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis,diagnostic methods,and treatments of epilepsy.It also elaborates on the theoretical basis,treatment modes,and effects of invasive nerve stimulation in neurotherapy,including percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation,deep brain electrical stimulation,repetitive nerve electrical stimulation,in addition to non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.Numerous studies have shown that electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy can markedly improve neurological function and reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures.Additionally,many new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are being explored.However,current research is mainly focused on analyzing patients’clinical manifestations and exploring relevant diagnostic and treatment methods to study the pathogenesis at a molecular level,which has led to a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms related to the disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos. 81760247, 82171450the Scientific Research Foundation for Doctors of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,No.(2016)14 (all to HH)。
文摘Current treatments for epilepsy can only manage the symptoms of the condition but cannot alter the initial onset or halt the progression of the disease. Consequently, it is crucial to identify drugs that can target novel cellular and molecular mechanisms and mechanisms of action. Increasing evidence suggests that axon guidance molecules play a role in the structural and functional modifications of neural networks and that the dysregulation of these molecules is associated with epilepsy susceptibility. In this review, we discuss the essential role of axon guidance molecules in neuronal activity in patients with epilepsy as well as the impact of these molecules on synaptic plasticity and brain tissue remodeling. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between axon guidance molecules and neuroinflammation, as well as the structural changes in specific brain regions that contribute to the development of epilepsy. Ample evidence indicates that axon guidance molecules, including semaphorins and ephrins, play a fundamental role in guiding axon growth and the establishment of synaptic connections. Deviations in their expression or function can disrupt neuronal connections, ultimately leading to epileptic seizures. The remodeling of neural networks is a significant characteristic of epilepsy, with axon guidance molecules playing a role in the dynamic reorganization of neural circuits. This, in turn, affects synapse formation and elimination. Dysregulation of these molecules can upset the delicate balance between excitation and inhibition within a neural network, thereby increasing the risk of overexcitation and the development of epilepsy. Inflammatory signals can regulate the expression and function of axon guidance molecules, thus influencing axonal growth, axon orientation, and synaptic plasticity. The dysregulation of neuroinflammation can intensify neuronal dysfunction and contribute to the occurrence of epilepsy. This review delves into the mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of axon guidance molecules in epilepsy, offering a valuable reference for the exploration of therapeutic targets and presenting a fresh perspective on treatment strategies for this condition.
文摘[Objectives]To observe the clinical effect of Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription combined with western medicine on epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type.[Methods]A total of 60 cases of patients of epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type admitted to Maoming Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine from June 2023 to July 2024 were selected as the research subjects.They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group using a random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with levetiracetam,while the observation group was treated with Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription on the basis of the control group.Both groups were treated for 3 months,and the clinical efficacy,frequency and duration of epilepsy onset,improvement of electroencephalogram(EEG),Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory(QOLIE-31)scores,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome scores,and incidence of adverse reactions were evaluated in both groups.[Results]The total effective rate in the observation group was 93.33%(28/30),compared to 73.33%(22/30)in the control group,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Following treatment,the frequency and duration of epilepsy onset in both groups were decreased when compared to the pre-treatment period(P<0.05),and the frequency and duration of epilepsy onset in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the EEG grading of both groups was improved when compared with that before treatment(P<0.05),and the EEG grading in the observation group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the QOLIE-31 scores in both groups,including epilepsy-related concerns,overall health,emotional health,energy,cognitive function,drug effects,and social function,were increased when compared to the scores recorded prior to treatment(P<0.05),and all scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the TCM syndrome scores in both groups were decreased when compared to those prior to treatment(P<0.05),and the scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was observed to be 6.67%(2/30)in the observation group and 13.33%(4/30)in the control group,with no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The combination of Tiaoqi Dingxian prescription and levetiracetam in the treatment of epilepsy of qi constraint and phlegm stagnation type can improve clinical efficacy,alleviate patient s symptoms and quality of life,and has good safety.
