Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backb...Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backbone for Industrial IoT, smart cities, and other autonomous systems. Due to the limited computing and memory capacity, these devices cannot maintain strong security if conventional security methods are applied such as heavy encryption. This article proposed a novel lightweight mutual authentication scheme including elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) driven end-to-end encryption through curve25519 such as (i): efficient end-to-end encrypted communication with pre-calculation strategy using curve25519;and (ii): elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) based mutual authentication technique through a novel lightweight hash function. The proposed scheme attempts to efficiently counter all known perception layer security threats. Moreover, the pre-calculated key generation strategy resulted in cost-effective encryption with 192-bit curve security. It showed comparative efficiency in key strength, and curve strength compared with similar authentication schemes in terms of computational and memory cost, communication performance and encryption robustness.展开更多
The ubiquity of instant messaging services on mobile devices and their use of end-to-end encryption in safeguarding the privacy of their users have become a concern for some governments. WhatsApp messaging service has...The ubiquity of instant messaging services on mobile devices and their use of end-to-end encryption in safeguarding the privacy of their users have become a concern for some governments. WhatsApp messaging service has emerged as the most popular messaging app on mobile devices today. It uses end-to-end encryption which makes government and secret services efforts to combat organized crime, terrorists, and child pornographers technically impossible. Governments would like a “backdoor” into such apps, to use in accessing messages and have emphasized that they will only use the “backdoor” if there is a credible threat to national security. Users of WhatsApp have however, argued against a “backdoor”;they claim a “backdoor” would not only be an infringement of their privacy, but that hackers could also take advantage of it. In light of this security and privacy conflict between the end users of WhatsApp and government’s need to access messages in order to thwart potential terror attacks, this paper presents the advantages of maintaining E2EE in WhatsApp and why governments should not be allowed a “backdoor” to access users’ messages. This research presents the benefits encryption has on consumer security and privacy, and also on the challenges it poses to public safety and national security.展开更多
Military image encryption plays a vital role in ensuring the secure transmission of sensitive visual information from unauthorized access.This paper proposes a new Tri-independent keying method for encrypting military...Military image encryption plays a vital role in ensuring the secure transmission of sensitive visual information from unauthorized access.This paper proposes a new Tri-independent keying method for encrypting military images.The proposed encryption method is based on multilevel security stages of pixel-level scrambling,bitlevel manipulation,and block-level shuffling operations.For having a vast key space,the input password is hashed by the Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit(SHA-256)for generating independently deterministic keys used in the multilevel stages.A piecewise pixel-level scrambling function is introduced to perform a dual flipping process controlled with an adaptive key for obscuring the spatial relationships between the adjacent pixels.Adynamicmasking scheme is presented for conducting a bit-level manipulation based on distinct keys that change over image regions,providing completely different encryption results on identical regions.To handle the global correlation between large-scale patterns,a chaotic index-map system is employed for shuffling image regions randomly across the image domain based on a logistic map seeded with a private key.Experimental results on a dataset of military images show the effectiveness of the proposed encryption method in producing excellent quantitative and qualitative results.The proposed method obtains uniform histogram distributions,high entropy values around the ideal(≈8 bits),Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR)values above 99.5%,and low Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)over all encrypted images.This validates the robustness of the proposed method against cryptanalytic attacks,verifying its ability to serve as a practical basis for secure image transmission in defense systems.展开更多
Driven by advancements in mobile internet technology,images have become a crucial data medium.Ensuring the security of image information during transmission has thus emerged as an urgent challenge.This study proposes ...Driven by advancements in mobile internet technology,images have become a crucial data medium.Ensuring the security of image information during transmission has thus emerged as an urgent challenge.This study proposes a novel image encryption algorithm specifically designed for grayscale image security.This research introduces a new Cantor diagonal matrix permutation method.The proposed permutation method uses row and column index sequences to control the Cantor diagonal matrix,where the row and column index sequences are generated by a spatiotemporal chaotic system named coupled map lattice(CML).The high initial value sensitivity of the CML system makes the permutation method highly sensitive and secure.Additionally,leveraging fractal theory,this study introduces a chaotic fractal matrix and applies this matrix in the diffusion process.This chaotic fractal matrix exhibits selfsimilarity and irregularity.Using the Cantor diagonal matrix and chaotic fractal matrix,this paper introduces a fast image encryption algorithm involving two diffusion steps and one permutation step.Moreover,the algorithm achieves robust security with only a single encryption round,ensuring high operational efficiency.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm features an expansive key space,robust security,high sensitivity,high efficiency,and superior statistical properties for the ciphered images.Thus,the proposed algorithm not only provides a practical solution for secure image transmission but also bridges fractal theory with image encryption techniques,thereby opening new research avenues in chaotic cryptography and advancing the development of information security technology.展开更多
With the rapid development of intelligent electronic and military equipment,multifunctional flexible materials that integrat electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,temperature sensing,and information encryption ar...With the rapid development of intelligent electronic and military equipment,multifunctional flexible materials that integrat electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,temperature sensing,and information encryption are urgently required.This study presents a bio-inspired hierarchical composite foam fabricated using supercritical nitrogen foaming technology.This material exhibits a honeycomb structure,with pore cell sizes controllable within a range of 30–92μm by regulating the filler.The carbon fiber felt(CFf)provides efficient reflection of electromagnetic waves,while the chloroprene rubber/carbon fiber/carbon black foam facilitates both wave absorption and temperature monitoring through its optimized conductive network.This synergistic mechanism results in an EMI shielding effectiveness(SE)of 60.06 d B with excellent temperature sensing performance(The temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR)is-2.642%/℃)in the 24–70℃ range.Notably,the material has a thermal conductivity of up to 0.159 W/(m·K),and the bio-inspired layered design enables information encryption,demonstrating the material's potential for secure communication applications.The foam also has tensile properties of up to 5.13 MPa and a tear strength of 33.02 N/mm.This biomimetic design overcomes the traditional limitations of flexible materials and provides a transformative solution for next-generation applications such as flexible electronics,aerospace systems and military equipment,which urgently need integrated electromagnetic protection,thermal management and information security.展开更多
