1 On May 19,2025,I had the pleasure of meeting two football players from North Carolina Central University in the Philadelphia airport as we were all headed back to Raleigh,NC.To protect their privacy,I will use only ...1 On May 19,2025,I had the pleasure of meeting two football players from North Carolina Central University in the Philadelphia airport as we were all headed back to Raleigh,NC.To protect their privacy,I will use only the initials of their first names-L and N.展开更多
Effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for therapeutic interactions.It influences trust,patient satisfaction,adherence,and overall health outcomes.Various communication models have been develop...Effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for therapeutic interactions.It influences trust,patient satisfaction,adherence,and overall health outcomes.Various communication models have been developed over time to guide practice,incorporating fundamental concepts of therapeutic encounters;nevertheless,the majority are not designed for application in both inpatient and outpatient settings.The SAIDAR communication model is suggested to address this disparity.This review integrates elements of an integrative review with a critical review perspective to provide a narrative synthesis of theoretical and applied communication models derived from seminal works in the field of health communication.Using the CINAHL,Scopus,and Web of Science databases without date restrictions,the selected seminal authors were retrieved.Elicit,an artificial intelligence-driven research assistant,and the Google Scholar search engine were utilized together,and citation chaining facilitated the retrieval of relevant studies,which were analyzed using inductive dominant thematic analysis.Thirteen studies beneficial to the review question were included,and six themes were generated.These themes were salutation,assessing the environment,informing and explaining the task,doing,demonstrating,and performing the task;applauding,correcting,and appreciating,and reinforcing knowledge of the receiver of care.The critical analysis of these themes culminated in the formulation of the SAIDAR communication model.The current model integrates a structured communication framework that acknowledges the individuality of man and environmental assessment and demonstrates,appreciates,and reinforces knowledge.This model is an adaptable and acontextual communication tool suitable for various healthcare environments.展开更多
In the context of Western medicine,Xin(心heart),Gan(肝liver),Pi(脾spleen),Fei(肺lung),and Shen(肾kidney)are five specific organs,while in ancient Chinese medicine,they are five kinds of Zang Xiang(藏象visceral manifes...In the context of Western medicine,Xin(心heart),Gan(肝liver),Pi(脾spleen),Fei(肺lung),and Shen(肾kidney)are five specific organs,while in ancient Chinese medicine,they are five kinds of Zang Xiang(藏象visceral manifestation),often referred to as Wu Zang(五藏five zang-organs),representing five interrelated structural-functional systems.There are both differences and connections between visceral manifestations and organs,which are reflected in the theories of Wu Zang.The specific connotation of Wu Zang are determined by the specific context in which they are located.With the accumulation of practice,the Wu Zang of the human body structures and functions,as well as the relationship between the Wu Zang have been in constant development and change.The encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in the 19th century dramatically changed the connotation of Wu Zang,from emphasizing visceral manifestations and neglecting substance to an organs-oriented perspective.This article examines how the encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in China influenced Chinese medicine.By analyzing three key aspects:(1)the interpretation of Wu Zang in pre-16th century texts;(2)the evolution and dissemination of Western medicine during the Ming and Qing dynasties;(3)the shifting conceptualization of Wu Zang in late Qing medical literature—the study elucidates the transformative impact of this cross-cultural medical encounter on the theory and practice of Chinese medicine.展开更多
1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western med...1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western medicine.Such a binary framework,however,oversimplifies the intricate realities of medical encounters in China.展开更多
