Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest managemen...Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest management.However,studies have shown that agroforestry can not only improve land productivity and biodiversity but also regulate some ecosystem services.This study reviews the impacts of physical and biological factors on herbivorous pests,parasites,and predatory natural enemies in fruit-crop agroforestry systems.Fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity by altering crop layouts,regulating the microclimate and soil quality,and offering food resources and shelter for natural enemies,thus promoting biological pest control.This enhances biological control and makes the agrocomplex system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that volatile plant substances attract or repel pests and natural enemies based on the characteristics of the insects themselves.When scientifically designed,fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity and favorable microclimatic conditions,which enhance biological pest control and make the agroforestry system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that fruit-crop agroforestry systems can provide richer food resources and habitat,enhancing biological pest control and improving pest management.展开更多
In the field of biological control of agricultural and forestry pests,natural enemy insects play an important role,constituting the core of modern integrated pest management(IPM)strategy,providing solid support for th...In the field of biological control of agricultural and forestry pests,natural enemy insects play an important role,constituting the core of modern integrated pest management(IPM)strategy,providing solid support for the zero growth goal of chemical pesticide use,and helping the sustainable development of green agriculture.The rise of the natural enemy insect industry has become a key driver of the transformation of green agriculture,injecting vitality into the sustainability and ecological protection of agriculture.With the increasing concern about food safety,environmental protection and ecological balance all over the world,the application scope of natural enemy insects as biological control means is constantly expanding.Its unique ecological adaptability and environmentally friendly characteristics help to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides,ensure the safety of agricultural products and maintain ecological diversity.The purpose of this study is to analyze the current situation of natural enemy insect industry,evaluate its cost and benefit,emphasize its great significance in promoting the transformation of green agriculture,improving production efficiency and promoting ecological protection by drawing lessons from foreign successful experiences,and explore an efficient and sustainable new agricultural development model.展开更多
Many territorial animals exhibit reduced aggression towards neighbours. Known as ＂the dear enemy effect＂, this phenomenon has been documented among conspecific animals across a wide range of animal taxa. In theory, ...Many territorial animals exhibit reduced aggression towards neighbours. Known as ＂the dear enemy effect＂, this phenomenon has been documented among conspecific animals across a wide range of animal taxa. In theory, the dear enemy ef- fect can also exist between individuals of different species, particularly when those species compete for shared resources. To date, a heterospecific dear enemy effects has only been documented in ants. In this study, we test for both a conspecific and heterospe- cific dear enemy effect in neotropical rufous-and-white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus. This species competes for resources with banded wrens Thryophilus pleurostictus, a closely related sympatric congener. We used acoustic playback to simulate ruf- ous-and-white wren and banded wren neighbours and non-neighbours at the edges of rufous-and-white wren territories. Ruf- ous-and-white wrens responded more strongly to signals from their own species, demonstrating that resident males discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific rivals. They did not, however, exhibit a conspecific dear enemy effect. Further, they did not exhibit a heterospecific dear enemy effect. This could be due to neighbours and non-neighbours posing similar levels of threat in this system, to the possibility that playback from the edges of the subjects＇ large territories did not simulate a threatening signal, or to other factors. Our study provides the first test of a heterospecific dear enemy effect in vertebrates, and presents a valuable experimental approach for testing for a heterospecific dear enemy effect in other animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 23-33, 2015].展开更多
Natural enemy insects are important factors in regulating plant invasion. The interactions between multiple insect species resulting from invasive plants remain poorly understood despite their potential. We observed n...Natural enemy insects are important factors in regulating plant invasion. The interactions between multiple insect species resulting from invasive plants remain poorly understood despite their potential. We observed notorious invasive plants Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel were competedly fed by Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Dorylus orientalis Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beside the scientific research base of Kunming University. It was first observed that D. orientalis was eating the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other root and stem tissues of E. adenophorum in soil. Two months later, it was observed that S. invicta ate the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other aboveground stem tissues of E. adenophorum. S. invicta attacked D. orientalis and displaced their living space by causing the later dead, injured, or even disabled. This phenomenon suggested that local herbivorous insects have adapted to E. adenophorum well, which will intensify the naturalization process of E. adenophorum in local habitats. In a homogeneous garden planting experiment of E. adenophorum conducted at the experimental base of Kunming University, the biomass of the introduced (China) populations of E. adenophorum was lower than that of the native (Mexico) populations, although there was no statistically significant difference. These results indicate a possible positive correlation between the increase in natural enemy pressure and the decrease in fitness of E. adenophorum.展开更多