The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks,expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media.Consequently...The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks,expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media.Consequently,the protection of sensitive data has become increasingly critical.Regardless of the complexity of the encryption algorithm used,a robust and highly secure encryption key is essential,with randomness and key space being crucial factors.This paper proposes a new Robust Deoxyribonucleic Acid(RDNA)nucleotide-based encryption method.The RDNA encryption method leverages the unique properties of DNA nucleotides,including their inherent randomness and extensive key space,to generate a highly secure encryption key.By employing transposition and substitution operations,the RDNA method ensures significant diffusion and confusion in the encrypted images.Additionally,it utilises a pseudorandom generation technique based on the random sequence of nucleotides in the DNA secret key.The performance of the RDNA encryption method is evaluated through various statistical and visual tests,and compared against established encryption methods such as 3DES,AES,and a DNA-based method.Experimental results demonstrate that the RDNA encryption method outperforms its rivals in the literature,and achieves superior performance in terms of information entropy,avalanche effect,encryption execution time,and correlation reduction,while maintaining competitive values for NMAE,PSNR,NPCR,and UACI.The high degree of randomness and sensitivity to key changes inherent in the RDNA method offers enhanced security,making it highly resistant to brute force and differential attacks.展开更多
Elliptic curve(EC)based cryptosystems gained more attention due to enhanced security than the existing public key cryptosystems.A substitution box(S-box)plays a vital role in securing modern symmetric key cryptosystem...Elliptic curve(EC)based cryptosystems gained more attention due to enhanced security than the existing public key cryptosystems.A substitution box(S-box)plays a vital role in securing modern symmetric key cryptosystems.However,the recently developed EC based algorithms usually trade off between computational efficiency and security,necessitating the design of a new algorithm with the desired cryptographic strength.To address these shortcomings,this paper proposes a new scheme based onMordell elliptic curve(MEC)over the complex field for generating distinct,dynamic,and highly uncorrelated S-boxes.Furthermore,we count the exact number of the obtained S-boxes,and demonstrate that the permuted version of the presented S-box is statistically optimal.The nonsingularity of the presented algorithm and the injectivity of the resultant output are explored.Rigorous theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposedmethod is highly effective in generating a large number of dynamic S-boxes with adequate cryptographic properties,surpassing current state-of-the-art S-box generation algorithms in terms of security.Apart fromthis,the generated S-box is benchmarked using side-channel attacks,and its performance is compared with highly nonlinear S-boxes,demonstrating comparable results.In addition,we present an application of our proposed S-box generator by incorporating it into an image encryption technique.The encrypted and decrypted images are tested by employing extensive standard security metrics,including the Number of Pixel Change Rate,the Unified Average Changing Intensity,information entropy,correlation coefficient,and histogram analysis.Moreover,the analysis is extended beyond conventional metrics to validate the new method using advanced tests,such as the NIST statistical test suite,robustness analysis,and noise and cropping attacks.Experimental outcomes show that the presented algorithm strengthens the existing encryption scheme against various well-known cryptographic attacks.展开更多
The rapid development of brain-like neural networks and secure data transmission technologies has placed greater demands on highly complex neural network systems and highly secure encryption methods.To this end,the pa...The rapid development of brain-like neural networks and secure data transmission technologies has placed greater demands on highly complex neural network systems and highly secure encryption methods.To this end,the paper proposes a novel high-dimensional memristor synapse-coupled hyperchaotic neural network by using the designed memristor as the synapse to connect an inertial neuron(IN)and a Hopfield neural network(HNN).By using numerical tools including bifurcation plots,phase plots,and basins of attraction,it is found that the dynamics of this system are closely related to the memristor coupling strength,self-connection synaptic weights,and inter-connection synaptic weights,and it can exhibit excellent hyperchaotic behaviors and coexisting multi-stable patterns.Through PSIM circuit simulations,the complex dynamics of the coupled IN-HNN system are verified.Furthermore,a DNA-encoded encryption algorithm is given,which utilizes generated hyperchaotic sequences to achieve encoding,operation,and decoding of DNA.The results show that this algorithm possesses strong robustness against statistical attacks,differential attacks,and noise interference,and can effectively resist known/selected plaintext attacks.This work will provide new ideas for the modeling of large-scale brainlike neural networks and high-security image encryption.展开更多
Robust encryption techniques require heavy computational capability and consume large amount of memory which are unaffordable for resource constrained IoT devices and Cyber-Physical Systems with an inclusion of genera...Robust encryption techniques require heavy computational capability and consume large amount of memory which are unaffordable for resource constrained IoT devices and Cyber-Physical Systems with an inclusion of general-purpose data manipulation tasks.Many encryption techniques have been introduced to address the inability of such devices,lacking in robust security provision at low cost.This article presents an encryption technique,implemented on a resource constrained IoT device(AVR ATmega2560)through utilizing fast execution and less memory consumption properties of curve25519 in a novel and efficient lightweight hash function.The hash function utilizes GMP library for multi-precision arithmetic calculations and pre-calculated curve points to devise a good cipher block using ECDH based key exchange protocols and large random prime number generator function.展开更多
The Terrestrial Trunked Radio（TETRA） system uses end-to-end encryption in addition to the air interface encryption to provide enhanced security. The TETRA system uses a synchronization technique known as frame steal...The Terrestrial Trunked Radio（TETRA） system uses end-to-end encryption in addition to the air interface encryption to provide enhanced security. The TETRA system uses a synchronization technique known as frame stealing to provide synchronization of end-to-end encrypted data. However, the frame stealing process degrades the quality of video. This paper proposes an end-to-end encryption system with the frame stealing technique for voice and frame insertion for video. A block cipher in the output feedback mode is used to implement the end-to-end key stream generator. Moreover. In the Short Data Service（SDS） message encryption , a block cipher in the Cipher Block Chaining （CBC） mode is used to calculate the cryptographically secure checksum, which is sufficient to certify the integrity.展开更多
