Biological nitrogen fixation(BNF)and photosynthetic carbon fixation underpin food production and climate mitigation,yet natural systems are constrained by oxygen sensitivity,high energy demand,and inefficient catalyst...Biological nitrogen fixation(BNF)and photosynthetic carbon fixation underpin food production and climate mitigation,yet natural systems are constrained by oxygen sensitivity,high energy demand,and inefficient catalysts.This review synthesizes advances that recast these processes as engineering targets and proposes a conceptual roadmap that bridges synthetic symbioses with the synthetic biology of enzymes and pathways.For BNF,progress spans cross-kingdom strategies—from refactoring nif gene sets and targeting nitrogenase assembly to eukaryotic organelles,to engineering plant-associated diazotrophs,rhizosphere control circuits,and emerging nodule-like microenvironments.For carbon assimilation,new-to-nature CO_(2)-fixation modules and photorespiratory bypasses illustrate how pathway redesign and alternative carboxylases can circumvent key Calvin–Benson–Bassham limitations,and expanding photosynthetic light capture offers additional leverage.Across these domains,we extract common design principles:(i)nitrogenase output is increasingly governed by carbon/energy supply and electron delivery as much as by oxygen protection;(ii)robust function requires compartment-aware enzyme–chassis coordination,substrate channeling,and dynamic regulation using sensors and control circuits;and(iii)scalable implementation may benefit from distributing metabolic labor across engineered consortia rather than forcing all functions into a single host.We discuss enabling technologies—including AI-guided protein design and directed evolution,cell-free prototyping,chassis toolkits,and materials/bioelectrochemical interfaces—that can accelerate design–build–test–learn cycles and reduce barriers to deployment.Together,these insights define a path toward integrated nitrogen and carbon fixation systems for low-emission agriculture and biomanufacturing.展开更多
Objectives:Oxidative stress(OS)plays a pivotal role in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases,which has sparked interest in molecules that modulate redox-regulating enzymes.Melatonin and its metabolites exhibit antiox...Objectives:Oxidative stress(OS)plays a pivotal role in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases,which has sparked interest in molecules that modulate redox-regulating enzymes.Melatonin and its metabolites exhibit antioxidant properties;however,their molecular mechanisms of enzymatic and transcriptional modulation remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate,through an exploratory in silico approach,the interactions of melatonin and related compounds with OS-related enzymes to generate hypotheses about their role in cellular redox control.Methods:A rational selection of antioxidant,pro-oxidant,and transcriptional targets was performed.Ligands were optimized at the DFT level(M05-2X/6-311+G(d,p))and docked to OS related enzymes.Docking results were analyzed using polygenic antioxidant indices(PAOX)and a similarity interaction index(SSI).Molecular dynamics simulations of selected complexes provided additional insight into potential ligand-protein interaction mechanisms.Results:In silico analyses revealed that N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine(AMK),N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine(AFMK),and 3-hydroxymelatonin(3OH-M)could partially inhibit pro-oxidant enzymes such as neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS),5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX),thioredoxin reductase(TrxR),and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase(NOX5).The N-(2-(2-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide(IIcD)and N-(2-(6-hydroxy-7-mercapto-5-methoxy-1H-indol)ethyl)acetamide(dM38)derivatives could potentially stabilize superoxide dismutase(SOD1)and catalase(CAT)enzymes,respectively.Finally,AFMK and dM38 showed consistent interactions with transcriptional regulators,particularly peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPARα)and Kelchlike ECH-associated protein 1(KEAP1).Conclusion:These studies about melatonin-related compounds support a multifactorial profile of redox modulation and provide mechanistic hypotheses for future experimental validation.Among these approaches,the interaction-similarity index is introduced as a novel tool to facilitate the identification of promising redox-active candidates.展开更多
Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients,posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety.Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as ...Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients,posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety.Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as a promising strategy due to its high efficiency and safety.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ZEN-degrading enzymes from a novel perspective,encompassing the types and catalytic mechanisms for characterizing ZEN-degrading enzymes,the methods for mining ZEN-degrading enzymes,the strategies for improving ZEN-degrading enzymes,and the applications of ZEN-degrading enzymes.The objective of this review is to offer a reliable reference framework for the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN in feed and feed ingredients,as well as to provide insights for mining other mycotoxin degrading enzyme in the future.展开更多
Phytophthora blight is a devastating disease of pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan)that severely impacts plant growth and productivity.This study investigates the morphological,anatomical,and biochemical responses of a suscepti...Phytophthora blight is a devastating disease of pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan)that severely impacts plant growth and productivity.This study investigates the morphological,anatomical,and biochemical responses of a susceptible variety(ICPL 11260)and a resistant variety(IPAC-02)following infection by Phytophthora.Morphological analyses showed that infection caused a drastic reduction in root length,shoot length,leaf number,fresh weight,and dry weight in the susceptible ICPL 11260 variety,with reductions ranging from 0.5-to 2-fold compared to non-infected controls.Anatomical observations revealed pronounced cellular damage and mycelial invasion in infected ICPL 11260 plants by 30 days after infection,whereas infected IPAC-02 plants exhibited no fungal colonization.Biochemical analyses further demonstrated that the resistant IPAC-02 variety accumulated higher levels of total soluble sugars,proteins,phenols,and flavonoids,along with increased activities of defense-related enzymes(chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase),compared with the susceptible ICPL 11260.Under P.cajani stress,IPAC-02 maintained significantly elevated osmolyte concentrations(total sugars 153.7 mg g^(−1)FW;proteins 25.4 mg g^(−1)FW),secondary metabolites(phenols 51.7 mg g^(−1)FW;flavonoids 33.1 mg g^(−1)FW),and PR-enzyme activities(chitinase 11.4 U mg^(−1)protein;β-1,3-glucanase 9.1 U mg^(−1)protein).These responses support a lignification-mediated defense mechanism in IPAC-02 and highlight its potential value for breeding Phytophthora-resistant pigeon pea cultivars.展开更多
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)productivity,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where soil salinization is intensifying.Developing cost-effective and practica...Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)productivity,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where soil salinization is intensifying.Developing cost-effective and practical strategies to enhance seedling establishment and early vigor under saline conditions is therefore essential.In this study,we compared two seed-priming agents-1 mM proline and 25 mM NaCl-under identical hydroponic conditions to elucidate tissue-specific responses to 25 mM NaCl stress.Proline priming significantly improved shoot length(by~23%),total chlorophyll content(by~19%),and ascorbate peroxidase(ASPOX)activity.In contrast,NaCl priming enhanced root biomass retention(by~38%)and peroxidase(POD)activity under salinity stress.Both priming treatments induced higher proline accumulation and antioxidant capacity,though with tissue-specific effects:proline favored aboveground resilience,while NaCl strengthened root ionic and oxidative balance.These findings highlight the complementary nature of proline and NaCl priming and support the concept of stress“memory,”whereby plants acquire enhanced readiness to cope with salinity.Integrating such priming strategies into chickpea cultivation could contribute to improved yield stability and sustainability in saline agroecosystems.展开更多