Background The Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training(ReCEnT)project is an Australian general practice vocational training programme with integrated and interdependent education and research functions.Trainees(regi...Background The Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training(ReCEnT)project is an Australian general practice vocational training programme with integrated and interdependent education and research functions.Trainees(registrars)contemporaneously document in-consultation clinical experience and actions.Objectives Using a realist lens,we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning project outcomes to answer questions around programme effectiveness,impacts,sustainability and the lessons and findings that are translatable to other primary care training programmes.Methods The context,input,process and product framework was used.As a means to understand the interactions between each of the interdependent components,it allows for inferences regarding causal mechanisms for specific outcomes.Results Context:ReCEnT occurs within an apprenticeship-like model of general practice vocational training entailing a central supervisor/apprentice relationship.ReCEnT has demystified the content and characteristics of registrar consultations.Input:multiple stakeholder involvement is both advantageous and a logistical challenge,with the programme’s success dependent on registrars,practices and training providers providing detailed and accurate data,with prompt subsequent processing.Process:contemporaneous consultation data collection in different stages of training constitutes a component of registrars’programmatic assessment.Product:individualised feedback provides educational benefit through reflection.Clinical and educational research questions can be addressed with resulting research translation feeding back into the programme model and government policy.Clinical behaviour change is also evaluated.Conclusion ReCEnT is unique,globally,in its scope and longevity(2010–present).Creation of meaningful,individualised feedback facilitates reflection and provides both immediate educational benefits and the substrate for further research,programme and policy design and targeted formal teaching and learning.展开更多
为揭示变化环境下长江和黄河流域不同区域枯水遭遇对国家水网工程的规划、设计与运行的影响,采用Copula函数、空间插值、冷热点分析、SWAT模型等方法,分析了两流域枯水遭遇概率的时空演变特征并预测其未来趋势。结果表明:上游大金-兰州...为揭示变化环境下长江和黄河流域不同区域枯水遭遇对国家水网工程的规划、设计与运行的影响,采用Copula函数、空间插值、冷热点分析、SWAT模型等方法,分析了两流域枯水遭遇概率的时空演变特征并预测其未来趋势。结果表明:上游大金-兰州组合、雅江-兰州组合枯水遭遇概率以每10 a 1.46%~1.57%的速率显著上升,而大通-花园口组合以每10 a 1.04%的速率显著下降;大金站与雅江站的热点区域主要位于长江中上游与长三角地区,冷点区域位于黄河“几字弯”及长江两湖地区;兰州站与花园口站的热点区域位于黄河中游黄土高原以南,冷点区域集中于长江中下游;未来各站点组合枯水遭遇概率的多模式平均值均超过20%,其中大金-兰州组合与大通-花园口组合呈先减小后增大的趋势,雅江-兰州组合呈线性增大趋势,黄家港-花园口组合呈先减小后缓升趋势。展开更多
在Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits一书中,比尔·波特对中华传统文化和中国典籍相关文字的翻译俯拾即是,此外还包含作者对中国隐士文化的看法和评价,是典型的无本译写文本。文章以Road to Heaven:Encounters with C...在Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits一书中,比尔·波特对中华传统文化和中国典籍相关文字的翻译俯拾即是,此外还包含作者对中国隐士文化的看法和评价,是典型的无本译写文本。文章以Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits为研究对象,采用无本译写特有的底本追踪方法,分析书中译的元素、译写关系以及无本译写所展现的中国文化中的隐士精神。首先,本文从中国典籍、民间传说、历史事件、中国传统价值观念、寻访见闻五个方面分析书中译的元素,其次探讨译写关系,最后从三个层面分析该书无本译写展现的隐士精神。研究发现:译写关系具体表现为互释互构、互相拓展的渐变连续体关系;比尔·波特对中国文化存在误读、翻译不准确、对某一特定文化的了解不全面等现象。展开更多
Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network ...Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network communication.Opportunistic networks routing algorithms are numerous and can be roughly divided into four categories based on different forwarding strategies.The Prophet routing algorithm is an important routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.It forwards messages based on the encounter probability between nodes,and has good innovation significance and optimization potential.However,the Prophet routing algorithm does not consider the impact of the historical throughput of the node on message transmission,nor does it consider the impact of the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission.Therefore,to improve the transmission efficiency of opportunistic networks,this paper based on the Prophet routing algorithm,fuses the impact of the historical throughput of the node and the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission at the same time,and proposes the Prophet_TD routing algorithm based on the historical throughput and the encounter duration.This paper uses the Opportunistic Networks Environment v1.6.0(the ONE v1.6.0)as the simulation platform,controls the change of running time and the number of nodes respectively,conducts simulation experiments on the Prophet_TD routing algorithm.The simulation results show that compared to the traditional Prophet routing algorithm,on the whole,the Prophet_TD routing algorithm has a higher message delivery rate and a lower network overhead rate,and its average latency is also lower when node density is large.展开更多
This paper considers the role of service customers in those service encounters where the customer participates in the service production and delivery process, and the customer factors, motivations and incentive mechan...This paper considers the role of service customers in those service encounters where the customer participates in the service production and delivery process, and the customer factors, motivations and incentive mechanism to participate in service delivery are analyzed. This study explores the relationship between service quality and service customer participation in the service encounter and the effect of customer participation on service providers＇ job stress. Finally, the management implications about customer participation in the service encounter from the findings are discussed.展开更多