A medical image encryption is proposed based on the Fisher-Yates scrambling,filter diffusion and S-box substitution.First,chaotic sequence associated with the plaintext is generated by logistic-sine-cosine system,whic...A medical image encryption is proposed based on the Fisher-Yates scrambling,filter diffusion and S-box substitution.First,chaotic sequence associated with the plaintext is generated by logistic-sine-cosine system,which is used for the scrambling,substitution and diffusion processes.The three-dimensional Fisher-Yates scrambling,S-box substitution and diffusion are employed for the first round of encryption.The chaotic sequence is adopted for secondary encryption to scramble the ciphertext obtained in the first round.Then,three-dimensional filter is applied to diffusion for further useful information hiding.The key to the algorithm is generated by the combination of hash value of plaintext image and the input parameters.It improves resisting ability of plaintext attacks.The security analysis shows that the algorithm is effective and efficient.It can resist common attacks.In addition,the good diffusion effect shows that the scheme can solve the differential attacks encountered in the transmission of medical images and has positive implications for future research.展开更多
Symmetric encryption algorithms learned by the previous proposed end-to-end adversarial network encryption communication systems are deterministic.With the same key and same plaintext,the deterministic algorithm will ...Symmetric encryption algorithms learned by the previous proposed end-to-end adversarial network encryption communication systems are deterministic.With the same key and same plaintext,the deterministic algorithm will lead to the same ciphertext.This means that the key in the deterministic encryption algorithm can only be used once,thus the encryption is not practical.To solve this problem,a nondeterministic symmetric encryption end-to-end communication system based on generative adversarial networks is proposed.We design a nonce-based adversarial neural network model,where a“nonce”standing for“number used only once”is passed to communication participants,and does not need to be secret.Moreover,we optimize the network structure through adding Batch Normalization(BN)to the CNNs(Convolutional Neural Networks),selecting the appropriate activation functions,and setting appropriate CNNs parameters.Results of experiments and analysis show that our system can achieve non-deterministic symmetric encryption,where Alice encrypting the same plaintext with the key twice will generate different ciphertexts,and Bob can decrypt all these different ciphertexts of the same plaintext to the correct plaintext.And our proposed system has fast convergence and the correct rate of decryption when the plaintext length is 256 or even longer.展开更多
This study constructs a function-private inner-product predicate encryption(FP-IPPE)and achieves standard enhanced function privacy.The enhanced function privacy guarantees that a predicate secret key skf reveals noth...This study constructs a function-private inner-product predicate encryption(FP-IPPE)and achieves standard enhanced function privacy.The enhanced function privacy guarantees that a predicate secret key skf reveals nothing about the predicate f,as long as f is drawn from an evasive distribution with sufficient entropy.The proposed scheme extends the group-based public-key function-private predicate encryption(FP-PE)for“small superset predicates”proposed by Bartusek et al.(Asiacrypt 19),to the setting of inner-product predicates.This is the first construction of public-key FP-PE with enhanced function privacy security beyond the equality predicates,which is previously proposed by Boneh et al.(CRYPTO 13).The proposed construction relies on bilinear groups,and the security is proved in the generic bilinear group model.展开更多
Data security is crucial for improving the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of the image content.Maintaining these security factors poses significant challenges,particularly in healthcare,business,and social...Data security is crucial for improving the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of the image content.Maintaining these security factors poses significant challenges,particularly in healthcare,business,and social media sectors,where information security and personal privacy are paramount.The cryptography concept introduces a solution to these challenges.This paper proposes an innovative hybrid image encryption algorithm capable of encrypting several types of images.The technique merges the Tiny Encryption Algorithm(TEA)and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)algorithms called(TEA-RSA).The performance of this algorithm is promising in terms of cost and complexity,an encryption time which is below 10ms was recorded.It is implied by correlation coefficient analysis that after encryption there is a notable decrease in pixel correlation,therefore making it effective at disguising pixel relationships via obfuscation.Moreover,our technique achieved the highest Normalized Pixel Cross-Correlation(NPCC),Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR)value over 99%consistent,and a Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI)value which stands at around 33.86 thereby making it insensitive to statistical attacks hence leading to massive alteration of pixel values and intensities.These make clear the resistance of this process to any sort of hacking attempt whatsoever that might want unauthorized access into its domain.It is important to note that the integrity of images is well preserved throughout encryption as well as decryption stages in line with these low decryption times are clear indications.These results collectively indicate that the algorithm is effective in ensuring secure and efficient image encryption while maintaining the overall integrity and quality of the encrypted images.The proposed hybrid approach has been investigated against cryptoanalysis such as Cyphertext-only attacks,Known-plaintext attacks,Chosen-plaintext attacks,and Chosen-ciphertext attacks.Moreover,the proposed approach explains a good achievement against cropping and differential attacks.展开更多
This paper introduces a novel lightweight colour image encryption algorithm,specifically designed for resource-constrained environments such as Internet of Things(IoT)devices.As IoT systems become increasingly prevale...This paper introduces a novel lightweight colour image encryption algorithm,specifically designed for resource-constrained environments such as Internet of Things(IoT)devices.As IoT systems become increasingly prevalent,secure and efficient data transmission becomes crucial.The proposed algorithm addresses this need by offering a robust yet resource-efficient solution for image encryption.Traditional image encryption relies on confusion and diffusion steps.These stages are generally implemented linearly,but this work introduces a new RSP(Random Strip Peeling)algorithm for the confusion step,which disrupts linearity in the lightweight category by using two different sequences generated by the 1D Tent Map with varying initial conditions.The diffusion stage then employs an XOR matrix generated by the Logistic Map.Different evaluation metrics,such as entropy analysis,key sensitivity,statistical and differential attacks resistance,and robustness analysis demonstrate the proposed algorithm's lightweight,robust,and efficient.The proposed encryption scheme achieved average metric values of 99.6056 for NPCR,33.4397 for UACI,and 7.9914 for information entropy in the SIPI image dataset.It also exhibits a time complexity of O(2×M×N)for an image of size M×N.展开更多