THE year 2010 embraced the world＇s new manufacturing king, China, who regained the top manufacturer position after the United States had occupied it for more than 100 years since 1895. In 2010, China accounted for 19...THE year 2010 embraced the world＇s new manufacturing king, China, who regained the top manufacturer position after the United States had occupied it for more than 100 years since 1895. In 2010, China accounted for 19.8 percent of world manufacturing output, fractionally ahead of the United States with 19.4 percent. However, since China reversed to the top position, its manufacturing sector has been facing challenges and pressures.展开更多
To reveal the mechanism of control of the Woolly Apple Aphid （Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm, WAA） by increase of biodiversity in the apple orchard, a consecutive two-year field trials were conducted in Yurman province, C...To reveal the mechanism of control of the Woolly Apple Aphid （Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm, WAA） by increase of biodiversity in the apple orchard, a consecutive two-year field trials were conducted in Yurman province, China. The results showed that the peak of natural enemy density curve in the cover cropping orchard was well temporally synchronized with that of the WAA density on trees, but did not synchronize with that of WAA density on trees in clean orchard. In addition, the frequency of natural enemies and WAA within a same sample in cover cropping orchard was obviously higher than that in clean cultivated orchard during the peak of population curves, indicating that natural enemies spatially synchronized with aphids. The density of WAA for the whole growing season in cover cropping orchard was much less than that in clean orchard. Therefore, the temporal-spatial synchrony of natural enemy and aphid populations was proposed as one of the mechanisms for aphid control in cover cropped orchards.展开更多
The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swis...The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.展开更多
Aims We test the hypothesis that invasive plant species at their range edges experience lower herbivory and allocate less to defense at the edge of an expanding range edge than from more central parts of their distrib...Aims We test the hypothesis that invasive plant species at their range edges experience lower herbivory and allocate less to defense at the edge of an expanding range edge than from more central parts of their distribution,during secondary invasion in a new range.Invasive plants are often able to spread rapidly through new areas.The success of invasive species in new ranges is frequently attributed to enemy release in these new areas and associated evolutionary changes minimizing allocation to defense in favor of growth and reproduction.Enemy release could also explain rapid advances of invasive species upon arriving in new habitats.If invasive species accumulate enemies over time in a new location,then these species may experience a release from their enemies at expanding range fronts.Enemy release at these range fronts may accelerate range expansion.Methods We used populations of four woody invasive species within the invaded range,and four native control species.We quantified leaf herbivory and leaf physical defense traits at both range central and range edge locations,over two 1-month sampling periods,sampled 7 months apart.Important Findings Herbivory at the range edge did not differ to the range center but patterns were not consistent across species.There was a trend for lower herbivory at the range edge for Lantana camara,which was reflected in lower leaf toughness.Overall,leaf toughness was greater at the range edge location across invasive and control species.Physical defenses were different among range locations in a few species,though most species show the same trend,suggesting higher herbivory pressures at the range edge location or differences may be due to climatic factors.Leaves of L.camara were significantly less tough at range edges,suggesting that some species can potentially escape their enemies at range edges.However,our results overall do not support the hypothesis that plants at the edge of their ranges experience reduced impact from their enemies.展开更多
Background Cotton crop is infested by numerous arthropod pests from sowing to harvesting,causing substantial direct and indirect yield losses.Knowledge of seasonal population trends and the relative occurrence of pest...Background Cotton crop is infested by numerous arthropod pests from sowing to harvesting,causing substantial direct and indirect yield losses.Knowledge of seasonal population trends and the relative occurrence of pests and their natural enemies is required to minimize the pest population and yield losses.In the current study,analysis of the seasonal population trend of pests and natural enemies and their relative occurrence on cultivars of three cotton species in Central India has been carried out.Results A higher number and diversity of sucking pests were observed during the vegetative cotton growth stage(60 days after sowing),declining as the crop matured.With the exception of cotton jassid(Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida),which