Based on the experience of environmental acceptance tests for power transmission projects, the problems found in acceptance tests and the system shortcomings of acceptance test itself are analyzed. Recommendations are...Based on the experience of environmental acceptance tests for power transmission projects, the problems found in acceptance tests and the system shortcomings of acceptance test itself are analyzed. Recommendations are provided to improve the future work.展开更多
Since entering the 21st century, China's environmental protection work is facing new pressure, which makes environmental monitoring and environmental impact assessment become the key work. In the process of enviro...Since entering the 21st century, China's environmental protection work is facing new pressure, which makes environmental monitoring and environmental impact assessment become the key work. In the process of environmental protection acceptance monitoring, relevant management personnel should comply with relevant standards and regulations, enrich the acceptance items and specific contents and establish a more perfect environmental protection acceptance basis, so as to ensure the development of environmental protection acceptance monitoring smoothly.展开更多
The world consumes approximately 40 million tons of lubricants annually,and nearly half of them end up in the environment because of leaks,discharges,and evaporation,causing significant environmental and economic impa...The world consumes approximately 40 million tons of lubricants annually,and nearly half of them end up in the environment because of leaks,discharges,and evaporation,causing significant environmental and economic impacts.The need for moving toward environmentally acceptable lubricants(EALs)is increasingly being recognized.Synthetic ester,polyalkylene glycol,vegetable oil,and water are among the base fluids approved by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency for EALs.However,neat base fluids cannot fully meet the lubrication requirements without incorporating functional additives such as anti-wear,antioxidant,corrosion inhibitor,and viscosity modifiers.Both the performance and environmental compatibility of lubricant additives are critical.In this article,current and candidate EAL additives,both in liquid and solid forms,are reviewed,with a focus on their functionalities in friction and wear reduction,toxicity,and biodegradability.Finally,a perspective for future research on EAL additives is discussed.展开更多
Stainless steel melting shops of Outokumpu Group are located in Finland,Sweden and England(UK). In all of the countries the European Union legislation is the same,but in practice the plants face different technical,ec...Stainless steel melting shops of Outokumpu Group are located in Finland,Sweden and England(UK). In all of the countries the European Union legislation is the same,but in practice the plants face different technical,economical and administrative challenges in developing sustainable treatments and use of by-products. Due to availability of good natural construction materials,the use of slag and other industrial by-products has been quite small in Northern Europe.Blast furnace slag has been completely utilized,while slag from stainless steel processes has earlier been regarded as waste.Steering of the metallurgical melt phase,slag cooling,treatment and metal recovery processes are the main technical challenges for increasing the sustainable use of stainless steel slag. Moreover,product properties have to fulfill standards and customer requirements.Dry or water-cooled EAF slag aggregates are typically used in road construction.Outokumpu has developed light mineral slag aggregates which are cooled in rapid water process.During this process,a specific structure and mineralogy is formed in the slag and leaching from the material decreases.In many regulatory discussions,it seems that there is not enough relevant scientific data from harmful compounds.Limit values are based only on laboratory tests and model estimations,not on the material use itself or real nature.A risk-based approach is needed when environmental acceptance is not clear.Limit values based on content are not applicable because environmental or health risks depend on the release or leaching of substances from the material.This is the case especially with metals.展开更多
文摘Based on the experience of environmental acceptance tests for power transmission projects, the problems found in acceptance tests and the system shortcomings of acceptance test itself are analyzed. Recommendations are provided to improve the future work.
文摘Since entering the 21st century, China's environmental protection work is facing new pressure, which makes environmental monitoring and environmental impact assessment become the key work. In the process of environmental protection acceptance monitoring, relevant management personnel should comply with relevant standards and regulations, enrich the acceptance items and specific contents and establish a more perfect environmental protection acceptance basis, so as to ensure the development of environmental protection acceptance monitoring smoothly.
基金supported by the Water Power Technologies Office and Vehicle Technologies Office,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,US Department of Energy(DOE).
文摘The world consumes approximately 40 million tons of lubricants annually,and nearly half of them end up in the environment because of leaks,discharges,and evaporation,causing significant environmental and economic impacts.The need for moving toward environmentally acceptable lubricants(EALs)is increasingly being recognized.Synthetic ester,polyalkylene glycol,vegetable oil,and water are among the base fluids approved by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency for EALs.However,neat base fluids cannot fully meet the lubrication requirements without incorporating functional additives such as anti-wear,antioxidant,corrosion inhibitor,and viscosity modifiers.Both the performance and environmental compatibility of lubricant additives are critical.In this article,current and candidate EAL additives,both in liquid and solid forms,are reviewed,with a focus on their functionalities in friction and wear reduction,toxicity,and biodegradability.Finally,a perspective for future research on EAL additives is discussed.
文摘Stainless steel melting shops of Outokumpu Group are located in Finland,Sweden and England(UK). In all of the countries the European Union legislation is the same,but in practice the plants face different technical,economical and administrative challenges in developing sustainable treatments and use of by-products. Due to availability of good natural construction materials,the use of slag and other industrial by-products has been quite small in Northern Europe.Blast furnace slag has been completely utilized,while slag from stainless steel processes has earlier been regarded as waste.Steering of the metallurgical melt phase,slag cooling,treatment and metal recovery processes are the main technical challenges for increasing the sustainable use of stainless steel slag. Moreover,product properties have to fulfill standards and customer requirements.Dry or water-cooled EAF slag aggregates are typically used in road construction.Outokumpu has developed light mineral slag aggregates which are cooled in rapid water process.During this process,a specific structure and mineralogy is formed in the slag and leaching from the material decreases.In many regulatory discussions,it seems that there is not enough relevant scientific data from harmful compounds.Limit values are based only on laboratory tests and model estimations,not on the material use itself or real nature.A risk-based approach is needed when environmental acceptance is not clear.Limit values based on content are not applicable because environmental or health risks depend on the release or leaching of substances from the material.This is the case especially with metals.