Background:Corchorus olitorius L.(Malvaceae)is a green leafy vegetable widely consumed in the Middle East and valued for its rich nutritional content.Its essential oils,an important class of secondary metabolites,are ...Background:Corchorus olitorius L.(Malvaceae)is a green leafy vegetable widely consumed in the Middle East and valued for its rich nutritional content.Its essential oils,an important class of secondary metabolites,are of growing interest for potential use in cosmetics and fragrance industries due to their bioactive properties.Methods:Leaves of C.olitorius cultivated in Egypt were extracted using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation(MAHD)and conventional hydrodistillation(HD).The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)to characterize their chemical profiles.In vitro assays were conducted to evaluate their anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities,and in silico studies were performed to predict the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of major constituents.Results:GC-MS analysis showed that aldehydes,alkanes,fatty alcohols,fatty acids,and their derivatives were the predominant compound classes in both oils.Notably,oxygenated diterpenes(11.22%)were present exclusively in the MAHD oil,while triterpenoids(16.37%)were found only in the HD oil.The MAHD oil demonstrated stronger In vitro anti-elastase(IC_(50)=42.5μg/mL)and anti-collagenase(IC_(50)=131.5μg/mL)activities compared to the HD oil(IC_(50)=66.7 and 206.8μg/mL,respectively),reflecting an approximate 36.3%improvement in elastase inhibition and 36.4%improvement in collagenase inhibition.In silico docking indicated that the triterpenoidβ-amyrin acetate showed the highest predicted binding affinity for porcine pancreatic elastase(PDB ID:6QEO,ΔG=−8.1 kcal/mol)and collagenase(PDB ID:456C,ΔG=−9.1 kcal/mol)among the major compounds analyzed.Conclusion:These findings demonstrate that MAHD is a greener and more efficient extraction method,yielding oil with enhanced enzyme inhibitory activity compared to conventional HD.The promising anti-elastase and anti-collagenase properties suggest that C.olitorius MAHD oil could serve as a potential candidate for anti-aging cosmetic formulations,following further validation.展开更多
Flooding stress is a major adverse condition during the emergence period of direct-seeded rice.This study investigated the use of wood vinegar as a seed soaking treatment to enhance rice seedling rates under flooding ...Flooding stress is a major adverse condition during the emergence period of direct-seeded rice.This study investigated the use of wood vinegar as a seed soaking treatment to enhance rice seedling rates under flooding stress,exploring both the methodology and physiological mechanisms involved.The optimal seed soaking concentration was determined through a gradient experiment,followed by a multi-cultivar validation test.The physiological mechanism of wood vinegar soaking on seedling emergence was analyzed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the flooding water,the changes in starch and soluble sugar contents in the grains and sprouts,and the dynamics ofα-amylase activity and antioxidant-related enzyme activities in the sprouts.The results showed that soaking rice seeds in a wood vinegar solution at a low concentration significantly enhanced the emergence of rice seedlings under flooding conditions,with a 100-fold dilution having the most pronounced effect,increasing seedling rates by 50.6%-60.0%.Further analysis indicated that wood vinegar treatment enhanced seedling establishment by inducing a significant increase inα-amylase activity,leading to a 74.9%-213.6%increase in soluble sugar content in the sprouts during 2-8 d after flooding stress compared with the control.Additionally,the treatment increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in the sprouts,mitigating lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes,and notably lower water electrical conductivity was observed in wood vinegar-treated seeds compared with the control.In conclusion,soaking rice seeds in a 100-fold diluted wood vinegar solution improves rice seedling rates under flooding stress by mitigating oxidative damage and maintaining energy supply.This approach is valuable for developing cost-effective seed treatment technologies and offering novel strategies to improve seedling rates and uniformity of direct-seeded rice under flooding conditions.展开更多
Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability...Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability.However,precise control and tune the pore size of such frameworks still remains a significant challenge to date.In this study,we constructed supramolecular polymer frameworks using rigid tetrahedral star polyisocyanides with tunable length and sufficiently narrow distribution as building block.First,a series of tetrahedral four-arm star polyisocyanides with controlled chain lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions was prepared via the Pd(Ⅱ)-catalyzed living isocyanide polymerization.Then 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone(Upy) unit was installed onto each chain-end of polyisocyanide arms via post-polymerization functionalization.Leveraging the supramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the terminal Upy units,well-ordered supramolecular polymer frameworks were readily obtained.Notably,the pore size was dependent on the chain length of the polyisocyanide arms.Precisely control the chain length of polyisocyanide arms,supramolecular polymer frameworks with pore sizes ranging from 5.06 nm to 9.72 nm were achieved.These frameworks,with tunable and large pore apertures,demonstrated exceptional capabilities in encapsulating enzymes of different sizes,such as lipase(TL),horseradish peroxidase(HRP),and glucose oxidase(GOx).The encapsulated enzymes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity and durability.Moreover,the frameworks' tunable and large pore apertures facilitated the co-encapsulation of multiple enzymes,enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade reactions.展开更多
Locust plagues result in significant agricultural and ecological damage,and the current dependence on broadspectrum chemical pesticides raises serious concerns regarding environmental sustainability and public health....Locust plagues result in significant agricultural and ecological damage,and the current dependence on broadspectrum chemical pesticides raises serious concerns regarding environmental sustainability and public health.In this study,we elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of the locust aggregation pheromone 4-vinylanisole(4VA).Through analysis of the crystal structure of the 4VPMT2-4VA-SAM complex,it was determined that 4-nitrophenol acts as a substrate analogue,effectively inhibiting 4VPMT enzyme activity and thereby preventing the formation of 4VA.This study revealed key enzymatic targets and lead inhibitors for intervention,establishing a molecular foundation for pheromone-based,environmentally sustainable locust control strategies and offering a viable alternative to reduce reliance on conventional chemical pesticides.展开更多
Brown spot(BS)of rice,caused by Bipolaris oryzae,is a serious concern that not only causes quantitative losses but also affects grain quality.To manage this disease,the use of resistant genetic sources and QTLs is an ...Brown spot(BS)of rice,caused by Bipolaris oryzae,is a serious concern that not only causes quantitative losses but also affects grain quality.To manage this disease,the use of resistant genetic sources and QTLs is an eco-friendly and economical option.In the current study,F_(3) progenies derived from a cross of susceptible parent PMS-18-B(PAU 10845-1-1-1-1)×resistant parent RP Path 77(RP patho-17)were used to identify potential QTLs linked to BS resistance and to associate this resistance with a temporal spike in defense-related enzymes.展开更多