caused significant crop damage mainly from August to September;populations of other sucking insects seldom reached economic threshold levels(ETL)throughout the studied period.The bollworm complex populations were minimal,except for the pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders),which re-emerged as a menace to cotton crops during the cotton cropping season 2017–2018 due to resistance development against Bt-cotton.A reasonably good number of predatory arthropods,including coccinellids,lacewings,and spiders,were found actively preying on the arthropod pest complex of the cotton crop during the early vegetative growth stage.Linear regression indicates a significant relationship between green boll infestations and pink bollworm moths in pheromone traps.Multiple linear regression analyse showed mean weekly weather at one-or two-week lag periods had a significant impact on sucking pest population(cotton aphid,cotton jassid,cotton whitefly,and onion thrips)fluctuation.Gossypium hirsutum cultivars RCH 2 and DCH 32,and G.barbadense cultivar Suvin were found susceptible to cotton jassid and onion thrips.Phule Dhanvantary,an G.arboreum cotton cultivar,demonstrated the highest tolerance among all evaluated cultivars against all sucking pests.Conclusion These findings have important implications for pest management in cotton crops.Susceptible cultivars warrant more attention for plant protection measures,making them more input-intensive.The choice of appropriate cultivars can help minimize input costs,thereby increasing net returns for cotton farmers.展开更多
In this study,the Z-type control method is applied to an intraguild crop-pest-natural enemy model,assuming that the natural enemy can predate on both crop and pest populations.For this purpose,the indirect Z-type cont...In this study,the Z-type control method is applied to an intraguild crop-pest-natural enemy model,assuming that the natural enemy can predate on both crop and pest populations.For this purpose,the indirect Z-type controller is considered in the natural enemy population.After providing the design function for the crop-pest-natural enemy model with Z-control,we find the analytical expression of the update parameter.The findings indicate that the uncontrolled system can produce chaos through perioddoubling bifurcation due to crop over-consumption by the pest population.We draw a Poincare map to confirm the occurrence of chaos and compute the maximum Lyapunov exponent.As the observations further indicate that the pest population can be controlled by using an indirect Z-control mechanism in the natural enemy population,we postulate that,if natural enemy abundance can be governed by the update parameter,any desired pest population abundance can be achieved through the proposed Z-type controller,thus controlling the pest.To verify these assertions,extensive numerical simulations are performed to explore the potential for practical application of the proposed Z-type controller.展开更多
When I was thirteen years old,I had an enemy.Not a wanted(1)enemy,but an evil(2)one.He was one of my classmates.His name was Peter,and he was really mean(3).He always made fun of all my short-comings.My mother passed ...When I was thirteen years old,I had an enemy.Not a wanted(1)enemy,but an evil(2)one.He was one of my classmates.His name was Peter,and he was really mean(3).He always made fun of all my short-comings.My mother passed away④when I was ten,and he would even make fun of me for that!展开更多
DURING the War of Resistance Against Japan, I worked at the rural anti-Japanese revolutionary base behind enemy lines. The Beiyue District where I was working is the center of the Jin-Cha-Ji border region (where Shanx...DURING the War of Resistance Against Japan, I worked at the rural anti-Japanese revolutionary base behind enemy lines. The Beiyue District where I was working is the center of the Jin-Cha-Ji border region (where Shanxi, Inner Mongolia展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the predation of Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pirata procurva_ on Plutela xylostela larvae. [Method] The quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by the two spider speci...[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the predation of Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pirata procurva_ on Plutela xylostela larvae. [Method] The quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by the two spider species at different temperatures and the quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by P. pseudoannula-ta_in different volumes were analyzed. Based on three factors at five levels, the quadratic general regression rotation combination design was used to study the combined control effect of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae and the control effect of P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and Spodoptera litura. [Result] The quantities of P. xylostela_ larvae predated by the two spider species increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature, and the functional predation response of P. pseudoannulata and P. procurva_ on the fourth instar larvae of P. xylostela_fitted the Hol ing-Ⅱ model, and the Hol ing-Ⅲmodel could perfect the evaluation on the predation effect. Volume had great effect on the feeding of P. pseudoannulata. lnstantaneous attack ability （a’）, the time to handle one prey （Th） and predation function （a’/Th） in a smal er volume were al higher than that in a larger volume. The predation of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae was positively correlated with their densities. The overal effect of the three factors was： the density of P. xylostela＆gt;the density of P. procurva＆gt;the density of P. pseudoannulata. The densities of P. xylostela and S. litura larvae could affect the feeding amount of P. pseudoannulata. But there was no predation preference for P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and S. litura. [Con-clusion] The results wil provide a reference for the evaluation of control effect of_P. xylostela_by P. pseudoannulata_and P. procurva in the field.展开更多
