Chinese English-learners always face many challenges when they try to acquire English language,not only in China's Mainland,but in Chinese communities overseas.Despite the prevalent challenge,such as cultural diff...Chinese English-learners always face many challenges when they try to acquire English language,not only in China's Mainland,but in Chinese communities overseas.Despite the prevalent challenge,such as cultural differences,the present paper tries to re-explore and refine these challenges and strategies,analyze the specific factors,such as age,accent,and thinking difference by using cognitive perspective and sociocultural perspective.To enhance English teaching and learning,it also makes deep discussions and provides some suggestions for future use.展开更多
Despite its recency as a research area, ecosystem service research has developed over the last decade into a signiifcant area of science. In this paper we review recent advances and challenges in ecosystem service res...Despite its recency as a research area, ecosystem service research has developed over the last decade into a signiifcant area of science. In this paper we review recent advances and challenges in ecosystem service research. Our review ifnds that （i） Ecosystem services are ubiquitous in biosphere. But they are treated differently among scientific communities. In order for the concept of ecosystem services to make a large and meaningful contribution to conservation and human wel-being, it needs to be clearly deifned and put into a framework so that it is both ift for a given research purpose and operational for management decisions. In addition, there is not one classiifcation scheme for al purposes. Ecosystem services should be classiifed based upon both the characteristics of ecosystem services of interest and a context for which the concept of ecosystem services is being mobilized. （i ） As sources of human wel-being, ecosystem services have several key ecological and economic characteristics such as complexity, spatial scales, public-private goods aspect and benefit dependence. Understanding these characteristics is a prerequisite for measuring, modeling, valuing and managing ecosystem services. （iii） Human demands for ecosystem services and the supply and use of them are three necessary linkages between ecosystems and human well-being. They are of great importance to such vital issues as ecological conservation and social equity. In most cases, integrated studies involving multi-disciplines, multi-sectors and multi-districts on those three linkages should be carried out to support sound ecosystem service management decisions. And （iv） ecosystem services have multiple value attributes including utilitarian values and non-utilitarian values. In the processes of making decisions concerning the use of ecosystem services, al kinds of values are usual y played out on a common and not always level playing ifeld. They intersect and interact in various ways, and may complement or counter-balance each other in assisting decisions. A multi-criteria valuation system should be developed and used to estimate the value of ecosystem services.展开更多
文摘Chinese English-learners always face many challenges when they try to acquire English language,not only in China's Mainland,but in Chinese communities overseas.Despite the prevalent challenge,such as cultural differences,the present paper tries to re-explore and refine these challenges and strategies,analyze the specific factors,such as age,accent,and thinking difference by using cognitive perspective and sociocultural perspective.To enhance English teaching and learning,it also makes deep discussions and provides some suggestions for future use.
基金National Social Science Fund of China(No.12BJL046)
文摘Despite its recency as a research area, ecosystem service research has developed over the last decade into a signiifcant area of science. In this paper we review recent advances and challenges in ecosystem service research. Our review ifnds that （i） Ecosystem services are ubiquitous in biosphere. But they are treated differently among scientific communities. In order for the concept of ecosystem services to make a large and meaningful contribution to conservation and human wel-being, it needs to be clearly deifned and put into a framework so that it is both ift for a given research purpose and operational for management decisions. In addition, there is not one classiifcation scheme for al purposes. Ecosystem services should be classiifed based upon both the characteristics of ecosystem services of interest and a context for which the concept of ecosystem services is being mobilized. （i ） As sources of human wel-being, ecosystem services have several key ecological and economic characteristics such as complexity, spatial scales, public-private goods aspect and benefit dependence. Understanding these characteristics is a prerequisite for measuring, modeling, valuing and managing ecosystem services. （iii） Human demands for ecosystem services and the supply and use of them are three necessary linkages between ecosystems and human well-being. They are of great importance to such vital issues as ecological conservation and social equity. In most cases, integrated studies involving multi-disciplines, multi-sectors and multi-districts on those three linkages should be carried out to support sound ecosystem service management decisions. And （iv） ecosystem services have multiple value attributes including utilitarian values and non-utilitarian values. In the processes of making decisions concerning the use of ecosystem services, al kinds of values are usual y played out on a common and not always level playing ifeld. They intersect and interact in various ways, and may complement or counter-balance each other in assisting decisions. A multi-criteria valuation system should be developed and used to estimate the value of ecosystem services.