In secure communications,lightweight encryption has become crucial,particularly for resource-constrained applications such as embedded devices,wireless sensor networks,and the Internet of Things(IoT).As these systems ...In secure communications,lightweight encryption has become crucial,particularly for resource-constrained applications such as embedded devices,wireless sensor networks,and the Internet of Things(IoT).As these systems proliferate,cryptographic approaches that provide robust security while minimizing computing overhead,energy consumption,and memory usage are becoming increasingly essential.This study examines lightweight encryption techniques utilizing chaotic maps to ensure secure data transmission.Two algorithms are proposed,both employing the Logistic map;the first approach utilizes two logistic chaotic maps,while the second algorithm employs a single logistic chaotic map.Algorithm 1,including a two-stage mechanism that uses chaotic maps for both transposition and key generation,is distinguished by its robustness,guaranteeing a secure encryption method.The second techniqueutilized a single logistic chaoticmapeliminating the secondchaoticmapdecreases computing complexity while maintaining security.The efficacy of both algorithms was evaluated by subjecting them to NIST randomness tests following testing on text files of varying sizes.The findings demonstrate that the double chaotic map method regularly achieves elevated unpredictability and resilience.Conversely,the singular chaotic algorithm markedly lowers the duration necessary for encryption and decryption.These data suggest that while both algorithms are effective,their choice may be contingent upon specific security and processing speed requirements in practical applications.展开更多
As data analysis often incurs significant communication and computational costs,these tasks are increasingly outsourced to cloud computing platforms.However,this introduces privacy concerns,as sensitive data must be t...As data analysis often incurs significant communication and computational costs,these tasks are increasingly outsourced to cloud computing platforms.However,this introduces privacy concerns,as sensitive data must be transmitted to and processed by untrusted parties.To address this,fully homomorphic encryption(FHE)has emerged as a promising solution for privacy-preserving Machine-Learning-as-a-Service(MLaaS),enabling computation on encrypted data without revealing the plaintext.Nevertheless,FHE remains computationally expensive.As a result,approximate homomorphic encryption(AHE)schemes,such as CKKS,have attracted attention due to their efficiency.In our previous work,we proposed RP-OKC,a CKKS-based clustering scheme implemented via TenSEAL.However,errors inherent to CKKS operations—termed CKKS-errors—can affect the accuracy of the result after decryption.Since these errors can be mitigated through post-decryption rounding,we propose a data pre-scaling technique to increase the number of significant digits and reduce CKKS-errors.Furthermore,we introduce an Operation-Error-Estimation(OEE)table that quantifies upper-bound error estimates for various CKKS operations.This table enables error-aware decryption correction,ensuring alignment between encrypted and plaintext results.We validate our method on K-means clustering using the Kaggle Customer Segmentation dataset.Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme enhances the accuracy and reliability of privacy-preserving data analysis in cloud environments.展开更多
With the rapid development of information technology,data security issues have received increasing attention.Data encryption and decryption technology,as a key means of ensuring data security,plays an important role i...With the rapid development of information technology,data security issues have received increasing attention.Data encryption and decryption technology,as a key means of ensuring data security,plays an important role in multiple fields such as communication security,data storage,and data recovery.This article explores the fundamental principles and interrelationships of data encryption and decryption,examines the strengths,weaknesses,and applicability of symmetric,asymmetric,and hybrid encryption algorithms,and introduces key application scenarios for data encryption and decryption technology.It examines the challenges and corresponding countermeasures related to encryption algorithm security,key management,and encryption-decryption performance.Finally,it analyzes the development trends and future prospects of data encryption and decryption technology.This article provides a systematic understanding of data encryption and decryption techniques,which has good reference value for software designers.展开更多
Data compression plays a vital role in datamanagement and information theory by reducing redundancy.However,it lacks built-in security features such as secret keys or password-based access control,leaving sensitive da...Data compression plays a vital role in datamanagement and information theory by reducing redundancy.However,it lacks built-in security features such as secret keys or password-based access control,leaving sensitive data vulnerable to unauthorized access and misuse.With the exponential growth of digital data,robust security measures are essential.Data encryption,a widely used approach,ensures data confidentiality by making it unreadable and unalterable through secret key control.Despite their individual benefits,both require significant computational resources.Additionally,performing them separately for the same data increases complexity and processing time.Recognizing the need for integrated approaches that balance compression ratios and security levels,this research proposes an integrated data compression and encryption algorithm,named IDCE,for enhanced security and efficiency.Thealgorithmoperates on 128-bit block sizes and a 256-bit secret key length.It combines Huffman coding for compression and a Tent map for encryption.Additionally,an iterative Arnold cat map further enhances cryptographic confusion properties.Experimental analysis validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,showcasing competitive performance in terms of compression ratio,security,and overall efficiency when compared to prior algorithms in the field.展开更多
Ensuring information security in the quantum era is a growing challenge due to advancements in cryptographic attacks and the emergence of quantum computing.To address these concerns,this paper presents the mathematica...Ensuring information security in the quantum era is a growing challenge due to advancements in cryptographic attacks and the emergence of quantum computing.To address these concerns,this paper presents the mathematical and computer modeling of a novel two-dimensional(2D)chaotic system for secure key generation in quantum image encryption(QIE).The proposed map employs trigonometric perturbations in conjunction with rational-saturation functions and hence,named as Trigonometric-Rational-Saturation(TRS)map.Through rigorous mathematical analysis and computational simulations,the map is extensively evaluated for bifurcation behaviour,chaotic trajectories,and Lyapunov exponents.The security evaluation validates the map’s non-linearity,unpredictability,and sensitive dependence on initial conditions.In addition,the proposed TRS map has further been tested by integrating it in a QIE scheme.The QIE scheme first quantum-encodes the classic image using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation(NEQR)technique,the TRS map is used for the generation of secure diffusion key,which is XOR-ed with the quantum-ready image to obtain the encrypted images.The security evaluation of the QIE scheme demonstrates superior security of the encrypted images in terms of statistical security attacks and also against Differential attacks.The encrypted images exhibit zero correlation and maximum entropy with demonstrating strong resilience due to 99.62%and 33.47%results for Number of Pixels Change Rate(NPCR)and Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI).The results validate the effectiveness of TRS-based quantum encryption scheme in securing digital images against emerging quantum threats,making it suitable for secure image encryption in IoT and edge-based applications.展开更多