American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and con...American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and control bottleneck factors for the invasive agricultural pest are analyzed, such as the main operation mode of the pest against host trees, diffusion and migration charaeteristies, biological characteristics, natural enemy control, pesticide prevention and so on. The re- search aims to search for the breakthrough point of the development of environment-friendly control techniques against American white moth, which also provides the reference for further improvement of integrated pest management system.展开更多
The screening of the natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope is the basic work for studying the biological control of pine wood nematode disease. The dead pine wood in different periods were anatomized and observ...The screening of the natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope is the basic work for studying the biological control of pine wood nematode disease. The dead pine wood in different periods were anatomized and observed to collect the subcutaneous insects and the insects within pine wood. The insects that could not be determined as trunk-boring pests were fed with Monochamus alternatus Hope larvae. The parasitic natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope larvae, Dastarcus helcphoroides, and six kinds of feeding natural enemies of Monochamus altematus larvae were found. And Dastarcus helcphoroide was first found in Guizhou.展开更多
Reproductive traits of one invasive population in Lake Fuxian and two native populations in Lakes Chao and Dongting for Pseudorasbora parva were investigated to determine the variations in their reproductive strategie...Reproductive traits of one invasive population in Lake Fuxian and two native populations in Lakes Chao and Dongting for Pseudorasbora parva were investigated to determine the variations in their reproductive strategies associated with the change of environmental conditions. Compared with the two native populations, P.parva markedly experienced the protraction in their spawning time and the decrease in mortality for adult individuals in Lake Fuxian. The three populations all got their first sexual maturity at the same age, but their total lengths at maturity were quite different for those in Lake Chao were significantly lower than in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting. Additionally, in spite that no significant difference occurred in their relative fecundities for P. parva in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting, the population in Lake Chao showed the markedly higher relative fecundity than the other two populations. These results were analyzed with the variations in water temperature, nutrient status, fishing stress among the three lakes. The relative decline in fecundity for the invasive population, which conflicted with the enemy release hypothesis, was disscussed with the context of the preponderance of another invasive fish, Neosalanx taihuensis, in Lake Fuxian.展开更多
文摘Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest management.However,studies have shown that agroforestry can not only improve land productivity and biodiversity but also regulate some ecosystem services.This study reviews the impacts of physical and biological factors on herbivorous pests,parasites,and predatory natural enemies in fruit-crop agroforestry systems.Fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity by altering crop layouts,regulating the microclimate and soil quality,and offering food resources and shelter for natural enemies,thus promoting biological pest control.This enhances biological control and makes the agrocomplex system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that volatile plant substances attract or repel pests and natural enemies based on the characteristics of the insects themselves.When scientifically designed,fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity and favorable microclimatic conditions,which enhance biological pest control and make the agroforestry system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that fruit-crop agroforestry systems can provide richer food resources and habitat,enhancing biological pest control and improving pest management.
文摘In the field of biological control of agricultural and forestry pests,natural enemy insects play an important role,constituting the core of modern integrated pest management(IPM)strategy,providing solid support for the zero growth goal of chemical pesticide use,and helping the sustainable development of green agriculture.The rise of the natural enemy insect industry has become a key driver of the transformation of green agriculture,injecting vitality into the sustainability and ecological protection of agriculture.With the increasing concern about food safety,environmental protection and ecological balance all over the world,the application scope of natural enemy insects as biological control means is constantly expanding.Its unique ecological adaptability and environmentally friendly characteristics help to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides,ensure the safety of agricultural products and maintain ecological diversity.The purpose of this study is to analyze the current situation of natural enemy insect industry,evaluate its cost and benefit,emphasize its great significance in promoting the transformation of green agriculture,improving production efficiency and promoting ecological protection by drawing lessons from foreign successful experiences,and explore an efficient and sustainable new agricultural development model.