We experimentally observe the signature of electron emission resulting from a single binary encounter mechanism in the intermediate collision energy regime of 30 keV/u He2＋ on argon. Electron emission spectra in the ...We experimentally observe the signature of electron emission resulting from a single binary encounter mechanism in the intermediate collision energy regime of 30 keV/u He2＋ on argon. Electron emission spectra in the transfer ionization are obtained and compared with classical calculations from a two-step model considering the initial electron velocity and re-scattering of the binary encounter electron in the recoil potential. Although the present reaction is actually a four-body problem, the model starting from a binary encounter gives out surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data. Our studies show that orbital velocities of the electron affect the emission patterns of ionized electrons significantly.展开更多
Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups o...Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima mon-keys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to （〈100 m） and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima （59.8 rain, 0.33 times/hour, n=269） were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani （6.1 rain, 0.02 times/hour, n--14）. Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecol- ogy model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals con- siderable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation [Current Zoology 58 （4）： 517-524, 2012].展开更多
Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illumin...Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illuminated as patterns of an interconnected relationship moving between the nurse and the nursed, and reflecting person-and-otherness events. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory of Encountering Nursing in a Nurse-Nursed Dyadic Relationship (ThENNDyR) and to illuminate the four nursing practice processes on which the theory is founded: <em>Knowing as appreciating relational moments</em>;<em>Reflecting as engaging moments</em>;<em>Realizing as patterns of living moments</em>;and <em>Transcending as celebrating moments</em>. Nursing practice occurs in moments in which dyadic relationships transpire as nursing encounters. As fleeting as moments are, the four processes of nursing simultaneously take place as understanding conditions that the <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> of the person warrants persons. “Encountering nursing” is a momentary co-existence of persons in a person-and-otherness situation communicating connectedness-interconnectedness in distinct patterning. Interactions in nursing exist as persons remain wholes and complete in the moment.展开更多
文摘1 On May 19,2025,I had the pleasure of meeting two football players from North Carolina Central University in the Philadelphia airport as we were all headed back to Raleigh,NC.To protect their privacy,I will use only the initials of their first names-L and N.
文摘Effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for therapeutic interactions.It influences trust,patient satisfaction,adherence,and overall health outcomes.Various communication models have been developed over time to guide practice,incorporating fundamental concepts of therapeutic encounters;nevertheless,the majority are not designed for application in both inpatient and outpatient settings.The SAIDAR communication model is suggested to address this disparity.This review integrates elements of an integrative review with a critical review perspective to provide a narrative synthesis of theoretical and applied communication models derived from seminal works in the field of health communication.Using the CINAHL,Scopus,and Web of Science databases without date restrictions,the selected seminal authors were retrieved.Elicit,an artificial intelligence-driven research assistant,and the Google Scholar search engine were utilized together,and citation chaining facilitated the retrieval of relevant studies,which were analyzed using inductive dominant thematic analysis.Thirteen studies beneficial to the review question were included,and six themes were generated.These themes were salutation,assessing the environment,informing and explaining the task,doing,demonstrating,and performing the task;applauding,correcting,and appreciating,and reinforcing knowledge of the receiver of care.The critical analysis of these themes culminated in the formulation of the SAIDAR communication model.The current model integrates a structured communication framework that acknowledges the individuality of man and environmental assessment and demonstrates,appreciates,and reinforces knowledge.This model is an adaptable and acontextual communication tool suitable for various healthcare environments.
基金financed by the grant from The MUST Faculty Research Grants(FRG-25-031-FC)and Fundação Macao.