The combined effects of macronutrients(Nitrogen,Phosphorus,and Potassium-N,P,K)and micronutrient fertilization on turmeric yield,soil enzymatic activity,microbial biomass,and nutrient dynamics remains poorly understoo...The combined effects of macronutrients(Nitrogen,Phosphorus,and Potassium-N,P,K)and micronutrient fertilization on turmeric yield,soil enzymatic activity,microbial biomass,and nutrient dynamics remains poorly understood,despite their significance for sustainable soil fertility management and optimizing crop productivity across diverse agroecosystems.To investigate,a net house experiment on sandy loam Haplic Chernozem was conducted to 03 fertilizer regimes,viz.N_(75)P_(50)K_(50)kg ha^(−1)(T-2),N_(12)5P_(100)K_(100)kg ha^(−1)(T-3),and N_(100)P_(75)K_(75)+B_(3)Zn_(6)Fe_(6)kg ha^(−1)(T-4).Furthermore,the influence of these treatments was systematically assessed on soil nutrient status(N,P,K),enzymatic activities(alkaline phosphomonoesterase,dehydrogenase,fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis),microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and soil organic carbon(SOC).Balanced fertilization significantly turmeric productivity and soil health.All three fertilizer treatments showed a clear yield increase compared to the unfertilized control.Compared to the control,N_(75)P_(50)K_(50)kg/ha T-2 increased rhizome number and biomass per plant by 44.7%and 16.3%,respectively,while N_(100)P_(75)K_(75)+B_(3)Zn_(6)Fe_(6)kg/ha T-4 further enhanced them by 86.6%and 27.7%.T-3 produced the most significant yield response by increasing the rhizome biomass by 38.0%and rhizome number per plant by 100%compared to the control.The nutrient availability was also substantially improved.T-2 enhanced the soil nitrogen contents by 83.3%with maximum N levels observed in T-3&T-4.Phosphorus increased by 61.5%in T-3 and 37.3%in T-4,while potassium was enhanced by 12.9%in T-3 relative to the control,respectively.Enzymatic activities were markedly enhanced as T-3 was recorded to improve alkaline phosphomonoesterase(APA),dehydrogenase(DHA)and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis(FDA)by 50.6%,37.4%,and 43.4%,where T-4 increased by 32.2%,30.9%,and 35.9%,respectively compared to control.MBC and SOC also rose significantly,with SOC increased by 13.8%(T-2),41.6%(T-3),and 47.2%(T-3)relative to control.The result of this study demonstrates that the integrated macroµnutrient fertilization,particularly T-37 T-4 treatments,sustainably enhanced turmeric yield,soil nutrient availability,enzyme activity,microbial biomass,and organic carbon.These findings highlight the critical role of balanced nutrient management in sustaining soil fertility and crop productivity across agroecosystems.展开更多
Inborn errors of metabolism(IEMs)are a large group of disorders resulting from deficient activities in several metabolic pathways due to the dysfunction of a distinct enzyme associated with a biochemical pathway[1,2]....Inborn errors of metabolism(IEMs)are a large group of disorders resulting from deficient activities in several metabolic pathways due to the dysfunction of a distinct enzyme associated with a biochemical pathway[1,2].Toxic intermediates will be produced due to the dysfunction of biochemical pathways.The liver is responsible for many essential metabolic processes,therefore it becomes one of the most severely affected organ by metabolic diseases[3].Early onset of liver disorders in IEMs includes jaundice,hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,ascites,hepatic encephalopathy,and liver failure[4].In infants and young children under 3 years old with acute liver failure(ALF),IEMs account for 18.9%-43%[5].展开更多
Constructing a framework carrier to stabilize protein conformation,induce high embedding efficiency,and acquire low mass-transfer resistance is an urgent issue in the development of immobilized enzymes.Hydrogen-bonded...Constructing a framework carrier to stabilize protein conformation,induce high embedding efficiency,and acquire low mass-transfer resistance is an urgent issue in the development of immobilized enzymes.Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs)have promising application potential for embedding enzymes.In fact,no metal involvement is required,and HOFs exhibit superior biocompatibility,and free access to substrates in mesoporous channels.Herein,a facile in situ growth approach was proposed for the self-assembly of alcohol dehydrogenase encapsulated in HOF.The micron-scale bio-catalytic composite was rapidly synthesized under mild conditions(aqueous phase and ambient temperature)with a controllable embedding rate.The high crystallinity and periodic arrangement channels of HOF were preserved at a high enzyme encapsulation efficiency of 59%.This bio-composite improved the tolerance of the enzyme to the acid-base environment and retained 81%of its initial activity after five cycles of batch hydrogenation involving NADH coenzyme.Based on this controllably synthesized bio-catalytic material and a common lipase,we further developed a two-stage cascade microchemical system and achieved the continuous production of chiral hydroxybutyric acid(R-3-HBA).展开更多
Background:This study evaluates the efficacy of gabexate mesylate thermosensitive in-situ gel(GMTI) in the treatment of beagle grade Ⅲ pancreatic trauma(PT) with the assistance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) a...Background:This study evaluates the efficacy of gabexate mesylate thermosensitive in-situ gel(GMTI) in the treatment of beagle grade Ⅲ pancreatic trauma(PT) with the assistance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and investigates its mechanism of action.Methods:A grade Ⅲ PT model consisting of 15 beagle dogs with severed main pancreatic ducts was created and treated with cephalic vein injection of gabexate mesylate(GM)(1.54mL/10kg,TID) and peripancreatic injection of GMTI(4.63 mL/10 kg,QD) guided by CEUS within 24h post-surgery.Ascites and serum levels of amylase(AMY),lipase(LPS),C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,and urinary trypsinogen activating peptide(TAP) were detected by ELISA.Histopathological changes in the canine pancreas were observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining.Results:CEUS accurately displayed pancreatic lesions and guided catheterisation.Compared to the control group,the ascites was significantly reduced after treatment(p<0.01).AMY and LPS ascites significantly decreased on post-operative 1st and 2nd day(p<0.01).The levels of AMY,LPS,CRP,IL-6,and TNF-α in serum were decreased(p<0.05 or p <0.01).Urinary TAP was decreased 1 and 2 days after treatment(p<0.05or p<0.01,respectively).In the control group,pancreatic tissue necrosis was evident in the wound area.Normal glandular cell structures and fibrous tissue hyperplasia were observed in the wound area after GMTI treatment.The GMTI group performed better than the GM group in improving pancreatic histology and reducing AMY levels in the early post-operative period.Conclusion:Guided by CEUS,daily peripancreatic injections of GMTI in Beagles effectively inhibit pancreatic enzyme activity and aid in the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic trauma.展开更多