文摘Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backbone for Industrial IoT, smart cities, and other autonomous systems. Due to the limited computing and memory capacity, these devices cannot maintain strong security if conventional security methods are applied such as heavy encryption. This article proposed a novel lightweight mutual authentication scheme including elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) driven end-to-end encryption through curve25519 such as (i): efficient end-to-end encrypted communication with pre-calculation strategy using curve25519;and (ii): elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) based mutual authentication technique through a novel lightweight hash function. The proposed scheme attempts to efficiently counter all known perception layer security threats. Moreover, the pre-calculated key generation strategy resulted in cost-effective encryption with 192-bit curve security. It showed comparative efficiency in key strength, and curve strength compared with similar authentication schemes in terms of computational and memory cost, communication performance and encryption robustness.
文摘The ubiquity of instant messaging services on mobile devices and their use of end-to-end encryption in safeguarding the privacy of their users have become a concern for some governments. WhatsApp messaging service has emerged as the most popular messaging app on mobile devices today. It uses end-to-end encryption which makes government and secret services efforts to combat organized crime, terrorists, and child pornographers technically impossible. Governments would like a “backdoor” into such apps, to use in accessing messages and have emphasized that they will only use the “backdoor” if there is a credible threat to national security. Users of WhatsApp have however, argued against a “backdoor”;they claim a “backdoor” would not only be an infringement of their privacy, but that hackers could also take advantage of it. In light of this security and privacy conflict between the end users of WhatsApp and government’s need to access messages in order to thwart potential terror attacks, this paper presents the advantages of maintaining E2EE in WhatsApp and why governments should not be allowed a “backdoor” to access users’ messages. This research presents the benefits encryption has on consumer security and privacy, and also on the challenges it poses to public safety and national security.
文摘Military image encryption plays a vital role in ensuring the secure transmission of sensitive visual information from unauthorized access.This paper proposes a new Tri-independent keying method for encrypting military images.The proposed encryption method is based on multilevel security stages of pixel-level scrambling,bitlevel manipulation,and block-level shuffling operations.For having a vast key space,the input password is hashed by the Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit(SHA-256)for generating independently deterministic keys used in the multilevel stages.A piecewise pixel-level scrambling function is introduced to perform a dual flipping process controlled with an adaptive key for obscuring the spatial relationships between the adjacent pixels.Adynamicmasking scheme is presented for conducting a bit-level manipulation based on distinct keys that change over image regions,providing completely different encryption results on identical regions.To handle the global correlation between large-scale patterns,a chaotic index-map system is employed for shuffling image regions randomly across the image domain based on a logistic map seeded with a private key.Experimental results on a dataset of military images show the effectiveness of the proposed encryption method in producing excellent quantitative and qualitative results.The proposed method obtains uniform histogram distributions,high entropy values around the ideal(≈8 bits),Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR)values above 99.5%,and low Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)over all encrypted images.This validates the robustness of the proposed method against cryptanalytic attacks,verifying its ability to serve as a practical basis for secure image transmission in defense systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62376106)The Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(20250102212JC).
文摘Driven by advancements in mobile internet technology,images have become a crucial data medium.Ensuring the security of image information during transmission has thus emerged as an urgent challenge.This study proposes a novel image encryption algorithm specifically designed for grayscale image security.This research introduces a new Cantor diagonal matrix permutation method.The proposed permutation method uses row and column index sequences to control the Cantor diagonal matrix,where the row and column index sequences are generated by a spatiotemporal chaotic system named coupled map lattice(CML).The high initial value sensitivity of the CML system makes the permutation method highly sensitive and secure.Additionally,leveraging fractal theory,this study introduces a chaotic fractal matrix and applies this matrix in the diffusion process.This chaotic fractal matrix exhibits selfsimilarity and irregularity.Using the Cantor diagonal matrix and chaotic fractal matrix,this paper introduces a fast image encryption algorithm involving two diffusion steps and one permutation step.Moreover,the algorithm achieves robust security with only a single encryption round,ensuring high operational efficiency.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm features an expansive key space,robust security,high sensitivity,high efficiency,and superior statistical properties for the ciphered images.Thus,the proposed algorithm not only provides a practical solution for secure image transmission but also bridges fractal theory with image encryption techniques,thereby opening new research avenues in chaotic cryptography and advancing the development of information security technology.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2024QE446)。
文摘With the rapid development of intelligent electronic and military equipment,multifunctional flexible materials that integrat electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,temperature sensing,and information encryption are urgently required.This study presents a bio-inspired hierarchical composite foam fabricated using supercritical nitrogen foaming technology.This material exhibits a honeycomb structure,with pore cell sizes controllable within a range of 30–92μm by regulating the filler.The carbon fiber felt(CFf)provides efficient reflection of electromagnetic waves,while the chloroprene rubber/carbon fiber/carbon black foam facilitates both wave absorption and temperature monitoring through its optimized conductive network.This synergistic mechanism results in an EMI shielding effectiveness(SE)of 60.06 d B with excellent temperature sensing performance(The temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR)is-2.642%/℃)in the 24–70℃ range.Notably,the material has a thermal conductivity of up to 0.159 W/(m·K),and the bio-inspired layered design enables information encryption,demonstrating the material's potential for secure communication applications.The foam also has tensile properties of up to 5.13 MPa and a tear strength of 33.02 N/mm.This biomimetic design overcomes the traditional limitations of flexible materials and provides a transformative solution for next-generation applications such as flexible electronics,aerospace systems and military equipment,which urgently need integrated electromagnetic protection,thermal management and information security.
