In the context of Western medicine,Xin(心heart),Gan(肝liver),Pi(脾spleen),Fei(肺lung),and Shen(肾kidney)are five specific organs,while in ancient Chinese medicine,they are five kinds of Zang Xiang(藏象visceral manifes...In the context of Western medicine,Xin(心heart),Gan(肝liver),Pi(脾spleen),Fei(肺lung),and Shen(肾kidney)are five specific organs,while in ancient Chinese medicine,they are five kinds of Zang Xiang(藏象visceral manifestation),often referred to as Wu Zang(五藏five zang-organs),representing five interrelated structural-functional systems.There are both differences and connections between visceral manifestations and organs,which are reflected in the theories of Wu Zang.The specific connotation of Wu Zang are determined by the specific context in which they are located.With the accumulation of practice,the Wu Zang of the human body structures and functions,as well as the relationship between the Wu Zang have been in constant development and change.The encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in the 19th century dramatically changed the connotation of Wu Zang,from emphasizing visceral manifestations and neglecting substance to an organs-oriented perspective.This article examines how the encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in China influenced Chinese medicine.By analyzing three key aspects:(1)the interpretation of Wu Zang in pre-16th century texts;(2)the evolution and dissemination of Western medicine during the Ming and Qing dynasties;(3)the shifting conceptualization of Wu Zang in late Qing medical literature—the study elucidates the transformative impact of this cross-cultural medical encounter on the theory and practice of Chinese medicine.展开更多
1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western med...1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western medicine.Such a binary framework,however,oversimplifies the intricate realities of medical encounters in China.展开更多
在Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits一书中,比尔·波特对中华传统文化和中国典籍相关文字的翻译俯拾即是,此外还包含作者对中国隐士文化的看法和评价,是典型的无本译写文本。文章以Road to Heaven:Encounters with C...在Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits一书中,比尔·波特对中华传统文化和中国典籍相关文字的翻译俯拾即是,此外还包含作者对中国隐士文化的看法和评价,是典型的无本译写文本。文章以Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits为研究对象,采用无本译写特有的底本追踪方法,分析书中译的元素、译写关系以及无本译写所展现的中国文化中的隐士精神。首先,本文从中国典籍、民间传说、历史事件、中国传统价值观念、寻访见闻五个方面分析书中译的元素,其次探讨译写关系,最后从三个层面分析该书无本译写展现的隐士精神。研究发现:译写关系具体表现为互释互构、互相拓展的渐变连续体关系;比尔·波特对中国文化存在误读、翻译不准确、对某一特定文化的了解不全面等现象。展开更多
Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network ...Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network communication.Opportunistic networks routing algorithms are numerous and can be roughly divided into four categories based on different forwarding strategies.The Prophet routing algorithm is an important routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.It forwards messages based on the encounter probability between nodes,and has good innovation significance and optimization potential.However,the Prophet routing algorithm does not consider the impact of the historical throughput of the node on message transmission,nor does it consider the impact of the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission.Therefore,to improve the transmission efficiency of opportunistic networks,this paper based on the Prophet routing algorithm,fuses the impact of the historical throughput of the node and the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission at the same time,and proposes the Prophet_TD routing algorithm based on the historical throughput and the encounter duration.This paper uses the Opportunistic Networks Environment v1.6.0(the ONE v1.6.0)as the simulation platform,controls the change of running time and the number of nodes respectively,conducts simulation experiments on the Prophet_TD routing algorithm.The simulation results show that compared to the traditional Prophet routing algorithm,on the whole,the Prophet_TD routing algorithm has a higher message delivery rate and a lower network overhead rate,and its average latency is also lower when node density is large.展开更多
This paper considers the role of service customers in those service encounters where the customer participates in the service production and delivery process, and the customer factors, motivations and incentive mechan...This paper considers the role of service customers in those service encounters where the customer participates in the service production and delivery process, and the customer factors, motivations and incentive mechanism to participate in service delivery are analyzed. This study explores the relationship between service quality and service customer participation in the service encounter and the effect of customer participation on service providers＇ job stress. Finally, the management implications about customer participation in the service encounter from the findings are discussed.展开更多
We experimentally observe the signature of electron emission resulting from a single binary encounter mechanism in the intermediate collision energy regime of 30 keV/u He2＋ on argon. Electron emission spectra in the ...We experimentally observe the signature of electron emission resulting from a single binary encounter mechanism in the intermediate collision energy regime of 30 keV/u He2＋ on argon. Electron emission spectra in the transfer ionization are obtained and compared with classical calculations from a two-step model considering the initial electron velocity and re-scattering of the binary encounter electron in the recoil potential. Although the present reaction is actually a four-body problem, the model starting from a binary encounter gives out surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data. Our studies show that orbital velocities of the electron affect the emission patterns of ionized electrons significantly.展开更多
Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups o...Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima mon-keys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to （〈100 m） and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima （59.8 rain, 0.33 times/hour, n=269） were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani （6.1 rain, 0.02 times/hour, n--14）. Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecol- ogy model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals con- siderable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation [Current Zoology 58 （4）： 517-524, 2012].展开更多
Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illumin...Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illuminated as patterns of an interconnected relationship moving between the nurse and the nursed, and reflecting person-and-otherness events. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory of Encountering Nursing in a Nurse-Nursed Dyadic Relationship (ThENNDyR) and to illuminate the four nursing practice processes on which the theory is founded: <em>Knowing as appreciating relational moments</em>;<em>Reflecting as engaging moments</em>;<em>Realizing as patterns of living moments</em>;and <em>Transcending as celebrating moments</em>. Nursing practice occurs in moments in which dyadic relationships transpire as nursing encounters. As fleeting as moments are, the four processes of nursing simultaneously take place as understanding conditions that the <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> of the person warrants persons. “Encountering nursing” is a momentary co-existence of persons in a person-and-otherness situation communicating connectedness-interconnectedness in distinct patterning. Interactions in nursing exist as persons remain wholes and complete in the moment.展开更多
CHEN Xiaoqing is known as a “street foodie.” The director of the documentary series called A Bite of China and gourmet columnist has the ability to make his readers’ mouths water through his descriptions of food. C...CHEN Xiaoqing is known as a “street foodie.” The director of the documentary series called A Bite of China and gourmet columnist has the ability to make his readers’ mouths water through his descriptions of food. Chen has the ability to discover unique flavors among all kinds of delicacies, regardless of whether they are served in famous restaurants or at street stands. His writing is like a kaleidoscope, which allows readers to not only see the multicolored dishes but also smell the aroma of various foods.展开更多
With 196 masterpieces of artworks and artifacts on display,“EncounterMesopotamia:An Exhibition of Antiquities from Ancient Syria”presents a narrative of the history of Syria and China-Syria exchanges along the ancie...With 196 masterpieces of artworks and artifacts on display,“EncounterMesopotamia:An Exhibition of Antiquities from Ancient Syria”presents a narrative of the history of Syria and China-Syria exchanges along the ancient Silk Road.展开更多
Dear Editor,Infections are a common cause of stroke,and tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous causes of central nervous system（CNS）diseases.For example,cerebral infarction is a relatively common and serious CNS ...Dear Editor,Infections are a common cause of stroke,and tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous causes of central nervous system（CNS）diseases.For example,cerebral infarction is a relatively common and serious CNS disease associated with tuberculosis.展开更多
Since the 1990s,globalization has aroused people’s attention constantly.Meanwhile,with more and more immigrants,migrant workers,international students,foreign tourists,and business people,cross-cultural interaction h...Since the 1990s,globalization has aroused people’s attention constantly.Meanwhile,with more and more immigrants,migrant workers,international students,foreign tourists,and business people,cross-cultural interaction has increased dramatically.Consequently,the communication and interaction between service employees and customers from different cultural backgrounds is getting frequent.Services have gotten great profits from the phenomenon which is known as intercultural service encounters(ICSE).For one who has contributed a lot to ICSE,Piyush Sharma in his book Intercultural Service Encounters:Cross-cultural Interactions and Service Quality attempts to concentrate on some significant factors closely related to ICSE,from the perspective of service employees.Account for Piyush Sharma’s novel view on the relationship of employees and customers in the process of ICSE,here is a review of his work.For each part of Piyush Sharma’s volume,this review gives readers a brief and concise summary,which is followed by comprehensive comments of the reviewer.This review is a good guidance and introduction for those who are interested in ICSE and those who major in foreign languages and marketing management to have a good command of Piyush Sharma’s volume.展开更多
基金financed by the grant from The MUST Faculty Research Grants(FRG-25-031-FC)and Fundação Macao.