文摘Many territorial animals exhibit reduced aggression towards neighbours. Known as ＂the dear enemy effect＂, this phenomenon has been documented among conspecific animals across a wide range of animal taxa. In theory, the dear enemy ef- fect can also exist between individuals of different species, particularly when those species compete for shared resources. To date, a heterospecific dear enemy effects has only been documented in ants. In this study, we test for both a conspecific and heterospe- cific dear enemy effect in neotropical rufous-and-white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus. This species competes for resources with banded wrens Thryophilus pleurostictus, a closely related sympatric congener. We used acoustic playback to simulate ruf- ous-and-white wren and banded wren neighbours and non-neighbours at the edges of rufous-and-white wren territories. Ruf- ous-and-white wrens responded more strongly to signals from their own species, demonstrating that resident males discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific rivals. They did not, however, exhibit a conspecific dear enemy effect. Further, they did not exhibit a heterospecific dear enemy effect. This could be due to neighbours and non-neighbours posing similar levels of threat in this system, to the possibility that playback from the edges of the subjects＇ large territories did not simulate a threatening signal, or to other factors. Our study provides the first test of a heterospecific dear enemy effect in vertebrates, and presents a valuable experimental approach for testing for a heterospecific dear enemy effect in other animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 23-33, 2015].
文摘Natural enemy insects are important factors in regulating plant invasion. The interactions between multiple insect species resulting from invasive plants remain poorly understood despite their potential. We observed notorious invasive plants Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel were competedly fed by Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Dorylus orientalis Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beside the scientific research base of Kunming University. It was first observed that D. orientalis was eating the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other root and stem tissues of E. adenophorum in soil. Two months later, it was observed that S. invicta ate the epidermis, cortex, phloem and other aboveground stem tissues of E. adenophorum. S. invicta attacked D. orientalis and displaced their living space by causing the later dead, injured, or even disabled. This phenomenon suggested that local herbivorous insects have adapted to E. adenophorum well, which will intensify the naturalization process of E. adenophorum in local habitats. In a homogeneous garden planting experiment of E. adenophorum conducted at the experimental base of Kunming University, the biomass of the introduced (China) populations of E. adenophorum was lower than that of the native (Mexico) populations, although there was no statistically significant difference. These results indicate a possible positive correlation between the increase in natural enemy pressure and the decrease in fitness of E. adenophorum.
文摘THE year 2010 embraced the world＇s new manufacturing king, China, who regained the top manufacturer position after the United States had occupied it for more than 100 years since 1895. In 2010, China accounted for 19.8 percent of world manufacturing output, fractionally ahead of the United States with 19.4 percent. However, since China reversed to the top position, its manufacturing sector has been facing challenges and pressures.
文摘To reveal the mechanism of control of the Woolly Apple Aphid （Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm, WAA） by increase of biodiversity in the apple orchard, a consecutive two-year field trials were conducted in Yurman province, China. The results showed that the peak of natural enemy density curve in the cover cropping orchard was well temporally synchronized with that of the WAA density on trees, but did not synchronize with that of WAA density on trees in clean orchard. In addition, the frequency of natural enemies and WAA within a same sample in cover cropping orchard was obviously higher than that in clean cultivated orchard during the peak of population curves, indicating that natural enemies spatially synchronized with aphids. The density of WAA for the whole growing season in cover cropping orchard was much less than that in clean orchard. Therefore, the temporal-spatial synchrony of natural enemy and aphid populations was proposed as one of the mechanisms for aphid control in cover cropped orchards.
文摘The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.
基金School of Biological,Earth and Environmental Sciences,UNSW Australia.