文摘The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks,expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media.Consequently,the protection of sensitive data has become increasingly critical.Regardless of the complexity of the encryption algorithm used,a robust and highly secure encryption key is essential,with randomness and key space being crucial factors.This paper proposes a new Robust Deoxyribonucleic Acid(RDNA)nucleotide-based encryption method.The RDNA encryption method leverages the unique properties of DNA nucleotides,including their inherent randomness and extensive key space,to generate a highly secure encryption key.By employing transposition and substitution operations,the RDNA method ensures significant diffusion and confusion in the encrypted images.Additionally,it utilises a pseudorandom generation technique based on the random sequence of nucleotides in the DNA secret key.The performance of the RDNA encryption method is evaluated through various statistical and visual tests,and compared against established encryption methods such as 3DES,AES,and a DNA-based method.Experimental results demonstrate that the RDNA encryption method outperforms its rivals in the literature,and achieves superior performance in terms of information entropy,avalanche effect,encryption execution time,and correlation reduction,while maintaining competitive values for NMAE,PSNR,NPCR,and UACI.The high degree of randomness and sensitivity to key changes inherent in the RDNA method offers enhanced security,making it highly resistant to brute force and differential attacks.
文摘Elliptic curve(EC)based cryptosystems gained more attention due to enhanced security than the existing public key cryptosystems.A substitution box(S-box)plays a vital role in securing modern symmetric key cryptosystems.However,the recently developed EC based algorithms usually trade off between computational efficiency and security,necessitating the design of a new algorithm with the desired cryptographic strength.To address these shortcomings,this paper proposes a new scheme based onMordell elliptic curve(MEC)over the complex field for generating distinct,dynamic,and highly uncorrelated S-boxes.Furthermore,we count the exact number of the obtained S-boxes,and demonstrate that the permuted version of the presented S-box is statistically optimal.The nonsingularity of the presented algorithm and the injectivity of the resultant output are explored.Rigorous theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposedmethod is highly effective in generating a large number of dynamic S-boxes with adequate cryptographic properties,surpassing current state-of-the-art S-box generation algorithms in terms of security.Apart fromthis,the generated S-box is benchmarked using side-channel attacks,and its performance is compared with highly nonlinear S-boxes,demonstrating comparable results.In addition,we present an application of our proposed S-box generator by incorporating it into an image encryption technique.The encrypted and decrypted images are tested by employing extensive standard security metrics,including the Number of Pixel Change Rate,the Unified Average Changing Intensity,information entropy,correlation coefficient,and histogram analysis.Moreover,the analysis is extended beyond conventional metrics to validate the new method using advanced tests,such as the NIST statistical test suite,robustness analysis,and noise and cropping attacks.Experimental outcomes show that the presented algorithm strengthens the existing encryption scheme against various well-known cryptographic attacks.
基金Project supported by the Training Plan of Young Backbone Teachers in Universities of Henan Province(Grant No.2023GGJS142)the Key Scientific Research of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province,China(Grant No.25A120009)+1 种基金Changzhou Leading Innovative Talent Introduction and Cultivation Project(Grant No.CQ20240102)Changzhou Applied Basic Research Program(Grant No.CJ20253065)。
文摘The rapid development of brain-like neural networks and secure data transmission technologies has placed greater demands on highly complex neural network systems and highly secure encryption methods.To this end,the paper proposes a novel high-dimensional memristor synapse-coupled hyperchaotic neural network by using the designed memristor as the synapse to connect an inertial neuron(IN)and a Hopfield neural network(HNN).By using numerical tools including bifurcation plots,phase plots,and basins of attraction,it is found that the dynamics of this system are closely related to the memristor coupling strength,self-connection synaptic weights,and inter-connection synaptic weights,and it can exhibit excellent hyperchaotic behaviors and coexisting multi-stable patterns.Through PSIM circuit simulations,the complex dynamics of the coupled IN-HNN system are verified.Furthermore,a DNA-encoded encryption algorithm is given,which utilizes generated hyperchaotic sequences to achieve encoding,operation,and decoding of DNA.The results show that this algorithm possesses strong robustness against statistical attacks,differential attacks,and noise interference,and can effectively resist known/selected plaintext attacks.This work will provide new ideas for the modeling of large-scale brainlike neural networks and high-security image encryption.
文摘Robust encryption techniques require heavy computational capability and consume large amount of memory which are unaffordable for resource constrained IoT devices and Cyber-Physical Systems with an inclusion of general-purpose data manipulation tasks.Many encryption techniques have been introduced to address the inability of such devices,lacking in robust security provision at low cost.This article presents an encryption technique,implemented on a resource constrained IoT device(AVR ATmega2560)through utilizing fast execution and less memory consumption properties of curve25519 in a novel and efficient lightweight hash function.The hash function utilizes GMP library for multi-precision arithmetic calculations and pre-calculated curve points to devise a good cipher block using ECDH based key exchange protocols and large random prime number generator function.
