When a porous rock is subjected to overall compressive loading,either increasing pore pressure or decreasing confining pressure could result in rock failure.The stress path and the applied pressure change rate may aff...When a porous rock is subjected to overall compressive loading,either increasing pore pressure or decreasing confining pressure could result in rock failure.The stress path and the applied pressure change rate may affect the initiation and propagation of fractures within brittle materials.Understanding the physical mechanisms leading to failure is crucial for underground engineering applications and geo-energy exploration and storage.We conducted triaxial compression experiments on porous Bentheim sandstone samples at different stress paths and pressure change rates.First,at a constant confining pressure of 35 MPa and pore pressure of 5 MPa,intact cylindrical samples were axially loaded up to about 85%of the peak strength.Subsequently,the axial piston position was fixed,and then either the pore pressure was increased or the confining pressure was decreased at two different rates(0.5 MPa/min or 2 MPa/min),leading to final catastrophic failure.The mechanical results revealed that samples subjected to higher rates of decreasing effective confining pressure exhibited larger stress drop rates,higher slip rates,higher total breakdown work,higher rates of acoustic emissions(AEs)before failure,and higher post-failure AE decay rates.In contrast,the applied stress path did not significantly affect rock failure characteristics.Comparison of located AE events with post-mortem microstructures of deformed samples shows a good agreement.The AE source type determined from the P-wave first-motion polarity shows that shear failure dominated the fracture process when approaching failure.Gutenberg-Richter b-values revealed a significant decrease before failure in all tests.Our results indicate that,in contrast to the stress path,the rate of effective stress change strongly affects fracturing behavior and AE rate changes.展开更多
High ground temperature and unloading disturbance have emerged as critical factors impacting the property of cemented gauge-fly ash backfill(CGFB).The characteristics of energy and damage in CGFB were analyzed under c...High ground temperature and unloading disturbance have emerged as critical factors impacting the property of cemented gauge-fly ash backfill(CGFB).The characteristics of energy and damage in CGFB were analyzed under conditions of high ground temperature and unloading by conducting triaxial unloading tests with different initial confining pressures on CGFB that had been cured at various temperatures.Based on dissipative energy,triaxial unloading confining pressure damage constitutive model of CGFB was constructed.It has been demonstrated that the ratio of elastic strain energy in CGFB decreases and the ratio of dissipated energy increases at the end of unloading increases under higher curing temperature.The change in the elastic energy consumption ratio curve of CGFB,which shifts from a gradual increase to a swift rise at a certain"inflection point",can be utilized as a criterion for evaluating the failure of the unloading strength of CGFB.The triaxial unloading damage constitutive model for CGFB divides the damage progression into three distinct phases:initial damage stage,accelerated damage development stage,and rapid damage growth stage.The research findings offer a theoretical foundation for evaluating the extent of damage to CGFB caused by the combined influences of elevated ground temperature and unloading.展开更多
The global mining industry,particularly deep high-stress hard-rock mining,confronts prominent challenges of massive energy consumption and low crushing/grinding efficiency.Optimized blasting,as an alternative to grind...The global mining industry,particularly deep high-stress hard-rock mining,confronts prominent challenges of massive energy consumption and low crushing/grinding efficiency.Optimized blasting,as an alternative to grinding,effectively reduces energy usage and improves transportation efficiency.Despite extensive research on the effects of confining stress to cut blasting,studies focusing on fragmentation characteristics of deep confined blasting remain scarce.This study integrates theoretical analysis,similarity model tests,and SPH-FEM simulations to investigate fragmentation size distribution and energy dissipation under varying confining stresses.Results show that the Swebrec(SWE)function achieves superior fitting to fragmentation data(goodness-offit>0.95).With increasing confining stress,the fractal dimension of specimens increases(ranging from 2.16 to 2.42 in model tests),while fragmentation energy decreases—55.23% lower under high confining stress than no confining stress in tests,and 50.61%lower at 40 MPa than 0 MPa in simulations.The ratio of fragmentation energy to blasting energy is 2%-10%.Distinct from previous studies emphasizing confining stress macroeffects on cut blasting,this work explores fragmentation distribution functions and energy under biaxial confining stress,providing valuable insights for blasting efficiency evaluation and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in post-mineral processing.展开更多