Lead(Pb)and zinc(Zn)are widely recognized as common environmental contaminants,contributing to soil degradation and posing risks to environmental health.Combining functional carbon-based materials with microorganisms ...Lead(Pb)and zinc(Zn)are widely recognized as common environmental contaminants,contributing to soil degradation and posing risks to environmental health.Combining functional carbon-based materials with microorganisms has been considered as an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for remediating Pb/Zn-contaminated soil.However,there is still a lack of understanding the connection between heavy metal immobilization and plant responses,which hampers practical applications.Here,a 90-day pot experiment was conducted to investigate the integrated effects of biochar(WS700)and microorganisms including inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(IPSB)and sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)on Pb and Zn synchronous immobilization and the physiological responses of Brassica rapa var.chinensis(Brassica).Compared with CK,bacteria-loaded biochar treatment declined the exchangeable Pb and Zn fraction by 94.69%−98.37%and 94.55%−99.52%,while increasing the residual state Pb and Zn by 75.50%−208.58%and 96.71%−110.85%,respectively.Three amendments enhanced Brassica growth by improving total chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)activities.The bacteria-loaded biochar treatment effectively regulated stomatal conductance and reduced intercellular CO_(2) concentration.Moreover,compared with CK,three amendments reduced MDA content by 28.84%,28.30%and 41.60%,respectively,under the high concentration of Pb and Zn.The findings demonstrated the significant role of bacterial-biochar consortia in immobilizing Pb and Zn and mitigating Pb and Zn-induced stress in plants by regulating photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)enters host cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptor.Mounting evidence has indicated the presence of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and liver...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)enters host cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptor.Mounting evidence has indicated the presence of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and liver injury in pa-tients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Understanding the mechanisms of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for addressing COVID-19–related liver pathology and developing targeted therapies.This editorial discusses the signi-ficance of ACE2 in hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,drawing on the research by Jacobs et al.Their findings indicate that hepatic ACE2 expression,frequency of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,and severity of liver injury are elevated in patients with pre-existing chronic liver diseases.These data suggest that hepatic ACE2 could be a promising therapeutic target for COVID-19.展开更多
In patients with Alzheimer’s disease,gamma-glutamyl transferase 5(GGT5)expression has been observed to be downregulated in cerebrovascular endothelial cells.However,the functional role of GGT5 in the development of A...In patients with Alzheimer’s disease,gamma-glutamyl transferase 5(GGT5)expression has been observed to be downregulated in cerebrovascular endothelial cells.However,the functional role of GGT5 in the development of Alzheimer’s disease remains unclear.This study aimed to explore the effect of GGT5 on cognitive function and brain pathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,as well as the underlying mechanism.We observed a significant reduction in GGT5 expression in two in vitro models of Alzheimer’s disease(Aβ_(1-42)-treated hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells),as well as in the APP/PS1 mouse model.Additionally,injection of APP/PS1 mice with an adeno-associated virus encoding GGT5 enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and mitigated cognitive deficits.Interestingly,increasing GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells reduced levels of both soluble and insoluble amyloid-βin the brains of APP/PS1 mice.This effect may be attributable to inhibition of the expression ofβ-site APP cleaving enzyme 1,which is mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B.Our findings demonstrate that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is inversely associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis,and that GGT5 upregulation mitigates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice.These findings suggest that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Plutella xylostella,a major pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide,has developed resistance to diamide insecticides.Thiotraniliprole,a novel synthetic diamide insecticide,exhibits excellent activity against P.xylost...Plutella xylostella,a major pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide,has developed resistance to diamide insecticides.Thiotraniliprole,a novel synthetic diamide insecticide,exhibits excellent activity against P.xylostella.In the present study,we aimed to confirm the resistance risk,cross-resistance,and mechanisms of resistance to thiotraniliprole in P.xylostella.After 40 consecutive generations of thiotraniliprole selection,we obtained a thiotraniliprole-resistance P.xylostella strain with a 5141.58-fold resistance ratio(RR)to thiotraniliprole.The overall realized heritability(h^(2))value of resistance was estimated as 0.9 using threshold trait analysis,indicating that the risk of developing resistance to thiotraniliprole is high in P.xylostella.The thiotraniliprole-resistant(TR)strain showed noticeable cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole(RR=44670.05),cyantraniliprole(RR=7038.58),and tetrachlorantraniliprole(RR=1506.01),but no cross-resistance to tolfenpyrad,indoxacarb,diafenthiuron,or abamectin compared with the susceptible(S)strain.The enzyme assay data showed that the activities of glutathione-S transferase(GST),carboxylesterase(CarE),and the content of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(P450s)were significantly higher in the TR strain than in the S strain.Sequencing of the full-length PxRyR cDNA revealed the gene site I4790K in the TR strain with a 100%frequency.This mutation in PxRyR likely underlies the high-level cross-resistance between thiotraniliprole and three other diamide insecticides.These findings provide valuable information for optimizing resistance management strategies to delay thiotraniliprole resistance development and ensure sustainable control of P.xylostella.展开更多
In recent years,chiral inorganic nanomaterials have become promising candidates for applications in sensing,catalysis,biomedicine,and photonics.Plasmonic nanomaterials with an intrinsic chiral structure exhibit intrig...In recent years,chiral inorganic nanomaterials have become promising candidates for applications in sensing,catalysis,biomedicine,and photonics.Plasmonic nanomaterials with an intrinsic chiral structure exhibit intriguing geometry‑dependent optical chirality,which benefits the combination of plasmonic characteristics with chirality.Recent advances in the biomolecule‑directed geometric control of intrinsically chiral plasmonic nanomaterials have further provided great opportunities for their widespread applications in many emerging technological areas.In this review,we present the recent progress in biosensing using chiral inorganic nanomaterials,with a particular focus on electrochemical and enzyme‑mimicking catalytic approaches.This paper commences with a review of the basic tenets underlying chiral nanocatalysts,incorporating the chiral ligand‑induced mechanism and the architectures of intrinsically chiral nanostructures.Additionally,it methodically expounds upon the applications of chiral nanocatalysts in the realms of electrochemical biosensing and enzyme‑mimicking catalytic biosensing respectively.Conclusively,it proffers a prospective view of the hurdles and prospects that accompany the deployment of chiral nanoprobes for nascent biosensing applications.By rational design of the chiral nanoprobes,it is envisioned that biosensing with increasing sensitivity and resolution toward the single‑molecule level can be achieved,which will substantially promote sensing applications in many emerging interdisciplinary areas.展开更多
UBE2O is a distinctive ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme characterized by its large size(1292 residues)and dual E2/E3 enzymatic activities,enabling diverse ubiquitylation types.Unlike typical E2 enzymes(150~200 residues),U...UBE2O is a distinctive ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme characterized by its large size(1292 residues)and dual E2/E3 enzymatic activities,enabling diverse ubiquitylation types.Unlike typical E2 enzymes(150~200 residues),UBE2O’s multifunctionality allows it to regulate substrate degradation,subcellular localization,and functional modulation.Emerging studies highlight its critical roles in protein quality control,erythroid differentiation,metabolic regulation,and maintenance of circadian rhythm.Dysregulation of UBE2O is implicated in various diseases,including cancers,neurodegenerative disorders,and metabolic diseases.This review extensively discusses the unique structural features,diverse biological functions,and pathological roles of UBE2O,as well as its therapeutic potential for associated diseases.展开更多
基金supported by the funds of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019YFA0904700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471477)to Cheng Qi.