文摘In the context of Western medicine,Xin(心heart),Gan(肝liver),Pi(脾spleen),Fei(肺lung),and Shen(肾kidney)are five specific organs,while in ancient Chinese medicine,they are five kinds of Zang Xiang(藏象visceral manifestation),often referred to as Wu Zang(五藏five zang-organs),representing five interrelated structural-functional systems.There are both differences and connections between visceral manifestations and organs,which are reflected in the theories of Wu Zang.The specific connotation of Wu Zang are determined by the specific context in which they are located.With the accumulation of practice,the Wu Zang of the human body structures and functions,as well as the relationship between the Wu Zang have been in constant development and change.The encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in the 19th century dramatically changed the connotation of Wu Zang,from emphasizing visceral manifestations and neglecting substance to an organs-oriented perspective.This article examines how the encounter of Chinese and Western medicine in China influenced Chinese medicine.By analyzing three key aspects:(1)the interpretation of Wu Zang in pre-16th century texts;(2)the evolution and dissemination of Western medicine during the Ming and Qing dynasties;(3)the shifting conceptualization of Wu Zang in late Qing medical literature—the study elucidates the transformative impact of this cross-cultural medical encounter on the theory and practice of Chinese medicine.
文摘1 Introduction The history of medicine in modern China has frequently been framed through a lens of“Westernization”,in which traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is portrayed as grad-ually yielding to modern Western medicine.Such a binary framework,however,oversimplifies the intricate realities of medical encounters in China.
文摘在Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits一书中,比尔·波特对中华传统文化和中国典籍相关文字的翻译俯拾即是,此外还包含作者对中国隐士文化的看法和评价,是典型的无本译写文本。文章以Road to Heaven:Encounters with Chinese Hermits为研究对象,采用无本译写特有的底本追踪方法,分析书中译的元素、译写关系以及无本译写所展现的中国文化中的隐士精神。首先,本文从中国典籍、民间传说、历史事件、中国传统价值观念、寻访见闻五个方面分析书中译的元素,其次探讨译写关系,最后从三个层面分析该书无本译写展现的隐士精神。研究发现:译写关系具体表现为互释互构、互相拓展的渐变连续体关系;比尔·波特对中国文化存在误读、翻译不准确、对某一特定文化的了解不全面等现象。
基金The authors wish to thank the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61841109,61662054Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia under Grand No.2019MS06031.
文摘Opportunistic networks are self-organizing networks that do not require a complete path between the source node and the destination node as it uses encounter opportunities brought by nodes movement to achieve network communication.Opportunistic networks routing algorithms are numerous and can be roughly divided into four categories based on different forwarding strategies.The Prophet routing algorithm is an important routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.It forwards messages based on the encounter probability between nodes,and has good innovation significance and optimization potential.However,the Prophet routing algorithm does not consider the impact of the historical throughput of the node on message transmission,nor does it consider the impact of the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission.Therefore,to improve the transmission efficiency of opportunistic networks,this paper based on the Prophet routing algorithm,fuses the impact of the historical throughput of the node and the encounter duration between nodes on message transmission at the same time,and proposes the Prophet_TD routing algorithm based on the historical throughput and the encounter duration.This paper uses the Opportunistic Networks Environment v1.6.0(the ONE v1.6.0)as the simulation platform,controls the change of running time and the number of nodes respectively,conducts simulation experiments on the Prophet_TD routing algorithm.The simulation results show that compared to the traditional Prophet routing algorithm,on the whole,the Prophet_TD routing algorithm has a higher message delivery rate and a lower network overhead rate,and its average latency is also lower when node density is large.
基金This paper is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 73002001）.
文摘This paper considers the role of service customers in those service encounters where the customer participates in the service production and delivery process, and the customer factors, motivations and incentive mechanism to participate in service delivery are analyzed. This study explores the relationship between service quality and service customer participation in the service encounter and the effect of customer participation on service providers＇ job stress. Finally, the management implications about customer participation in the service encounter from the findings are discussed.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2010CB832902the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos U1332128 and 11274317,10979007 and 11004202the Program of One Hundred Talents of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘We experimentally observe the signature of electron emission resulting from a single binary encounter mechanism in the intermediate collision energy regime of 30 keV/u He2＋ on argon. Electron emission spectra in the transfer ionization are obtained and compared with classical calculations from a two-step model considering the initial electron velocity and re-scattering of the binary encounter electron in the recoil potential. Although the present reaction is actually a four-body problem, the model starting from a binary encounter gives out surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data. Our studies show that orbital velocities of the electron affect the emission patterns of ionized electrons significantly.
