Bioavailability is a critical factor for assessing the environmental risk of organic pollutants in soil. In this study, extractions with 3 different solvents, including 2 aqueous solutions, calcium chloride(CaCl_2) an...Bioavailability is a critical factor for assessing the environmental risk of organic pollutants in soil. In this study, extractions with 3 different solvents, including 2 aqueous solutions, calcium chloride(CaCl_2) and a phosphate buffer solution(PBS), and a mixture of aqueous solution and organic solvent, a PBS-methanol(8:2,volume/volume) mixture(PBS-M), were performed to assess the bioavailability of chlorimuron-ethyl in soil in comparison to a battery of toxicity tests in wheat seedlings. The results indicated that the peroxidase(POD) activity in wheat leaves after 7 d of exposure was one of the sensitive biomarkers of chlorimuron-ethyl in soil.The extractability of chlorimuron-ethyl by all the 3 solvents decreased with exposure time, and the rate of decrease of the PBS-M extraction between 1 and 7 d of exposure was substantially higher than those of the aqueous solution extractions. Chlorimuron-ethyl gradually changed from a water-soluble form into a soil organic matter(SOM)-bound form in the soil. The PBS extraction correlated best with the POD activity in the leaves after 7 d of exposure.展开更多
Fossil fuels-instrumental in powering the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution-are now under heightened scrutiny due to environmental concerns and carbon emissions.Consequently,there is a global impetus towards ac...Fossil fuels-instrumental in powering the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution-are now under heightened scrutiny due to environmental concerns and carbon emissions.Consequently,there is a global impetus towards achieving carbon-neutral energy production,with solar energy emerging as a cornerstone in this transition.Over the past three decades,dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs)have gained increasing prominence due to their unique advantages.This review elucidates several crucial elements essential to DSSC construction,notably bio-nano materials,prized for their structural flexibility,cost-effectiveness and high molar absorption coefficient.It delves into the intricate relationship between molecular structure and DSSC performance,showcasing significant advancements with light-to-power conversion efficiencies reaching 11%.A comprehensive analysis of the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs utilizing bio-nano-based dyes offers invaluable insights into the state of this rapidly evolving industry.Key components under scrutiny include transparent conductive oxide(TCO)layers,physical techniques for metal oxide deposition onto TCO thin films,diverse dye variants and foundational knowledge of components ripe for growth and enhancement.Moreover,the review outlines the latest breakthroughs in the field,providing glimpses into the current status of prototype DSSCs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41401565,41201520 and 20807046)
文摘Bioavailability is a critical factor for assessing the environmental risk of organic pollutants in soil. In this study, extractions with 3 different solvents, including 2 aqueous solutions, calcium chloride(CaCl_2) and a phosphate buffer solution(PBS), and a mixture of aqueous solution and organic solvent, a PBS-methanol(8:2,volume/volume) mixture(PBS-M), were performed to assess the bioavailability of chlorimuron-ethyl in soil in comparison to a battery of toxicity tests in wheat seedlings. The results indicated that the peroxidase(POD) activity in wheat leaves after 7 d of exposure was one of the sensitive biomarkers of chlorimuron-ethyl in soil.The extractability of chlorimuron-ethyl by all the 3 solvents decreased with exposure time, and the rate of decrease of the PBS-M extraction between 1 and 7 d of exposure was substantially higher than those of the aqueous solution extractions. Chlorimuron-ethyl gradually changed from a water-soluble form into a soil organic matter(SOM)-bound form in the soil. The PBS extraction correlated best with the POD activity in the leaves after 7 d of exposure.
文摘Fossil fuels-instrumental in powering the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution-are now under heightened scrutiny due to environmental concerns and carbon emissions.Consequently,there is a global impetus towards achieving carbon-neutral energy production,with solar energy emerging as a cornerstone in this transition.Over the past three decades,dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs)have gained increasing prominence due to their unique advantages.This review elucidates several crucial elements essential to DSSC construction,notably bio-nano materials,prized for their structural flexibility,cost-effectiveness and high molar absorption coefficient.It delves into the intricate relationship between molecular structure and DSSC performance,showcasing significant advancements with light-to-power conversion efficiencies reaching 11%.A comprehensive analysis of the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs utilizing bio-nano-based dyes offers invaluable insights into the state of this rapidly evolving industry.Key components under scrutiny include transparent conductive oxide(TCO)layers,physical techniques for metal oxide deposition onto TCO thin films,diverse dye variants and foundational knowledge of components ripe for growth and enhancement.Moreover,the review outlines the latest breakthroughs in the field,providing glimpses into the current status of prototype DSSCs.