文摘Biological nitrogen fixation(BNF)and photosynthetic carbon fixation underpin food production and climate mitigation,yet natural systems are constrained by oxygen sensitivity,high energy demand,and inefficient catalysts.This review synthesizes advances that recast these processes as engineering targets and proposes a conceptual roadmap that bridges synthetic symbioses with the synthetic biology of enzymes and pathways.For BNF,progress spans cross-kingdom strategies—from refactoring nif gene sets and targeting nitrogenase assembly to eukaryotic organelles,to engineering plant-associated diazotrophs,rhizosphere control circuits,and emerging nodule-like microenvironments.For carbon assimilation,new-to-nature CO_(2)-fixation modules and photorespiratory bypasses illustrate how pathway redesign and alternative carboxylases can circumvent key Calvin–Benson–Bassham limitations,and expanding photosynthetic light capture offers additional leverage.Across these domains,we extract common design principles:(i)nitrogenase output is increasingly governed by carbon/energy supply and electron delivery as much as by oxygen protection;(ii)robust function requires compartment-aware enzyme–chassis coordination,substrate channeling,and dynamic regulation using sensors and control circuits;and(iii)scalable implementation may benefit from distributing metabolic labor across engineered consortia rather than forcing all functions into a single host.We discuss enabling technologies—including AI-guided protein design and directed evolution,cell-free prototyping,chassis toolkits,and materials/bioelectrochemical interfaces—that can accelerate design–build–test–learn cycles and reduce barriers to deployment.Together,these insights define a path toward integrated nitrogen and carbon fixation systems for low-emission agriculture and biomanufacturing.
基金supported by the SECIHTI project Ciencia Basica y de Frontera(No.CBF2023-2024-1141)https://secihti.mx/(accessed on 01 August 2025).
文摘Objectives:Oxidative stress(OS)plays a pivotal role in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases,which has sparked interest in molecules that modulate redox-regulating enzymes.Melatonin and its metabolites exhibit antioxidant properties;however,their molecular mechanisms of enzymatic and transcriptional modulation remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate,through an exploratory in silico approach,the interactions of melatonin and related compounds with OS-related enzymes to generate hypotheses about their role in cellular redox control.Methods:A rational selection of antioxidant,pro-oxidant,and transcriptional targets was performed.Ligands were optimized at the DFT level(M05-2X/6-311+G(d,p))and docked to OS related enzymes.Docking results were analyzed using polygenic antioxidant indices(PAOX)and a similarity interaction index(SSI).Molecular dynamics simulations of selected complexes provided additional insight into potential ligand-protein interaction mechanisms.Results:In silico analyses revealed that N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine(AMK),N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine(AFMK),and 3-hydroxymelatonin(3OH-M)could partially inhibit pro-oxidant enzymes such as neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS),5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX),thioredoxin reductase(TrxR),and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase(NOX5).The N-(2-(2-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide(IIcD)and N-(2-(6-hydroxy-7-mercapto-5-methoxy-1H-indol)ethyl)acetamide(dM38)derivatives could potentially stabilize superoxide dismutase(SOD1)and catalase(CAT)enzymes,respectively.Finally,AFMK and dM38 showed consistent interactions with transcriptional regulators,particularly peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPARα)and Kelchlike ECH-associated protein 1(KEAP1).Conclusion:These studies about melatonin-related compounds support a multifactorial profile of redox modulation and provide mechanistic hypotheses for future experimental validation.Among these approaches,the interaction-similarity index is introduced as a novel tool to facilitate the identification of promising redox-active candidates.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772637)。
文摘Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients,posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety.Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as a promising strategy due to its high efficiency and safety.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ZEN-degrading enzymes from a novel perspective,encompassing the types and catalytic mechanisms for characterizing ZEN-degrading enzymes,the methods for mining ZEN-degrading enzymes,the strategies for improving ZEN-degrading enzymes,and the applications of ZEN-degrading enzymes.The objective of this review is to offer a reliable reference framework for the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN in feed and feed ingredients,as well as to provide insights for mining other mycotoxin degrading enzyme in the future.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,grant number(KFU252909).
文摘Phytophthora blight is a devastating disease of pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan)that severely impacts plant growth and productivity.This study investigates the morphological,anatomical,and biochemical responses of a susceptible variety(ICPL 11260)and a resistant variety(IPAC-02)following infection by Phytophthora.Morphological analyses showed that infection caused a drastic reduction in root length,shoot length,leaf number,fresh weight,and dry weight in the susceptible ICPL 11260 variety,with reductions ranging from 0.5-to 2-fold compared to non-infected controls.Anatomical observations revealed pronounced cellular damage and mycelial invasion in infected ICPL 11260 plants by 30 days after infection,whereas infected IPAC-02 plants exhibited no fungal colonization.Biochemical analyses further demonstrated that the resistant IPAC-02 variety accumulated higher levels of total soluble sugars,proteins,phenols,and flavonoids,along with increased activities of defense-related enzymes(chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase),compared with the susceptible ICPL 11260.Under P.cajani stress,IPAC-02 maintained significantly elevated osmolyte concentrations(total sugars 153.7 mg g^(−1)FW;proteins 25.4 mg g^(−1)FW),secondary metabolites(phenols 51.7 mg g^(−1)FW;flavonoids 33.1 mg g^(−1)FW),and PR-enzyme activities(chitinase 11.4 U mg^(−1)protein;β-1,3-glucanase 9.1 U mg^(−1)protein).These responses support a lignification-mediated defense mechanism in IPAC-02 and highlight its potential value for breeding Phytophthora-resistant pigeon pea cultivars.