The preparation of immobilized enzyme with excellent performance is one of the difficulties that restrict the application of enzyme catalysis technology.Here,Candida rugosa lipase(CRL)was firstly adsorbed on the surfa...The preparation of immobilized enzyme with excellent performance is one of the difficulties that restrict the application of enzyme catalysis technology.Here,Candida rugosa lipase(CRL)was firstly adsorbed on the surface of magnetic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)nanospheres,which was further encapsulated with a mesoporous SiO_(2)nano-membrane formed by tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS)polycondensation.Consequently,lipase could be firmly immobilized on carrier surface by physical binding rather than chemical binding,which did not damage the active conformation of enzyme.There were mesopores on the silica nano-membrane,which could improve the accessibility of enzyme and its apparent catalytic activity.Moreover,silica membrane encapsulation could also improve the stability of enzyme,suggesting an effective enzyme immobilization strategy.It showed that TEOS amount and the encapsulation time had significant effects on the thickness of silica membrane and the enzyme activity.The analysis in enzyme activity and protein secondary structure showed that lipase encapsulated in silica membrane retained the active conformation to the greatest extent.Compared with the adsorbed lipase,the encapsulated lipase increased its thermostability by 3 times and resistance to chemical denaturants by 7 times.The relative enzyme activity remained around 80%after 8 repetitions,while the adsorbed lipase only remained at7.3%.展开更多
Single-molecule junctions are building blocks for constructing molecular devices.However,intermolecular interactions like winding bring additional interference among the surrounding molecules,which inhibits the intrin...Single-molecule junctions are building blocks for constructing molecular devices.However,intermolecular interactions like winding bring additional interference among the surrounding molecules,which inhibits the intrinsic coherent transport through single-molecule junctions.Here,we employed a nanocavity(dimethoxypillar[5]arene,DMP[5]),which is analogous to electric cables,to confine the conformation of flexible chains(1,8-diaminooctane,DAO)via host-vip interaction.Single-molecule conductance measurements indicate that the conductance of DAO encapsulated with DMP[5]is as high as that of pure DAO,as reproduced by theoretical simulations.Intriguingly,the molecular lengths of the DAO encapsulated with DMP[5]increase from 1.13 nm to 1.46 nm compared with the pure DAO,indicating that DMP[5]keeps DAO upright-standing via the confinement effect.This work provides a new strategy to decouple the intermolecular interaction by employing an insulating sheath,enabling the high-density integration of single-molecule devices.展开更多
To elucidate the influence of confining pressure on microcrack evolution and macroscopic failure mechanisms in granite,a multi-perspective approach was adopted.This approach combined triaxial compression tests,acousti...To elucidate the influence of confining pressure on microcrack evolution and macroscopic failure mechanisms in granite,a multi-perspective approach was adopted.This approach combined triaxial compression tests,acoustic emission(AE)monitoring,and PFC simulations.The results show that:1)Confining pressure exhibits a pronounced linear correlation with both yield strength and compressive strength.The enhancement of confining pressure significantly improves the deformability of granite and promotes a progressive shift in failure mechanism from brittle rupture to ductile deformation;2)Increasing confining pressure elevates the stress threshold for microcrack initiation and suppresses crack propagation.As a result,the proportion of shear cracks increases(based on AE analysis)from 18.71%to 61.2%,marking a transition in the dominant failure mode from tensile to shear;3)Confining pressure facilitates the development of grain boundary shear cracks(GBSCs),establishing the primary damage pathways.In addition,local stress concentrations under high confinement conditions trigger intragranular cracking.This highlights the regulatory effect of confining pressure on microcrack evolution.展开更多