文摘The Terrestrial Trunked Radio（TETRA） system uses end-to-end encryption in addition to the air interface encryption to provide enhanced security. The TETRA system uses a synchronization technique known as frame stealing to provide synchronization of end-to-end encrypted data. However, the frame stealing process degrades the quality of video. This paper proposes an end-to-end encryption system with the frame stealing technique for voice and frame insertion for video. A block cipher in the output feedback mode is used to implement the end-to-end key stream generator. Moreover. In the Short Data Service（SDS） message encryption , a block cipher in the Cipher Block Chaining （CBC） mode is used to calculate the cryptographically secure checksum, which is sufficient to certify the integrity.
文摘A medical image encryption is proposed based on the Fisher-Yates scrambling,filter diffusion and S-box substitution.First,chaotic sequence associated with the plaintext is generated by logistic-sine-cosine system,which is used for the scrambling,substitution and diffusion processes.The three-dimensional Fisher-Yates scrambling,S-box substitution and diffusion are employed for the first round of encryption.The chaotic sequence is adopted for secondary encryption to scramble the ciphertext obtained in the first round.Then,three-dimensional filter is applied to diffusion for further useful information hiding.The key to the algorithm is generated by the combination of hash value of plaintext image and the input parameters.It improves resisting ability of plaintext attacks.The security analysis shows that the algorithm is effective and efficient.It can resist common attacks.In addition,the good diffusion effect shows that the scheme can solve the differential attacks encountered in the transmission of medical images and has positive implications for future research.
基金supported by The National Defense Innovation Project(No.ZZKY20222411)Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2024JC-YBMS-546).
文摘Symmetric encryption algorithms learned by the previous proposed end-to-end adversarial network encryption communication systems are deterministic.With the same key and same plaintext,the deterministic algorithm will lead to the same ciphertext.This means that the key in the deterministic encryption algorithm can only be used once,thus the encryption is not practical.To solve this problem,a nondeterministic symmetric encryption end-to-end communication system based on generative adversarial networks is proposed.We design a nonce-based adversarial neural network model,where a“nonce”standing for“number used only once”is passed to communication participants,and does not need to be secret.Moreover,we optimize the network structure through adding Batch Normalization(BN)to the CNNs(Convolutional Neural Networks),selecting the appropriate activation functions,and setting appropriate CNNs parameters.Results of experiments and analysis show that our system can achieve non-deterministic symmetric encryption,where Alice encrypting the same plaintext with the key twice will generate different ciphertexts,and Bob can decrypt all these different ciphertexts of the same plaintext to the correct plaintext.And our proposed system has fast convergence and the correct rate of decryption when the plaintext length is 256 or even longer.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3101402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62202294)。
文摘This study constructs a function-private inner-product predicate encryption(FP-IPPE)and achieves standard enhanced function privacy.The enhanced function privacy guarantees that a predicate secret key skf reveals nothing about the predicate f,as long as f is drawn from an evasive distribution with sufficient entropy.The proposed scheme extends the group-based public-key function-private predicate encryption(FP-PE)for“small superset predicates”proposed by Bartusek et al.(Asiacrypt 19),to the setting of inner-product predicates.This is the first construction of public-key FP-PE with enhanced function privacy security beyond the equality predicates,which is previously proposed by Boneh et al.(CRYPTO 13).The proposed construction relies on bilinear groups,and the security is proved in the generic bilinear group model.
文摘Data security is crucial for improving the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of the image content.Maintaining these security factors poses significant challenges,particularly in healthcare,business,and social media sectors,where information security and personal privacy are paramount.The cryptography concept introduces a solution to these challenges.This paper proposes an innovative hybrid image encryption algorithm capable of encrypting several types of images.The technique merges the Tiny Encryption Algorithm(TEA)and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)algorithms called(TEA-RSA).The performance of this algorithm is promising in terms of cost and complexity,an encryption time which is below 10ms was recorded.It is implied by correlation coefficient analysis that after encryption there is a notable decrease in pixel correlation,therefore making it effective at disguising pixel relationships via obfuscation.Moreover,our technique achieved the highest Normalized Pixel Cross-Correlation(NPCC),Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR)value over 99%consistent,and a Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI)value which stands at around 33.86 thereby making it insensitive to statistical attacks hence leading to massive alteration of pixel values and intensities.These make clear the resistance of this process to any sort of hacking attempt whatsoever that might want unauthorized access into its domain.It is important to note that the integrity of images is well preserved throughout encryption as well as decryption stages in line with these low decryption times are clear indications.These results collectively indicate that the algorithm is effective in ensuring secure and efficient image encryption while maintaining the overall integrity and quality of the encrypted images.The proposed hybrid approach has been investigated against cryptoanalysis such as Cyphertext-only attacks,Known-plaintext attacks,Chosen-plaintext attacks,and Chosen-ciphertext attacks.Moreover,the proposed approach explains a good achievement against cropping and differential attacks.
基金Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastırma Kurumu。
文摘This paper introduces a novel lightweight colour image encryption algorithm,specifically designed for resource-constrained environments such as Internet of Things(IoT)devices.As IoT systems become increasingly prevalent,secure and efficient data transmission becomes crucial.The proposed algorithm addresses this need by offering a robust yet resource-efficient solution for image encryption.Traditional image encryption relies on confusion and diffusion steps.These stages are generally implemented linearly,but this work introduces a new RSP(Random Strip Peeling)algorithm for the confusion step,which disrupts linearity in the lightweight category by using two different sequences generated by the 1D Tent Map with varying initial conditions.The diffusion stage then employs an XOR matrix generated by the Logistic Map.Different evaluation metrics,such as entropy analysis,key sensitivity,statistical and differential attacks resistance,and robustness analysis demonstrate the proposed algorithm's lightweight,robust,and efficient.The proposed encryption scheme achieved average metric values of 99.6056 for NPCR,33.4397 for UACI,and 7.9914 for information entropy in the SIPI image dataset.It also exhibits a time complexity of O(2×M×N)for an image of size M×N.