文摘BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor has long been acknowledged as a key target in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.The GABRA1 and GABRG2 genes encode the α1 and γ2 subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor,a key protein implicated in the development of epilepsy.However,the specific association of the GABRA1 IVS11+15 A>G rs2279020 and GABRG2 G3145A rs211013 polymorphisms with antiepileptic drug resistance has been elucidated in only a limited number of investigations.AIM To elucidate the association between GABRA1 IVS11+15 A>G rs2279020 and GABRG2 G3145A rs211013 gene mutations and drug resistance in epilepsy patients.METHODS A total of 100 epilepsy patients(50 drug responsive and 50 drug resistant subjects)were recruited and rs2279020-and rs211013-polymorphism analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction technique.RESULTS For GABRA1 rs2279020 polymorphism,AG genotype exhibited risk association with an odds ratio of 0.966(95%confidence interval=0.346-2.698)with P value=0.948;however,this association did not achieve statistical significance(P=0.948).Additionally,a higher risk association was identified with the GG genotype,with an odds ratio of 1.808(P=0.382).GABRG2 rs211013 polymorphism revealed no significant association with drug resistance.CONCLUSION The GABRA1 rs2279020 genetic variation is associated with an increased risk for the AG and GG variants,although this association was not statistically significant.Limited investigations have explored the relevance of genetic variations in epilepsy and drug resistance.Longitudinal research is needed to better understand their significance in epilepsy management and to optimize therapeutic strategies.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Provincial Health Commission(No.24WXXT13)North Sichuan Medical College Doctor Start-up Fund Project(No.CBY24-QDA01).
文摘Dear Editor,I diopathic macular telangiectasia(MacTel)type 1 is a retinal vascular disease characterized by abnormal dilation of macular capillaries,leading to metamorphopsia,progressive vision loss,and temporal scotoma enlargement.Currently,there is no standardized treatment protocol for MacTel type 1[1-2].Treatment outcomes can vary significantly among individuals,highlighting the ongoing need for further exploration of new and more effective treatment options.This paper presents a case of refractory macular edema associated with MacTel type 1,which showed a favorable response to pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling.
文摘BACKGROUND The NaV1.1 sodium channel alpha subunit,encoded by SCN1A,is crucial for initiating and propagating action potentials in neurons.SCN1A gene has long been an established target in the etiology and therapy of epilepsy.However,very few studies have investigated the relevance of genetic variations in epilepsy and anti-epileptic drug resistance.AIM To investigate associations between polymorphisms,rs121917953 T/A and rs121918623 C/T,and drug resistance in epilepsy patients in the north Indian population.METHODS A total of 100 age-and sex-matched epilepsy patients(50 drug responsive and 50 drug resistant subjects)were recruited and SCN1A rs121918623 C/T*and rs121917953 T/A*polymorphisms were analyzed by the allele specific-PCR technique.χ^(2)and Fisher’s exact test were used to estimate differences between the distribution of SCN1A rs121918623 and rs121917953 gene polymorphisms among various groups.The association between distinct rs121917953 genotypes and drug resistance was analyzed using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS For the SCN1A rs121917953 T/A*(D188V)polymorphism,a significantly higher proportion of individuals with AT genotype were observed in the drug-resistant group as compared to the drug-responsive group.Additionally,a higher risk association was exhibited by AT genotype for drug resistance with an odds ratio of 3.51 and P value=0.017.For the SCN1A rs121918623 C/T*(T875M)polymorphism,no significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive groups.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the SCN1A polymorphism D188V is associated with a higher risk of drug resistance for the AT variant as compared to the homozygous TT wild-type.Further research is needed at the functional level and in larger cohorts to determine the potential of these genes as a therapeutic target in epilepsy subjects.
基金financial support from the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52231006)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB0702003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51871217).
文摘Refractory high/medium-entropy alloys(RH/MEAs)are known for their outstanding performance at el-evated temperatures;however,they usually exhibit poor room-temperature plasticity,which can be at-tributed to the non-uniform deformation that occurs at room temperature.Once cracks nucleate,they will rapidly propagate into vertical splitting cracks.Here,we introduce multiple phases including FCC and HCP phases into the NbMoTa RMEA via appropriate addition of carbon.The results show that multiple-phase synergy effectively suppresses non-uniform deformation,thereby delaying the onset of vertical splitting cracks.An optimal combination of compressive strength-plasticity is achieved by the(NbMoTa)_(92.5)C_(7.5) alloy.The significant improvement in room-temperature mechanical properties can be attributed to its hierarchical microstructure:in the mesoscale,the BCC matrix is divided by eutectic structures;while at the microscale,the BCC matrix is further refined by abundant lath-like FCC precipitates.The FCC precip-itates contain high-density stacking faults,acting as a dislocation source under compressive loading.The HCP phase in the eutectic microstructures,in turn,acts as a strong barrier to dislocation movement and simultaneously increases the dislocation storage capacity.These findings open a new route to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of RH/MEAs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0609000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52171034 and 52101037)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSFara(No.GZB20230944).