Oil and gas exploration studies have been increasingly moving deeper into the earth.The rocks in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs are exposed to a complex environment of high temperatures and large geo-stresses.The Tari...Oil and gas exploration studies have been increasingly moving deeper into the earth.The rocks in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs are exposed to a complex environment of high temperatures and large geo-stresses.The Tarim oilfield in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Xinjiang for short),China,has achieved a breakthrough in the exploration of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs at a depth of over 9000 m.The mechanical properties of deep rocks are significantly different from those of shallow rocks.In this study,triaxial compression tests were conducted on heat-treated carbonatite rocks to explore the evolution of the mechanical properties of carbonatite rocks under high confining pressure after thermal treatment.The rocks for the tests were collected from reservoirs in the Tarim oilfield,Xinjiang,China.The experiments were performed at confining pressures ranging from atmospheric to 120 MPa and temperatures ranging from25 to 500°C.The results show that the critical confining pressure of the brittle–ductile transition increases with increasing temperature.Young's modulus is negatively correlated with the temperature and positively correlated with the confining pressure.As the confining pressure increases,the failure mode of the specimens gradually transforms from shear fracture failure into“V”-type failure and finally into bulging failure(multiple shear fractures).With increasing temperature,the failure angle tends to decrease.In addition,an improved version of the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion with a temperature-dependent power function was proposed to describe the failure strength of carbonatite rocks after exposure to high temperature and high confining pressure.The surface of the strength envelope of this criterion is temperature dependent,which could reflect the strength evolution of rock under high confining pressures after thermal treatment.Compared with other strength criteria,this criterion is more capable of replicating physical processes.展开更多
To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting,tests were performed under different confining pressures.Th...To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting,tests were performed under different confining pressures.Then,the characteristics of rock mass crack development were analyzed,and the pressure resistance values of core samples before and after blasting were compared to study the trends of rock mass damage.Moreover,a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established by LS-DYNA to analyze the stress wave propagation,cavity shape and crack propagation characteristics under different confining pressures.The propagation of rock blasting cracks is negatively correlated with the confining pressure.The greater the confining pressure,the shorter the crack development time.Additionally,the crack width is reduced from 0.4-1.7 to 0.04-1.4 mm,and the length is shortened from 280 to 120 mm.A comparison of the compressive strength revealed that blasting reduces the compressive strength of the rock mass.The greater the distance from the explosion source,the lower the degree of strength attenuation.An increase in the confining pressure can inhibit strength attenuation.Numerical simulations revealed that under the same confining pressure,the stress first peaks at the bottom of the blast hole.The greater the confining pressure,the longer the stress peak duration,the smaller the cavity volume,and the shorter the crack propagation length and depth.Under a confining pressure of 4 MPa,the longest crack was only 154.5 mm in length and 102 mm in depth.The research results provide a scientific basis for controlling rock damage and optimizing design in the excavation of deep rock roadways by blasting.展开更多