文摘Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)productivity,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where soil salinization is intensifying.Developing cost-effective and practical strategies to enhance seedling establishment and early vigor under saline conditions is therefore essential.In this study,we compared two seed-priming agents-1 mM proline and 25 mM NaCl-under identical hydroponic conditions to elucidate tissue-specific responses to 25 mM NaCl stress.Proline priming significantly improved shoot length(by~23%),total chlorophyll content(by~19%),and ascorbate peroxidase(ASPOX)activity.In contrast,NaCl priming enhanced root biomass retention(by~38%)and peroxidase(POD)activity under salinity stress.Both priming treatments induced higher proline accumulation and antioxidant capacity,though with tissue-specific effects:proline favored aboveground resilience,while NaCl strengthened root ionic and oxidative balance.These findings highlight the complementary nature of proline and NaCl priming and support the concept of stress“memory,”whereby plants acquire enhanced readiness to cope with salinity.Integrating such priming strategies into chickpea cultivation could contribute to improved yield stability and sustainability in saline agroecosystems.
基金Egyptian Science and Technology and Innovation Fund(STIFA)for the support of the study through grant No.46667 entitled“Sustainability of Lab Capacities of the Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development”.
文摘Background:Corchorus olitorius L.(Malvaceae)is a green leafy vegetable widely consumed in the Middle East and valued for its rich nutritional content.Its essential oils,an important class of secondary metabolites,are of growing interest for potential use in cosmetics and fragrance industries due to their bioactive properties.Methods:Leaves of C.olitorius cultivated in Egypt were extracted using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation(MAHD)and conventional hydrodistillation(HD).The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)to characterize their chemical profiles.In vitro assays were conducted to evaluate their anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities,and in silico studies were performed to predict the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of major constituents.Results:GC-MS analysis showed that aldehydes,alkanes,fatty alcohols,fatty acids,and their derivatives were the predominant compound classes in both oils.Notably,oxygenated diterpenes(11.22%)were present exclusively in the MAHD oil,while triterpenoids(16.37%)were found only in the HD oil.The MAHD oil demonstrated stronger In vitro anti-elastase(IC_(50)=42.5μg/mL)and anti-collagenase(IC_(50)=131.5μg/mL)activities compared to the HD oil(IC_(50)=66.7 and 206.8μg/mL,respectively),reflecting an approximate 36.3%improvement in elastase inhibition and 36.4%improvement in collagenase inhibition.In silico docking indicated that the triterpenoidβ-amyrin acetate showed the highest predicted binding affinity for porcine pancreatic elastase(PDB ID:6QEO,ΔG=−8.1 kcal/mol)and collagenase(PDB ID:456C,ΔG=−9.1 kcal/mol)among the major compounds analyzed.Conclusion:These findings demonstrate that MAHD is a greener and more efficient extraction method,yielding oil with enhanced enzyme inhibitory activity compared to conventional HD.The promising anti-elastase and anti-collagenase properties suggest that C.olitorius MAHD oil could serve as a potential candidate for anti-aging cosmetic formulations,following further validation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD2301300)the National Rice Industry Technology System,China(Grant No.CARS-01).
文摘Flooding stress is a major adverse condition during the emergence period of direct-seeded rice.This study investigated the use of wood vinegar as a seed soaking treatment to enhance rice seedling rates under flooding stress,exploring both the methodology and physiological mechanisms involved.The optimal seed soaking concentration was determined through a gradient experiment,followed by a multi-cultivar validation test.The physiological mechanism of wood vinegar soaking on seedling emergence was analyzed by measuring the electrical conductivity of the flooding water,the changes in starch and soluble sugar contents in the grains and sprouts,and the dynamics ofα-amylase activity and antioxidant-related enzyme activities in the sprouts.The results showed that soaking rice seeds in a wood vinegar solution at a low concentration significantly enhanced the emergence of rice seedlings under flooding conditions,with a 100-fold dilution having the most pronounced effect,increasing seedling rates by 50.6%-60.0%.Further analysis indicated that wood vinegar treatment enhanced seedling establishment by inducing a significant increase inα-amylase activity,leading to a 74.9%-213.6%increase in soluble sugar content in the sprouts during 2-8 d after flooding stress compared with the control.Additionally,the treatment increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in the sprouts,mitigating lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes,and notably lower water electrical conductivity was observed in wood vinegar-treated seeds compared with the control.In conclusion,soaking rice seeds in a 100-fold diluted wood vinegar solution improves rice seedling rates under flooding stress by mitigating oxidative damage and maintaining energy supply.This approach is valuable for developing cost-effective seed treatment technologies and offering novel strategies to improve seedling rates and uniformity of direct-seeded rice under flooding conditions.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,Nos.92256201,52273006,22071041,92356302,and 21971052)Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (No.20240101181JC) are gratefully appreciated for financial the supportssupported by the User Experiment Assist System of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF)。
文摘Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability.However,precise control and tune the pore size of such frameworks still remains a significant challenge to date.In this study,we constructed supramolecular polymer frameworks using rigid tetrahedral star polyisocyanides with tunable length and sufficiently narrow distribution as building block.First,a series of tetrahedral four-arm star polyisocyanides with controlled chain lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions was prepared via the Pd(Ⅱ)-catalyzed living isocyanide polymerization.Then 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone(Upy) unit was installed onto each chain-end of polyisocyanide arms via post-polymerization functionalization.Leveraging the supramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the terminal Upy units,well-ordered supramolecular polymer frameworks were readily obtained.Notably,the pore size was dependent on the chain length of the polyisocyanide arms.Precisely control the chain length of polyisocyanide arms,supramolecular polymer frameworks with pore sizes ranging from 5.06 nm to 9.72 nm were achieved.These frameworks,with tunable and large pore apertures,demonstrated exceptional capabilities in encapsulating enzymes of different sizes,such as lipase(TL),horseradish peroxidase(HRP),and glucose oxidase(GOx).The encapsulated enzymes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity and durability.Moreover,the frameworks' tunable and large pore apertures facilitated the co-encapsulation of multiple enzymes,enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade reactions.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472594).
文摘Locust plagues result in significant agricultural and ecological damage,and the current dependence on broadspectrum chemical pesticides raises serious concerns regarding environmental sustainability and public health.In this study,we elucidated the biosynthetic pathway of the locust aggregation pheromone 4-vinylanisole(4VA).Through analysis of the crystal structure of the 4VPMT2-4VA-SAM complex,it was determined that 4-nitrophenol acts as a substrate analogue,effectively inhibiting 4VPMT enzyme activity and thereby preventing the formation of 4VA.This study revealed key enzymatic targets and lead inhibitors for intervention,establishing a molecular foundation for pheromone-based,environmentally sustainable locust control strategies and offering a viable alternative to reduce reliance on conventional chemical pesticides.
基金supported by Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana,India,for providing the infrastructure and other facilities for conducting experiments.All other forms of support and financial assistance are duly acknowledged.