文摘In secure communications,lightweight encryption has become crucial,particularly for resource-constrained applications such as embedded devices,wireless sensor networks,and the Internet of Things(IoT).As these systems proliferate,cryptographic approaches that provide robust security while minimizing computing overhead,energy consumption,and memory usage are becoming increasingly essential.This study examines lightweight encryption techniques utilizing chaotic maps to ensure secure data transmission.Two algorithms are proposed,both employing the Logistic map;the first approach utilizes two logistic chaotic maps,while the second algorithm employs a single logistic chaotic map.Algorithm 1,including a two-stage mechanism that uses chaotic maps for both transposition and key generation,is distinguished by its robustness,guaranteeing a secure encryption method.The second techniqueutilized a single logistic chaoticmapeliminating the secondchaoticmapdecreases computing complexity while maintaining security.The efficacy of both algorithms was evaluated by subjecting them to NIST randomness tests following testing on text files of varying sizes.The findings demonstrate that the double chaotic map method regularly achieves elevated unpredictability and resilience.Conversely,the singular chaotic algorithm markedly lowers the duration necessary for encryption and decryption.These data suggest that while both algorithms are effective,their choice may be contingent upon specific security and processing speed requirements in practical applications.
基金funded by National Science and Technology Council,Taiwan,grant numbers are 110-2401-H-002-094-MY2 and 112-2221-E-130-001.
文摘As data analysis often incurs significant communication and computational costs,these tasks are increasingly outsourced to cloud computing platforms.However,this introduces privacy concerns,as sensitive data must be transmitted to and processed by untrusted parties.To address this,fully homomorphic encryption(FHE)has emerged as a promising solution for privacy-preserving Machine-Learning-as-a-Service(MLaaS),enabling computation on encrypted data without revealing the plaintext.Nevertheless,FHE remains computationally expensive.As a result,approximate homomorphic encryption(AHE)schemes,such as CKKS,have attracted attention due to their efficiency.In our previous work,we proposed RP-OKC,a CKKS-based clustering scheme implemented via TenSEAL.However,errors inherent to CKKS operations—termed CKKS-errors—can affect the accuracy of the result after decryption.Since these errors can be mitigated through post-decryption rounding,we propose a data pre-scaling technique to increase the number of significant digits and reduce CKKS-errors.Furthermore,we introduce an Operation-Error-Estimation(OEE)table that quantifies upper-bound error estimates for various CKKS operations.This table enables error-aware decryption correction,ensuring alignment between encrypted and plaintext results.We validate our method on K-means clustering using the Kaggle Customer Segmentation dataset.Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme enhances the accuracy and reliability of privacy-preserving data analysis in cloud environments.
文摘With the rapid development of information technology,data security issues have received increasing attention.Data encryption and decryption technology,as a key means of ensuring data security,plays an important role in multiple fields such as communication security,data storage,and data recovery.This article explores the fundamental principles and interrelationships of data encryption and decryption,examines the strengths,weaknesses,and applicability of symmetric,asymmetric,and hybrid encryption algorithms,and introduces key application scenarios for data encryption and decryption technology.It examines the challenges and corresponding countermeasures related to encryption algorithm security,key management,and encryption-decryption performance.Finally,it analyzes the development trends and future prospects of data encryption and decryption technology.This article provides a systematic understanding of data encryption and decryption techniques,which has good reference value for software designers.
基金the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support(QU-APC-2025).
文摘Data compression plays a vital role in datamanagement and information theory by reducing redundancy.However,it lacks built-in security features such as secret keys or password-based access control,leaving sensitive data vulnerable to unauthorized access and misuse.With the exponential growth of digital data,robust security measures are essential.Data encryption,a widely used approach,ensures data confidentiality by making it unreadable and unalterable through secret key control.Despite their individual benefits,both require significant computational resources.Additionally,performing them separately for the same data increases complexity and processing time.Recognizing the need for integrated approaches that balance compression ratios and security levels,this research proposes an integrated data compression and encryption algorithm,named IDCE,for enhanced security and efficiency.Thealgorithmoperates on 128-bit block sizes and a 256-bit secret key length.It combines Huffman coding for compression and a Tent map for encryption.Additionally,an iterative Arnold cat map further enhances cryptographic confusion properties.Experimental analysis validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,showcasing competitive performance in terms of compression ratio,security,and overall efficiency when compared to prior algorithms in the field.
基金funded by Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University.The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Group Project under grant number(RGP.2/556/45).
文摘Ensuring information security in the quantum era is a growing challenge due to advancements in cryptographic attacks and the emergence of quantum computing.To address these concerns,this paper presents the mathematical and computer modeling of a novel two-dimensional(2D)chaotic system for secure key generation in quantum image encryption(QIE).The proposed map employs trigonometric perturbations in conjunction with rational-saturation functions and hence,named as Trigonometric-Rational-Saturation(TRS)map.Through rigorous mathematical analysis and computational simulations,the map is extensively evaluated for bifurcation behaviour,chaotic trajectories,and Lyapunov exponents.The security evaluation validates the map’s non-linearity,unpredictability,and sensitive dependence on initial conditions.In addition,the proposed TRS map has further been tested by integrating it in a QIE scheme.The QIE scheme first quantum-encodes the classic image using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation(NEQR)technique,the TRS map is used for the generation of secure diffusion key,which is XOR-ed with the quantum-ready image to obtain the encrypted images.The security evaluation of the QIE scheme demonstrates superior security of the encrypted images in terms of statistical security attacks and also against Differential attacks.The encrypted images exhibit zero correlation and maximum entropy with demonstrating strong resilience due to 99.62%and 33.47%results for Number of Pixels Change Rate(NPCR)and Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI).The results validate the effectiveness of TRS-based quantum encryption scheme in securing digital images against emerging quantum threats,making it suitable for secure image encryption in IoT and edge-based applications.