Perovskite photovoltaics have attracted extensive research attention as the third-generation photovoltaic technology due to their outstanding photoelectric performance,enabling diverse applications such as flexible we...Perovskite photovoltaics have attracted extensive research attention as the third-generation photovoltaic technology due to their outstanding photoelectric performance,enabling diverse applications such as flexible wearable devices,energy storage devices,fuel conversion devices,smart photovoltaic devices,and space application equipment.However,an important prerequisite for achieving multi-scenario applications lies in ensuring their long-term stability to meet the actual application requirements.Encapsulation plays a crucial role in achieving this stability.For this reason,this review systematically studies the degradation mechanisms of perovskite photovoltaics and comprehensively summarizes encapsulation as a key strategy for enhancing their stability,covering various encapsulation materials and prevalent technologies.More importantly,this paper focuses on the encapsulating technologies in multi-scenario application devices,aiming to deepen the basic understanding of the degradation mechanisms,provide practical guidelines for the development of next-generation encapsulating solutions,and promote the application expansion of encapsulating technologies in broader fields.展开更多
Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability...Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability.However,precise control and tune the pore size of such frameworks still remains a significant challenge to date.In this study,we constructed supramolecular polymer frameworks using rigid tetrahedral star polyisocyanides with tunable length and sufficiently narrow distribution as building block.First,a series of tetrahedral four-arm star polyisocyanides with controlled chain lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions was prepared via the Pd(Ⅱ)-catalyzed living isocyanide polymerization.Then 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone(Upy) unit was installed onto each chain-end of polyisocyanide arms via post-polymerization functionalization.Leveraging the supramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the terminal Upy units,well-ordered supramolecular polymer frameworks were readily obtained.Notably,the pore size was dependent on the chain length of the polyisocyanide arms.Precisely control the chain length of polyisocyanide arms,supramolecular polymer frameworks with pore sizes ranging from 5.06 nm to 9.72 nm were achieved.These frameworks,with tunable and large pore apertures,demonstrated exceptional capabilities in encapsulating enzymes of different sizes,such as lipase(TL),horseradish peroxidase(HRP),and glucose oxidase(GOx).The encapsulated enzymes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity and durability.Moreover,the frameworks' tunable and large pore apertures facilitated the co-encapsulation of multiple enzymes,enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade reactions.展开更多
Preferential magnesium(Mg)electrodeposition on separators is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomenon in rechargeable Mg-metal batteries,posing a fundamental challenge to their development.In this work,the synerg...Preferential magnesium(Mg)electrodeposition on separators is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomenon in rechargeable Mg-metal batteries,posing a fundamental challenge to their development.In this work,the synergy effects of interface-accelerating desolvation and spatial confinement have been demonstrated as the essential causation of this counterintuitive experimental phenomenon.At the molecular level,the imide ring(-CO-NR-CO-,in which R represents the phenyl)groups in an artificially introduced polyimide(PI)interlayer facilitate the strong electrostatic affinity towards Mg^(2+),which accelerates the desolvation process for Mg^(2+)solvation structures at the inner Helmholtz plane.At the nucleation scale,the wedge-like concave geometry formed at the PI/current collector interface provides energetically favorable sites for Mg nucleation.This unique architecture reduces the critical nucleus size,thereby significantly lowering nucleation energy barriers.As a result,the satisfactory Coulombic efficiency for Mg plating/stripping(98.22%)and cycle lifespan(1200 cycles,above 100 days)have been achieved,outperforming most of the previous results.This work pioneers a molecular-level understanding of separator-directed Mg deposition and resolves a long-standing confusion in Mg-metal batteries.展开更多
Hydrolysis of ammonia borane is deemed as a promising technique for robust hydrogen production,yet its deployment is still restricted due to the sluggish kinetics of the water dissociation step.An appropriate catalyst...Hydrolysis of ammonia borane is deemed as a promising technique for robust hydrogen production,yet its deployment is still restricted due to the sluggish kinetics of the water dissociation step.An appropriate catalyst that can effectively reduce the H_(2)O dissociation barrier is quite desirable for sustainable ammonia borane-to-hydrogen conversion.Herein,an amino pre-coordination confinement strategy is profiled to achieve sub-2 nm ordered PtCo intermetallics uniformly on N-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres(O-PtCo/NHMS)for