文摘Up-and-coming high-temperature materials,refractory high entropy alloys,are suffering from lower oxidation resistance,restricting their applications in the aerospace field.In this study,two novel treatments of Al-deposited and remelted were developed to refine the microstructure and enhance the oxidation resistance of refractory high entropy alloy using electron beam freeform fabrication(EBF3).Finer and short-range ordering structures were observed in the remelted sample,whereas the Al-deposited sample showcased the formation of silicide and intermetallic phases.High-temperature cyclic and isothermal oxidation tests at 1000℃ were carried out.The total weight gain after 60 h of cyclic oxidation decreased by 17.49%and 30.46%for the remelted and deposited samples,respectively,compared to the as-cast state.Oxidation kinetics reveal an evident lower mass gain and oxidation rate in the treated samples.A multilayer oxide consisting of TiO_(2)+Al_(2)O_(3)+SiO_(2)+AlNbO_(4) was studied for its excellent oxidation resistance.The oxidation behavior of rutile,corundum and other oxides was analyzed using first principles calculations and chemical defect analysis.Overall,this research,which introduces novel treatments,offers promising insights for enhancing the inherent oxidation resistance of refractory high entropy alloys.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52371128,52304378,52101031 and 92163107).
文摘Grain boundary engineering plays a significant role in the improvement of strength and plasticity of alloys. However, in refractory high-entropy alloys, the susceptibility of grain boundaries to oxygen presents a bottleneck in achieving high mechanical performance. Creating a large number of clean grain boundaries in refractory high-entropy alloys is a challenge. In this study, an ultrafine-grained (UFG) NbMoTaW alloy with high grain-boundary cohesion was prepared by powder metallurgy, taking advantages of rapid hot-pressing sintering and full-process inert atmosphere protection from powder synthesis to sintering. By oxygen control and an increase in the proportion of grain boundaries, the segregation of oxygen and formation of oxides at grain boundaries were strongly mitigated, thus the intrinsic high cohesion of the interfaces was preserved. Compared to the coarse-grained alloys prepared by arc-melting and those sintered by traditional powder metallurgy methods, the UFG NbMoTaW alloy demonstrated simultaneously increased strength and plasticity at ambient temperature. The highly cohesive grain boundaries not only reduce brittle fractures effectively but also promote intragranular deformation. Consequently, the UFG NbMoTaW alloy achieved a high yield strength even at elevated temperatures, with a remarkable performance of 1117 MPa at 1200 ℃. This work provides a feasible solution for producing refractory high-entropy alloys with low impurity content, refined microstructure, and excellent mechanical performance.
基金the financial support received from the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52130406)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2901000 and 2022YFC2905800)+1 种基金the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274253)Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project of Hubei Province,China(No.2023AFA044)。
文摘Hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation(HMPT)technology has demonstrated its effectiveness in separating iron and enriching rare earths from Bayan Obo refractory ores.However,further research is needed to clarify the phase composition and floatability of rare earths obtained after HMPT owing to the associated phase transformations.This study explored the mineralogical characteristics and separation behavior of rare earths in HMPT-treated iron tailings.Process mineralogy studies conducted via BGRIMM process mineralogy analysis and X-ray diffraction revealed that the main valuable minerals in the tailings included rare-earth oxides(9.15wt%),monazite(5.31wt%),and fluorite(23.52wt%).The study also examined the impact of mineral liberation and gangue mineral intergrowth on flotation performance.Flotation tests achieved a rare-earth oxide(REO)grade of 74.12wt% with a recovery of 34.17% in open-circuit flotation,whereas closed-circuit flotation resulted in a REO grade of 60.27wt% with a recovery of 73%.Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed that monazite remained stable during the HMPT process,while bastnaesite was transformed into Ce_(7)O_(12)and CeF_(3),leading to increased collector consumption.Nonetheless,the HMPT process did not significantly affect the flotation performance of rare earths.The enrichment of fluorite in the tailings highlighted its further recovery potential.The integration of HMPT with magnetic separation and flotation presents an efficient strategy for recovering rare earths,iron,and fluorite from Bayan Obo ores.