文摘In the context of Western medicine,Xin(心heart),Gan(肝liver),Pi(脾spleen),Fei(肺lung),and Shen(肾kidney)are five specific organs,while in ancient Chinese medicine,they are five kinds of Zang Xiang(藏象visceral manifestation),often referred to as Wu Zang(五藏five zang-organs),representing five interrelated structural-functional systems.There are both differences and connections between visceral manifestations and organs,which are reflected in the theories of Wu Zang.The specific connotation of Wu Zang are determined by the specific context in which they are located.With the accumulation of practice,the Wu Zang of the human body structures and functions,as well as the relationship between the Wu Zang have been in constant development and change.The encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in the 19th century dramatically changed the connotation of Wu Zang,from emphasizing visceral manifestations and neglecting substance to an organs-oriented perspective.This article examines how the encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in China influenced Chinese medicine.By analyzing three key aspects:(1)the interpretation of Wu Zang in pre-16th century texts;(2)the evolution and dissemination of Western medicine during the Ming and Qing dynasties;(3)the shifting conceptualization of Wu Zang in late Qing medical literature—the study elucidates the transformative impact of this cross-cultural medical encounter on the theory and practice of Chinese medicine.
文摘1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western medicine.Such a binary framework,however,oversimplifies the intricate realities of medical encounters in China.
文摘Background The Registrar Clinical Encounters in Training(ReCEnT)project is an Australian general practice vocational training programme with integrated and interdependent education and research functions.Trainees(registrars)contemporaneously document in-consultation clinical experience and actions.Objectives Using a realist lens,we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning project outcomes to answer questions around programme effectiveness,impacts,sustainability and the lessons and findings that are translatable to other primary care training programmes.Methods The context,input,process and product framework was used.As a means to understand the interactions between each of the interdependent components,it allows for inferences regarding causal mechanisms for specific outcomes.Results Context:ReCEnT occurs within an apprenticeship-like model of general practice vocational training entailing a central supervisor/apprentice relationship.ReCEnT has demystified the content and characteristics of registrar consultations.Input:multiple stakeholder involvement is both advantageous and a logistical challenge,with the programme’s success dependent on registrars,practices and training providers providing detailed and accurate data,with prompt subsequent processing.Process:contemporaneous consultation data collection in different stages of training constitutes a component of registrars’programmatic assessment.Product:individualised feedback provides educational benefit through reflection.Clinical and educational research questions can be addressed with resulting research translation feeding back into the programme model and government policy.Clinical behaviour change is also evaluated.Conclusion ReCEnT is unique,globally,in its scope and longevity(2010–present).Creation of meaningful,individualised feedback facilitates reflection and provides both immediate educational benefits and the substrate for further research,programme and policy design and targeted formal teaching and learning.
文摘为揭示变化环境下长江和黄河流域不同区域枯水遭遇对国家水网工程的规划、设计与运行的影响,采用Copula函数、空间插值、冷热点分析、SWAT模型等方法,分析了两流域枯水遭遇概率的时空演变特征并预测其未来趋势。结果表明:上游大金-兰州组合、雅江-兰州组合枯水遭遇概率以每10 a 1.46%~1.57%的速率显著上升,而大通-花园口组合以每10 a 1.04%的速率显著下降;大金站与雅江站的热点区域主要位于长江中上游与长三角地区,冷点区域位于黄河“几字弯”及长江两湖地区;兰州站与花园口站的热点区域位于黄河中游黄土高原以南,冷点区域集中于长江中下游;未来各站点组合枯水遭遇概率的多模式平均值均超过20%,其中大金-兰州组合与大通-花园口组合呈先减小后增大的趋势,雅江-兰州组合呈线性增大趋势,黄家港-花园口组合呈先减小后缓升趋势。
文摘在Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits一书中,比尔·波特对中华传统文化和中国典籍相关文字的翻译俯拾即是,此外还包含作者对中国隐士文化的看法和评价,是典型的无本译写文本。文章以Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits为研究对象,采用无本译写特有的底本追踪方法,分析书中译的元素、译写关系以及无本译写所展现的中国文化中的隐士精神。首先,本文从中国典籍、民间传说、历史事件、中国传统价值观念、寻访见闻五个方面分析书中译的元素,其次探讨译写关系,最后从三个层面分析该书无本译写展现的隐士精神。研究发现:译写关系具体表现为互释互构、互相拓展的渐变连续体关系;比尔·波特对中国文化存在误读、翻译不准确、对某一特定文化的了解不全面等现象。
基金The authors wish to thank the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61841109,61662054Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia under Grand No.2019MS06031.