ammonia borane catalytic hydrolysis.Such a confined approach showcases the capacity of preventing nanoparticles from agglomeration and growth for accurate size control and can be extended to other ordered intermetallic systems(e.g.PtFe and PtCu).As for the ammonia borane hydrolysis,the ordered PtCo intermetallics have delivered a five times higher turnover frequency activity of 1264.1 min^(-1) than that of the disordered PtCo catalyst,together with excellent catalytic durability.Mechanism studies indicate that the ordered PtCo structure promotes the balanced adsorption of H_(2)O and ammonia borane molecules at Co and Pt sites and reduces the energy barrier for the rate-determining H_(2)O dissociation step to boost the ammonia borane hydrolysis.This work provides valuable insights into the rational design of efficient ordered PtM intermetallic catalysts and expands their application in hydrogen production via ammonia borane hydrolysis.展开更多
Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LE...Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LEDs are predominantly thermally cured,which is energy-and time-consuming and can adversely affect electronic components.In this study,a novel UV-curable silicone resin containing phenyl,disulfide,and acryloyl groups(SPASR)is developed from commercially available siloxanes.The resin exhibits a refractive index(n_(d))higher than 1.5,and it can be cured within 30 s under UV irradiation.After curing,it exhibits an optical transparency exceeding 92%,a lap adhesion strength of up to1.84 MPa,and good thermostability(T_(5%)>265℃).Notably,the volume shrinkage is less than 4.83%,attributed to the release of photopolymerization stress via UV-induced disulfide metathesis during UV curing.Mini-LEDs encapsulated with this resin show luminescence properties comparable to those of conventional thermally-cured sealants,and show excellent sealability wihtout visible penetration after being immersed in red ink for 12 h.Consequently,these excellent properties make the SPASR resin an ideal candidate for microelectronic encapsulation,offering a more reliable and efficient solution for the electronics industry.展开更多
The Ru-based catalysts with different preparation methods or supports were achieved and applied in efficientlycatalytic elimination of 1,2-dichloroethane(1,2-DCE).It wasfirstly found that the redox ability and chlorine...The Ru-based catalysts with different preparation methods or supports were achieved and applied in efficientlycatalytic elimination of 1,2-dichloroethane(1,2-DCE).It wasfirstly found that the redox ability and chlorine re-sistance of the catalyst could be improved by regulating the interaction between Ru and supports.Compared withother supports and conventionally impregnated methods,the Ru@ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized by the in-situ en-capsulation strategy exhibited an excellent low-temperature catalytic performance(T50=262°C,T90=327℃),superior stability in long-term test as well as ideal target products.The acidity,specific surface area,and in-teraction with precious metals of the supports have significant influences on the catalytic activity,and the Ruclusters inside the pore structures are more closely bound to the framework Al species,which promotes theoxidation behavior.The encapsulation strategy also significantly improves the Ru dispersion thereby facilitatesoxygen activation as well as Cl-containing volatile organic compounds(CVOCs)deep oxidation,and preserveslarge amounts of Brønsted acid sites to optimize the hydrolysis mechanism for purification of CVOCs.Subse-quently,the synergistic effect between metal redox and acidity is greatly optimized,thus extremely promotingthe catalytic efficiency of 1,2-DCE oxidation.展开更多
Hard carbon(HC)remains a leading anode candidate for sodium-ion storage,yet its application is hindered by low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and limited plateau capacity due to uncontrolled defect density and open ...Hard carbon(HC)remains a leading anode candidate for sodium-ion storage,yet its application is hindered by low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and limited plateau capacity due to uncontrolled defect density and open porosity.Here,we propose a scalable dual-regulation strategy that simultaneously tunes pore mouth size and defect chemistry to enhance sodium storage performance.Using phenol-formaldehyde resin as the carbon precursor and phosphorus pentoxide(P_(2)O_(5))as a bifunctional sacrificial template and dopant source,we synthesize phosphorus-functionalized hard carbon(PF-PHC)featuring a high density of closed pores with well-confined sub-nanometer pore entrances.The in-situ sublimation of P_(2)O_(5) during pyrolysis promotes the formation of closed-pore architectures,while residual phosphorus atoms effectively passivate vacancy-type defects,thereby reducing irreversible Na+adsorption and mitigating excessive solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)formation.As a result,PF-PHC achieves an ICE of 89.3%and a plateau capacity of 289 mAh g^(−1).In-situ characterizations reveal that regulating pore mouth dimensions decouples Na+and solvent access,enabling highly selective ion transport and stable interfacial chemistry.Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors(SIHCs)assembled based on PF-PHC deliver exceptional rate performance and outstanding long-term cycling stability,retaining 98.2%after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g^(−1).This study establishes pore mouth engineering as a robust and scalable design principle for advancing next-generation HC-based sodium storage materials.展开更多
Seawater electrolysis is an appealing route toward sustainable hydrogen production,yet its practical deployment is hindered by severe chloride-induced corrosion and parasitic chlorine oxidation.Here,we report noble me...Seawater electrolysis is an appealing route toward sustainable hydrogen production,yet its practical deployment is hindered by severe chloride-induced corrosion and parasitic chlorine oxidation.Here,we report noble metal-doped NiV layered double hydroxides(LDHs)that integrate electronic modulation with a dual chloride confinement mechanism.Ir incorporation simultaneously establishes strong Ir-Cl coordination and dynamically regenerated VO_(4)^(3-)layers,producing an adaptive electrostatic shield that effectively suppresses chloride penetration.As a result,Ir-NiV LDH delivers nearly 100%oxygen evolution reaction selectivity and outstanding stability over2750 h at 500 mA cm^(-2).Meanwhile,Ru doping optimizes the hydrogen evolution pathway,enabling a low overpotential of 195 mV and>2350 h durability.When paired in a twso-electrode electrolyzer,the Ru-NiVLDH‖Ir-NiVLDH system exhibits industrial-level performance and unprecedented robustness in alkaline seawater.This dual chloride confinement concept provides a general framework for catalyst design in corrosive ionic environments,extending beyond seawater splitting toward other electrochemical energy conversion processes.展开更多
MnO_(2) stands out among cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)high capacity and voltage,it has poor stability and slow Zn^(2+) kinetics.Herein,we propose a dual-regulation strategy integrating copper...MnO_(2) stands out among cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)high capacity and voltage,it has poor stability and slow Zn^(2+) kinetics.Herein,we propose a dual-regulation strategy integrating copper doping and carbon-based confinement.Residual carbon(RC),derived from acid-washed coal gasification fine slag(CGFS),serves as a conductive and porous framework for the directional growth of Cu-doped MnO_(2) nanowires(CMO@RC).The synergistic modulation of Cu-induced electronic structure tuning and carbon confinement induced mechanical/electrical stabilization significantly enhances Zn^(2+) transport and electrochemical performance.CMO@RC achieves a high capacity of 563 mA·h·g^(−1) at 0.1 A·g^(−1) and maintains 106%after 1000 cycles at 1 A·g^(−1).Kinetic analyses confirm the dual-path Zn^(2+) diffusion and accelerated reaction kinetics,while DFT calculations reveal that Cu doping enhances Mn 3d orbital hybridization and electron interaction with carbon,elevating the density of states near the Fermi level and reducing charge transfer barriers.Furthermore,pouch cell testing demonstrates outstanding flexibility and mechanical resilience.This study provides a cost-effective and scalable strategy for high-performance AZIBs,leveraging both experimental and theoretical validations.展开更多
Pipelines are extensively used in environments such as nuclear power plants,chemical factories,and medical devices to transport gases and liquids.These tubular environments often feature complex geometries,confined sp...Pipelines are extensively used in environments such as nuclear power plants,chemical factories,and medical devices to transport gases and liquids.These tubular environments often feature complex geometries,confined spaces,and millimeter-scale height restrictions,presenting significant challenges to conventional inspection methods.Here,we present an ultrasonic microrobot(weight,80 mg;dimensions,24 mm×7 mm;thickness,210μm)to realize agile and bidirectional navigation in narrow pipelines.The ultrathin structural design of the robot is achieved through a high-performance piezoelectric composite film microstructure based on MEMS technology.The robot exhibits various vibration modes when driven