文摘Aims We test the hypothesis that invasive plant species at their range edges experience lower herbivory and allocate less to defense at the edge of an expanding range edge than from more central parts of their distribution,during secondary invasion in a new range.Invasive plants are often able to spread rapidly through new areas.The success of invasive species in new ranges is frequently attributed to enemy release in these new areas and associated evolutionary changes minimizing allocation to defense in favor of growth and reproduction.Enemy release could also explain rapid advances of invasive species upon arriving in new habitats.If invasive species accumulate enemies over time in a new location,then these species may experience a release from their enemies at expanding range fronts.Enemy release at these range fronts may accelerate range expansion.Methods We used populations of four woody invasive species within the invaded range,and four native control species.We quantified leaf herbivory and leaf physical defense traits at both range central and range edge locations,over two 1-month sampling periods,sampled 7 months apart.Important Findings Herbivory at the range edge did not differ to the range center but patterns were not consistent across species.There was a trend for lower herbivory at the range edge for Lantana camara,which was reflected in lower leaf toughness.Overall,leaf toughness was greater at the range edge location across invasive and control species.Physical defenses were different among range locations in a few species,though most species show the same trend,suggesting higher herbivory pressures at the range edge location or differences may be due to climatic factors.Leaves of L.camara were significantly less tough at range edges,suggesting that some species can potentially escape their enemies at range edges.However,our results overall do not support the hypothesis that plants at the edge of their ranges experience reduced impact from their enemies.
基金Funding support for the Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project(CROPSAP)。
文摘Background Cotton crop is infested by numerous arthropod pests from sowing to harvesting,causing substantial direct and indirect yield losses.Knowledge of seasonal population trends and the relative occurrence of pests and their natural enemies is required to minimize the pest population and yield losses.In the current study,analysis of the seasonal population trend of pests and natural enemies and their relative occurrence on cultivars of three cotton species in Central India has been carried out.Results A higher number and diversity of sucking pests were observed during the vegetative cotton growth stage(60 days after sowing),declining as the crop matured.With the exception of cotton jassid(Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida),which caused significant crop damage mainly from August to September;populations of other sucking insects seldom reached economic threshold levels(ETL)throughout the studied period.The bollworm complex populations were minimal,except for the pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders),which re-emerged as a menace to cotton crops during the cotton cropping season 2017–2018 due to resistance development against Bt-cotton.A reasonably good number of predatory arthropods,including coccinellids,lacewings,and spiders,were found actively preying on the arthropod pest complex of the cotton crop during the early vegetative growth stage.Linear regression indicates a significant relationship between green boll infestations and pink bollworm moths in pheromone traps.Multiple linear regression analyse showed mean weekly weather at one-or two-week lag periods had a significant impact on sucking pest population(cotton aphid,cotton jassid,cotton whitefly,and onion thrips)fluctuation.Gossypium hirsutum cultivars RCH 2 and DCH 32,and G.barbadense cultivar Suvin were found susceptible to cotton jassid and onion thrips.Phule Dhanvantary,an G.arboreum cotton cultivar,demonstrated the highest tolerance among all evaluated cultivars against all sucking pests.Conclusion These findings have important implications for pest management in cotton crops.Susceptible cultivars warrant more attention for plant protection measures,making them more input-intensive.The choice of appropriate cultivars can help minimize input costs,thereby increasing net returns for cotton farmers.
基金Dibyendu Sekhar Mandal thankfully acknowledges the University Grants Commission(Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for SC/ST Candidates)of India(Grant/Award Number:F1-17.1/2013-14/RGNF-2013-14-SC-WES-53863/(SA-III/Website)for the financial assistance in the form of Senior Research FellowshipA.Chekroun and M.Helal are supported by the DGRSDT,Algeria.
文摘In this study,the Z-type control method is applied to an intraguild crop-pest-natural enemy model,assuming that the natural enemy can predate on both crop and pest populations.For this purpose,the indirect Z-type controller is considered in the natural enemy population.After providing the design function for the crop-pest-natural enemy model with Z-control,we find the analytical expression of the update parameter.The findings indicate that the uncontrolled system can produce chaos through perioddoubling bifurcation due to crop over-consumption by the pest population.We draw a Poincare map to confirm the occurrence of chaos and compute the maximum Lyapunov exponent.As the observations further indicate that the pest population can be controlled by using an indirect Z-control mechanism in the natural enemy population,we postulate that,if natural enemy abundance can be governed by the update parameter,any desired pest population abundance can be achieved through the proposed Z-type controller,thus controlling the pest.To verify these assertions,extensive numerical simulations are performed to explore the potential for practical application of the proposed Z-type controller.
文摘When I was thirteen years old,I had an enemy.Not a wanted(1)enemy,but an evil(2)one.He was one of my classmates.His name was Peter,and he was really mean(3).He always made fun of all my short-comings.My mother passed away④when I was ten,and he would even make fun of me for that!