文摘Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network communication.Opportunistic networks routing algorithms are numerous and can be roughly divided into four categories based on different forwarding strategies.The Prophet routing algorithm is an important routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.It forwards messages based on the encounter probability between nodes,and has good innovation significance and optimization potential.However,the Prophet routing algorithm does not consider the impact of the historical throughput of the node on message transmission,nor does it consider the impact of the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission.Therefore,to improve the transmission efficiency of opportunistic networks,this paper based on the Prophet routing algorithm,fuses the impact of the historical throughput of the node and the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission at the same time,and proposes the Prophet_TD routing algorithm based on the historical throughput and the encounter duration.This paper uses the Opportunistic Networks Environment v1.6.0(the ONE v1.6.0)as the simulation platform,controls the change of running time and the number of nodes respectively,conducts simulation experiments on the Prophet_TD routing algorithm.The simulation results show that compared to the traditional Prophet routing algorithm,on the whole,the Prophet_TD routing algorithm has a higher message delivery rate and a lower network overhead rate,and its average latency is also lower when node density is large.
基金This paper is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 73002001）.
文摘This paper considers the role of service customers in those service encounters where the customer participates in the service production and delivery process, and the customer factors, motivations and incentive mechanism to participate in service delivery are analyzed. This study explores the relationship between service quality and service customer participation in the service encounter and the effect of customer participation on service providers＇ job stress. Finally, the management implications about customer participation in the service encounter from the findings are discussed.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2010CB832902the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos U1332128 and 11274317,10979007 and 11004202the Program of One Hundred Talents of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘We experimentally observe the signature of electron emission resulting from a single binary encounter mechanism in the intermediate collision energy regime of 30 keV/u He2＋ on argon. Electron emission spectra in the transfer ionization are obtained and compared with classical calculations from a two-step model considering the initial electron velocity and re-scattering of the binary encounter electron in the recoil potential. Although the present reaction is actually a four-body problem, the model starting from a binary encounter gives out surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data. Our studies show that orbital velocities of the electron affect the emission patterns of ionized electrons significantly.
基金The study was supported by the Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China （31000175）, the Grant-In-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science （JSPS： P09103） and the Kiriyama Foundation of Ja-pan. We are grateful to the Choshikei Monkey Park and Jigo-kudani Monkey Park for granting permission to carry out this research, special thanks to Mr. Eishi Tokida for his kind aids in our study. We thank Dr. Andrew J. Macintosh for reading and commenting on a previous draft of this manuscript. We thank all members of the Anthropology Department, Sun Yat-sen University, China and the Social Ecology Department at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, for their helpful comments on this research. The research and care of the monkeys under study abides by the national and institu- tional guidelines for the care and management of primates established by the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univer- sity, Japan.
文摘Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima mon-keys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to （〈100 m） and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima （59.8 rain, 0.33 times/hour, n=269） were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani （6.1 rain, 0.02 times/hour, n--14）. Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecol- ogy model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals con- siderable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation [Current Zoology 58 （4）： 517-524, 2012].
文摘Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illuminated as patterns of an interconnected relationship moving between the nurse and the nursed, and reflecting person-and-otherness events. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory of Encountering Nursing in a Nurse-Nursed Dyadic Relationship (ThENNDyR) and to illuminate the four nursing practice processes on which the theory is founded: <em>Knowing as appreciating relational moments</em>;<em>Reflecting as engaging moments</em>;<em>Realizing as patterns of living moments</em>;and <em>Transcending as celebrating moments</em>. Nursing practice occurs in moments in which dyadic relationships transpire as nursing encounters. As fleeting as moments are, the four processes of nursing simultaneously take place as understanding conditions that the <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> of the person warrants persons. “Encountering nursing” is a momentary co-existence of persons in a person-and-otherness situation communicating connectedness-interconnectedness in distinct patterning. Interactions in nursing exist as persons remain wholes and complete in the moment.