by ultrasonic frequency signals,its motion speed reaches81 cm s-1 at 54.8 k Hz,exceeding that of the fastest piezoelectric microrobots,and its forward and backward motion direction is controllable through frequency modulation,while the minimum driving voltage for initial movement can be as low as 3 VP-P.Additionally,the robot can effortlessly climb slopes up to 24.25°and carry loads more than 36 times its weight.The robot is capable of agile navigation through curved L-shaped pipes,pipes made of various materials(acrylic,stainless steel,and polyvinyl chloride),and even over water.To further demonstrate its inspection capabilities,a micro-endoscope camera is integrated into the robot,enabling real-time image capture inside glass pipes.展开更多
Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2)...Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2) management in life-support systems of confined space.Here,a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO_(2) molecular hunters,temperature-sensitive molecular switch,solar photothermal conversion,and magnetically-driven function engines.The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g^(−1) of CO_(2) to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate.Interestingly,the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO_(2) release through nano-reconfiguration,which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption.Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment,including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level.This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives,thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures,achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55℃ reported to date.The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating.Notably,the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%,effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces.This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration,while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.展开更多
An important feature of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)is that the strong force grows as the distance between partons increases,which confines partons into hadrons,commonly known as QCD confinement.Perturbative QCD(pQCD)d...An important feature of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)is that the strong force grows as the distance between partons increases,which confines partons into hadrons,commonly known as QCD confinement.Perturbative QCD(pQCD)does not work at large distance,such as the length scale of a hadron,which is the regime of non-perturbative QCD.The detailed QCD mechanisms through which confinement occurs from partons to hadrons(usually known as hadronization),and how it manifests itself in partonic structure of hadrons(usually known as parton distribution),remain unresolved puzzles of first-principle QCD calculations.展开更多
文摘When a porous rock is subjected to overall compressive loading,either increasing pore pressure or decreasing confining pressure could result in rock failure.The stress path and the applied pressure change rate may affect the initiation and propagation of fractures within brittle materials.Understanding the physical mechanisms leading to failure is crucial for underground engineering applications and geo-energy exploration and storage.We conducted triaxial compression experiments on porous Bentheim sandstone samples at different stress paths and pressure change rates.First,at a constant confining pressure of 35 MPa and pore pressure of 5 MPa,intact cylindrical samples were axially loaded up to about 85%of the peak strength.Subsequently,the axial piston position was fixed,and then either the pore pressure was increased or the confining pressure was decreased at two different rates(0.5 MPa/min or 2 MPa/min),leading to final catastrophic failure.The mechanical results revealed that samples subjected to higher rates of decreasing effective confining pressure exhibited larger stress drop rates,higher slip rates,higher total breakdown work,higher rates of acoustic emissions(AEs)before failure,and higher post-failure AE decay rates.In contrast,the applied stress path did not significantly affect rock failure characteristics.Comparison of located AE events with post-mortem microstructures of deformed samples shows a good agreement.The AE source type determined from the P-wave first-motion polarity shows that shear failure dominated the fracture process when approaching failure.Gutenberg-Richter b-values revealed a significant decrease before failure in all tests.Our results indicate that,in contrast to the stress path,the rate of effective stress change strongly affects fracturing behavior and AE rate changes.