基金The study was supported by the Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China （31000175）, the Grant-In-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science （JSPS： P09103） and the Kiriyama Foundation of Ja-pan. We are grateful to the Choshikei Monkey Park and Jigo-kudani Monkey Park for granting permission to carry out this research, special thanks to Mr. Eishi Tokida for his kind aids in our study. We thank Dr. Andrew J. Macintosh for reading and commenting on a previous draft of this manuscript. We thank all members of the Anthropology Department, Sun Yat-sen University, China and the Social Ecology Department at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, for their helpful comments on this research. The research and care of the monkeys under study abides by the national and institu- tional guidelines for the care and management of primates established by the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univer- sity, Japan.
文摘Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima mon-keys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to （〈100 m） and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima （59.8 rain, 0.33 times/hour, n=269） were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani （6.1 rain, 0.02 times/hour, n--14）. Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecol- ogy model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals con- siderable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation [Current Zoology 58 （4）： 517-524, 2012].
文摘Encounters are celebrated experiences between persons with connectedness in human situations as expectation. While being in a human dynamic and rhythmic interaction, nursing encounters are dyadic relationships illuminated as patterns of an interconnected relationship moving between the nurse and the nursed, and reflecting person-and-otherness events. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory of Encountering Nursing in a Nurse-Nursed Dyadic Relationship (ThENNDyR) and to illuminate the four nursing practice processes on which the theory is founded: <em>Knowing as appreciating relational moments</em>;<em>Reflecting as engaging moments</em>;<em>Realizing as patterns of living moments</em>;and <em>Transcending as celebrating moments</em>. Nursing practice occurs in moments in which dyadic relationships transpire as nursing encounters. As fleeting as moments are, the four processes of nursing simultaneously take place as understanding conditions that the <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> of the person warrants persons. “Encountering nursing” is a momentary co-existence of persons in a person-and-otherness situation communicating connectedness-interconnectedness in distinct patterning. Interactions in nursing exist as persons remain wholes and complete in the moment.
文摘CHEN Xiaoqing is known as a “street foodie.” The director of the documentary series called A Bite of China and gourmet columnist has the ability to make his readers’ mouths water through his descriptions of food. Chen has the ability to discover unique flavors among all kinds of delicacies, regardless of whether they are served in famous restaurants or at street stands. His writing is like a kaleidoscope, which allows readers to not only see the multicolored dishes but also smell the aroma of various foods.
文摘With 196 masterpieces of artworks and artifacts on display,“EncounterMesopotamia:An Exhibition of Antiquities from Ancient Syria”presents a narrative of the history of Syria and China-Syria exchanges along the ancient Silk Road.
文摘Dear Editor,Infections are a common cause of stroke,and tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous causes of central nervous system（CNS）diseases.For example,cerebral infarction is a relatively common and serious CNS disease associated with tuberculosis.
文摘Since the 1990s,globalization has aroused people’s attention constantly.Meanwhile,with more and more immigrants,migrant workers,international students,foreign tourists,and business people,cross-cultural interaction has increased dramatically.Consequently,the communication and interaction between service employees and customers from different cultural backgrounds is getting frequent.Services have gotten great profits from the phenomenon which is known as intercultural service encounters(ICSE).For one who has contributed a lot to ICSE,Piyush Sharma in his book Intercultural Service Encounters:Cross-cultural Interactions and Service Quality attempts to concentrate on some significant factors closely related to ICSE,from the perspective of service employees.Account for Piyush Sharma’s novel view on the relationship of employees and customers in the process of ICSE,here is a review of his work.For each part of Piyush Sharma’s volume,this review gives readers a brief and concise summary,which is followed by comprehensive comments of the reviewer.This review is a good guidance and introduction for those who are interested in ICSE and those who major in foreign languages and marketing management to have a good command of Piyush Sharma’s volume.