文摘Brown spot(BS)of rice,caused by Bipolaris oryzae,is a serious concern that not only causes quantitative losses but also affects grain quality.To manage this disease,the use of resistant genetic sources and QTLs is an eco-friendly and economical option.In the current study,F_(3) progenies derived from a cross of susceptible parent PMS-18-B(PAU 10845-1-1-1-1)×resistant parent RP Path 77(RP patho-17)were used to identify potential QTLs linked to BS resistance and to associate this resistance with a temporal spike in defense-related enzymes.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Government of India(DBT),TWAS,and the Ministry of Innovative Development of Uzbekistan。
文摘The combined effects of macronutrients(Nitrogen,Phosphorus,and Potassium-N,P,K)and micronutrient fertilization on turmeric yield,soil enzymatic activity,microbial biomass,and nutrient dynamics remains poorly understood,despite their significance for sustainable soil fertility management and optimizing crop productivity across diverse agroecosystems.To investigate,a net house experiment on sandy loam Haplic Chernozem was conducted to 03 fertilizer regimes,viz.N_(75)P_(50)K_(50)kg ha^(−1)(T-2),N_(12)5P_(100)K_(100)kg ha^(−1)(T-3),and N_(100)P_(75)K_(75)+B_(3)Zn_(6)Fe_(6)kg ha^(−1)(T-4).Furthermore,the influence of these treatments was systematically assessed on soil nutrient status(N,P,K),enzymatic activities(alkaline phosphomonoesterase,dehydrogenase,fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis),microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and soil organic carbon(SOC).Balanced fertilization significantly turmeric productivity and soil health.All three fertilizer treatments showed a clear yield increase compared to the unfertilized control.Compared to the control,N_(75)P_(50)K_(50)kg/ha T-2 increased rhizome number and biomass per plant by 44.7%and 16.3%,respectively,while N_(100)P_(75)K_(75)+B_(3)Zn_(6)Fe_(6)kg/ha T-4 further enhanced them by 86.6%and 27.7%.T-3 produced the most significant yield response by increasing the rhizome biomass by 38.0%and rhizome number per plant by 100%compared to the control.The nutrient availability was also substantially improved.T-2 enhanced the soil nitrogen contents by 83.3%with maximum N levels observed in T-3&T-4.Phosphorus increased by 61.5%in T-3 and 37.3%in T-4,while potassium was enhanced by 12.9%in T-3 relative to the control,respectively.Enzymatic activities were markedly enhanced as T-3 was recorded to improve alkaline phosphomonoesterase(APA),dehydrogenase(DHA)and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis(FDA)by 50.6%,37.4%,and 43.4%,where T-4 increased by 32.2%,30.9%,and 35.9%,respectively compared to control.MBC and SOC also rose significantly,with SOC increased by 13.8%(T-2),41.6%(T-3),and 47.2%(T-3)relative to control.The result of this study demonstrates that the integrated macroµnutrient fertilization,particularly T-37 T-4 treatments,sustainably enhanced turmeric yield,soil nutrient availability,enzyme activity,microbial biomass,and organic carbon.These findings highlight the critical role of balanced nutrient management in sustaining soil fertility and crop productivity across agroecosystems.
文摘Inborn errors of metabolism(IEMs)are a large group of disorders resulting from deficient activities in several metabolic pathways due to the dysfunction of a distinct enzyme associated with a biochemical pathway[1,2].Toxic intermediates will be produced due to the dysfunction of biochemical pathways.The liver is responsible for many essential metabolic processes,therefore it becomes one of the most severely affected organ by metabolic diseases[3].Early onset of liver disorders in IEMs includes jaundice,hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,ascites,hepatic encephalopathy,and liver failure[4].In infants and young children under 3 years old with acute liver failure(ALF),IEMs account for 18.9%-43%[5].
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0905100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21991102,22378227).
文摘Constructing a framework carrier to stabilize protein conformation,induce high embedding efficiency,and acquire low mass-transfer resistance is an urgent issue in the development of immobilized enzymes.Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs)have promising application potential for embedding enzymes.In fact,no metal involvement is required,and HOFs exhibit superior biocompatibility,and free access to substrates in mesoporous channels.Herein,a facile in situ growth approach was proposed for the self-assembly of alcohol dehydrogenase encapsulated in HOF.The micron-scale bio-catalytic composite was rapidly synthesized under mild conditions(aqueous phase and ambient temperature)with a controllable embedding rate.The high crystallinity and periodic arrangement channels of HOF were preserved at a high enzyme encapsulation efficiency of 59%.This bio-composite improved the tolerance of the enzyme to the acid-base environment and retained 81%of its initial activity after five cycles of batch hydrogenation involving NADH coenzyme.Based on this controllably synthesized bio-catalytic material and a common lipase,we further developed a two-stage cascade microchemical system and achieved the continuous production of chiral hydroxybutyric acid(R-3-HBA).
文摘Background:This study evaluates the efficacy of gabexate mesylate thermosensitive in-situ gel(GMTI) in the treatment of beagle grade Ⅲ pancreatic trauma(PT) with the assistance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and investigates its mechanism of action.Methods:A grade Ⅲ PT model consisting of 15 beagle dogs with severed main pancreatic ducts was created and treated with cephalic vein injection of gabexate mesylate(GM)(1.54mL/10kg,TID) and peripancreatic injection of GMTI(4.63 mL/10 kg,QD) guided by CEUS within 24h post-surgery.Ascites and serum levels of amylase(AMY),lipase(LPS),C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,and urinary trypsinogen activating peptide(TAP) were detected by ELISA.Histopathological changes in the canine pancreas were observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining.Results:CEUS accurately displayed pancreatic lesions and guided catheterisation.Compared to the control group,the ascites was significantly reduced after treatment(p<0.01).AMY and LPS ascites significantly decreased on post-operative 1st and 2nd day(p<0.01).The levels of AMY,LPS,CRP,IL-6,and TNF-α in serum were decreased(p<0.05 or p <0.01).Urinary TAP was decreased 1 and 2 days after treatment(p<0.05or p<0.01,respectively).In the control group,pancreatic tissue necrosis was evident in the wound area.Normal glandular cell structures and fibrous tissue hyperplasia were observed in the wound area after GMTI treatment.The GMTI group performed better than the GM group in improving pancreatic histology and reducing AMY levels in the early post-operative period.Conclusion:Guided by CEUS,daily peripancreatic injections of GMTI in Beagles effectively inhibit pancreatic enzyme activity and aid in the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic trauma.