文摘DURING the War of Resistance Against Japan, I worked at the rural anti-Japanese revolutionary base behind enemy lines. The Beiyue District where I was working is the center of the Jin-Cha-Ji border region (where Shanxi, Inner Mongolia
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-IBFC09)Technical System of Vegetable Industry of Hunan Province+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501653)Earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-19-E09)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to explore the predation of Pardosa pseudoannulata and Pirata procurva_ on Plutela xylostela larvae. [Method] The quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by the two spider species at different temperatures and the quantities of P. xylostela larvae predated by P. pseudoannula-ta_in different volumes were analyzed. Based on three factors at five levels, the quadratic general regression rotation combination design was used to study the combined control effect of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae and the control effect of P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and Spodoptera litura. [Result] The quantities of P. xylostela_ larvae predated by the two spider species increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature, and the functional predation response of P. pseudoannulata and P. procurva_ on the fourth instar larvae of P. xylostela_fitted the Hol ing-Ⅱ model, and the Hol ing-Ⅲmodel could perfect the evaluation on the predation effect. Volume had great effect on the feeding of P. pseudoannulata. lnstantaneous attack ability （a’）, the time to handle one prey （Th） and predation function （a’/Th） in a smal er volume were al higher than that in a larger volume. The predation of the two spider species on P. xylostela_larvae was positively correlated with their densities. The overal effect of the three factors was： the density of P. xylostela＆gt;the density of P. procurva＆gt;the density of P. pseudoannulata. The densities of P. xylostela and S. litura larvae could affect the feeding amount of P. pseudoannulata. But there was no predation preference for P. pseudoannulata on the larvae of P. xylostela and S. litura. [Con-clusion] The results wil provide a reference for the evaluation of control effect of_P. xylostela_by P. pseudoannulata_and P. procurva in the field.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project in Langfang City(2009012009)~~
文摘American white moth is a remarkable worldwide quarantine pest. By the results combination of indoor incubation and field observation of American white moth in Langfang City of Hebei Province, series prevention and control bottleneck factors for the invasive agricultural pest are analyzed, such as the main operation mode of the pest against host trees, diffusion and migration charaeteristies, biological characteristics, natural enemy control, pesticide prevention and so on. The re- search aims to search for the breakthrough point of the development of environment-friendly control techniques against American white moth, which also provides the reference for further improvement of integrated pest management system.
基金Supported by Guizhou Agriculture Research Project " Research on Effective Prevention Technology of Major External Harmful Organisms of Pine Wood Nematode Disease(NY(2008)3052)~~
文摘The screening of the natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope is the basic work for studying the biological control of pine wood nematode disease. The dead pine wood in different periods were anatomized and observed to collect the subcutaneous insects and the insects within pine wood. The insects that could not be determined as trunk-boring pests were fed with Monochamus alternatus Hope larvae. The parasitic natural enemies of Monochamus altematus Hope larvae, Dastarcus helcphoroides, and six kinds of feeding natural enemies of Monochamus altematus larvae were found. And Dastarcus helcphoroide was first found in Guizhou.
基金funded by the Key Project for Knowledge Innovation of CAS(No.KSCX1-SW-13-04)the National Key Project for Basic Research of China (No.2009CB119200)
文摘Reproductive traits of one invasive population in Lake Fuxian and two native populations in Lakes Chao and Dongting for Pseudorasbora parva were investigated to determine the variations in their reproductive strategies associated with the change of environmental conditions. Compared with the two native populations, P.parva markedly experienced the protraction in their spawning time and the decrease in mortality for adult individuals in Lake Fuxian. The three populations all got their first sexual maturity at the same age, but their total lengths at maturity were quite different for those in Lake Chao were significantly lower than in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting. Additionally, in spite that no significant difference occurred in their relative fecundities for P. parva in Lakes Fuxian and Dongting, the population in Lake Chao showed the markedly higher relative fecundity than the other two populations. These results were analyzed with the variations in water temperature, nutrient status, fishing stress among the three lakes. The relative decline in fecundity for the invasive population, which conflicted with the enemy release hypothesis, was disscussed with the context of the preponderance of another invasive fish, Neosalanx taihuensis, in Lake Fuxian.