基金Projects(2019NY-200,2020ZDLNY06-06,2020ZDLNY07-10)supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,ChinaProject(2019YFC1803604)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China。
文摘Lead(Pb)and zinc(Zn)are widely recognized as common environmental contaminants,contributing to soil degradation and posing risks to environmental health.Combining functional carbon-based materials with microorganisms has been considered as an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for remediating Pb/Zn-contaminated soil.However,there is still a lack of understanding the connection between heavy metal immobilization and plant responses,which hampers practical applications.Here,a 90-day pot experiment was conducted to investigate the integrated effects of biochar(WS700)and microorganisms including inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(IPSB)and sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)on Pb and Zn synchronous immobilization and the physiological responses of Brassica rapa var.chinensis(Brassica).Compared with CK,bacteria-loaded biochar treatment declined the exchangeable Pb and Zn fraction by 94.69%−98.37%and 94.55%−99.52%,while increasing the residual state Pb and Zn by 75.50%−208.58%and 96.71%−110.85%,respectively.Three amendments enhanced Brassica growth by improving total chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)activities.The bacteria-loaded biochar treatment effectively regulated stomatal conductance and reduced intercellular CO_(2) concentration.Moreover,compared with CK,three amendments reduced MDA content by 28.84%,28.30%and 41.60%,respectively,under the high concentration of Pb and Zn.The findings demonstrated the significant role of bacterial-biochar consortia in immobilizing Pb and Zn and mitigating Pb and Zn-induced stress in plants by regulating photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82172915,No.81972648,and No.81773011Chongqing Medical University Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine,No.W0084+1 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chongqing Medical Universityand Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0134.
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)enters host cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptor.Mounting evidence has indicated the presence of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and liver injury in pa-tients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Understanding the mechanisms of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for addressing COVID-19–related liver pathology and developing targeted therapies.This editorial discusses the signi-ficance of ACE2 in hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,drawing on the research by Jacobs et al.Their findings indicate that hepatic ACE2 expression,frequency of hepatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,and severity of liver injury are elevated in patients with pre-existing chronic liver diseases.These data suggest that hepatic ACE2 could be a promising therapeutic target for COVID-19.
基金supported by STI2030-Major Projects,No.2021ZD 0201801(to JG)Shanxi Province Basic Research Program,No.20210302123429(to QS).
文摘In patients with Alzheimer’s disease,gamma-glutamyl transferase 5(GGT5)expression has been observed to be downregulated in cerebrovascular endothelial cells.However,the functional role of GGT5 in the development of Alzheimer’s disease remains unclear.This study aimed to explore the effect of GGT5 on cognitive function and brain pathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,as well as the underlying mechanism.We observed a significant reduction in GGT5 expression in two in vitro models of Alzheimer’s disease(Aβ_(1-42)-treated hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells),as well as in the APP/PS1 mouse model.Additionally,injection of APP/PS1 mice with an adeno-associated virus encoding GGT5 enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and mitigated cognitive deficits.Interestingly,increasing GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells reduced levels of both soluble and insoluble amyloid-βin the brains of APP/PS1 mice.This effect may be attributable to inhibition of the expression ofβ-site APP cleaving enzyme 1,which is mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B.Our findings demonstrate that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is inversely associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis,and that GGT5 upregulation mitigates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice.These findings suggest that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program(No:LGN21C140001).
文摘Plutella xylostella,a major pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide,has developed resistance to diamide insecticides.Thiotraniliprole,a novel synthetic diamide insecticide,exhibits excellent activity against P.xylostella.In the present study,we aimed to confirm the resistance risk,cross-resistance,and mechanisms of resistance to thiotraniliprole in P.xylostella.After 40 consecutive generations of thiotraniliprole selection,we obtained a thiotraniliprole-resistance P.xylostella strain with a 5141.58-fold resistance ratio(RR)to thiotraniliprole.The overall realized heritability(h^(2))value of resistance was estimated as 0.9 using threshold trait analysis,indicating that the risk of developing resistance to thiotraniliprole is high in P.xylostella.The thiotraniliprole-resistant(TR)strain showed noticeable cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole(RR=44670.05),cyantraniliprole(RR=7038.58),and tetrachlorantraniliprole(RR=1506.01),but no cross-resistance to tolfenpyrad,indoxacarb,diafenthiuron,or abamectin compared with the susceptible(S)strain.The enzyme assay data showed that the activities of glutathione-S transferase(GST),carboxylesterase(CarE),and the content of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(P450s)were significantly higher in the TR strain than in the S strain.Sequencing of the full-length PxRyR cDNA revealed the gene site I4790K in the TR strain with a 100%frequency.This mutation in PxRyR likely underlies the high-level cross-resistance between thiotraniliprole and three other diamide insecticides.These findings provide valuable information for optimizing resistance management strategies to delay thiotraniliprole resistance development and ensure sustainable control of P.xylostella.
文摘In recent years,chiral inorganic nanomaterials have become promising candidates for applications in sensing,catalysis,biomedicine,and photonics.Plasmonic nanomaterials with an intrinsic chiral structure exhibit intriguing geometry‑dependent optical chirality,which benefits the combination of plasmonic characteristics with chirality.Recent advances in the biomolecule‑directed geometric control of intrinsically chiral plasmonic nanomaterials have further provided great opportunities for their widespread applications in many emerging technological areas.In this review,we present the recent progress in biosensing using chiral inorganic nanomaterials,with a particular focus on electrochemical and enzyme‑mimicking catalytic approaches.This paper commences with a review of the basic tenets underlying chiral nanocatalysts,incorporating the chiral ligand‑induced mechanism and the architectures of intrinsically chiral nanostructures.Additionally,it methodically expounds upon the applications of chiral nanocatalysts in the realms of electrochemical biosensing and enzyme‑mimicking catalytic biosensing respectively.Conclusively,it proffers a prospective view of the hurdles and prospects that accompany the deployment of chiral nanoprobes for nascent biosensing applications.By rational design of the chiral nanoprobes,it is envisioned that biosensing with increasing sensitivity and resolution toward the single‑molecule level can be achieved,which will substantially promote sensing applications in many emerging interdisciplinary areas.
基金Supported by Special Projects in Key Areas for Guangdong Provincial Colleges and Universities (No.2021ZDZX2009)Guangzhou Medical University Discipline Construction Funds (Basic Medicine)(No.JCXKJS2022A05)。
文摘UBE2O is a distinctive ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme characterized by its large size(1292 residues)and dual E2/E3 enzymatic activities,enabling diverse ubiquitylation types.Unlike typical E2 enzymes(150~200 residues),UBE2O’s multifunctionality allows it to regulate substrate degradation,subcellular localization,and functional modulation.Emerging studies highlight its critical roles in protein quality control,erythroid differentiation,metabolic regulation,and maintenance of circadian rhythm.Dysregulation of UBE2O is implicated in various diseases,including cancers,neurodegenerative disorders,and metabolic diseases.This review extensively discusses the unique structural features,diverse biological functions,and pathological roles of UBE2O,as well as its therapeutic potential for associated diseases.