基金Project(2024YFC2911000)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program Young Scientist Project,ChinaProject(2022HWYQ-078)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China+1 种基金Project(tsqn202103074)supported by the"Taishan Scholars Young Expert Program"of Shandong Province,ChinaProject(2023GX051)supported by the Tai'an Science and Technology Innovation Development Project(Policy Guidance),China。
文摘High ground temperature and unloading disturbance have emerged as critical factors impacting the property of cemented gauge-fly ash backfill(CGFB).The characteristics of energy and damage in CGFB were analyzed under conditions of high ground temperature and unloading by conducting triaxial unloading tests with different initial confining pressures on CGFB that had been cured at various temperatures.Based on dissipative energy,triaxial unloading confining pressure damage constitutive model of CGFB was constructed.It has been demonstrated that the ratio of elastic strain energy in CGFB decreases and the ratio of dissipated energy increases at the end of unloading increases under higher curing temperature.The change in the elastic energy consumption ratio curve of CGFB,which shifts from a gradual increase to a swift rise at a certain"inflection point",can be utilized as a criterion for evaluating the failure of the unloading strength of CGFB.The triaxial unloading damage constitutive model for CGFB divides the damage progression into three distinct phases:initial damage stage,accelerated damage development stage,and rapid damage growth stage.The research findings offer a theoretical foundation for evaluating the extent of damage to CGFB caused by the combined influences of elevated ground temperature and unloading.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology(No.2024yjrc71)State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting,Jianghan University(No.PBSKL25B15)+2 种基金Foundation of Anhui Engineering Research Center of New Explosive Materials and Blasting Technology(No.AHBP2024B11)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52208384)Auhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Safety and Emergency Management,Hefei University(No.2024GD003)。
文摘The global mining industry,particularly deep high-stress hard-rock mining,confronts prominent challenges of massive energy consumption and low crushing/grinding efficiency.Optimized blasting,as an alternative to grinding,effectively reduces energy usage and improves transportation efficiency.Despite extensive research on the effects of confining stress to cut blasting,studies focusing on fragmentation characteristics of deep confined blasting remain scarce.This study integrates theoretical analysis,similarity model tests,and SPH-FEM simulations to investigate fragmentation size distribution and energy dissipation under varying confining stresses.Results show that the Swebrec(SWE)function achieves superior fitting to fragmentation data(goodness-offit>0.95).With increasing confining stress,the fractal dimension of specimens increases(ranging from 2.16 to 2.42 in model tests),while fragmentation energy decreases—55.23% lower under high confining stress than no confining stress in tests,and 50.61%lower at 40 MPa than 0 MPa in simulations.The ratio of fragmentation energy to blasting energy is 2%-10%.Distinct from previous studies emphasizing confining stress macroeffects on cut blasting,this work explores fragmentation distribution functions and energy under biaxial confining stress,providing valuable insights for blasting efficiency evaluation and promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in post-mineral processing.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22378093,21878065)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2022201100)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Support Plan of Baoding City(No.2241ZF111)the Medical Science Foundation of Hebei University(No.2021A09)the Foundation of Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University(No.2021Z003)。
文摘The preparation of immobilized enzyme with excellent performance is one of the difficulties that restrict the application of enzyme catalysis technology.Here,Candida rugosa lipase(CRL)was firstly adsorbed on the surface of magnetic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)nanospheres,which was further encapsulated with a mesoporous SiO_(2)nano-membrane formed by tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS)polycondensation.Consequently,lipase could be firmly immobilized on carrier surface by physical binding rather than chemical binding,which did not damage the active conformation of enzyme.There were mesopores on the silica nano-membrane,which could improve the accessibility of enzyme and its apparent catalytic activity.Moreover,silica membrane encapsulation could also improve the stability of enzyme,suggesting an effective enzyme immobilization strategy.It showed that TEOS amount and the encapsulation time had significant effects on the thickness of silica membrane and the enzyme activity.The analysis in enzyme activity and protein secondary structure showed that lipase encapsulated in silica membrane retained the active conformation to the greatest extent.Compared with the adsorbed lipase,the encapsulated lipase increased its thermostability by 3 times and resistance to chemical denaturants by 7 times.The relative enzyme activity remained around 80%after 8 repetitions,while the adsorbed lipase only remained at7.3%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22205084,42307566,22325303,22250003,T2222002,21991130,22032004)Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2022H6014)+4 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2023M741039,2023M742199)Project funded by National&Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization(No.SF202303)State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization for Low Grade Phosphate Rock and Its Associated Resources WFKF(2023)013the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Xiamen University,No.20720240053)State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases,Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory(No.2023XAKJ0103074)。
文摘Single-molecule junctions are building blocks for constructing molecular devices.However,intermolecular interactions like winding bring additional interference among the surrounding molecules,which inhibits the intrinsic coherent transport through single-molecule junctions.Here,we employed a nanocavity(dimethoxypillar[5]arene,DMP[5]),which is analogous to electric cables,to confine the conformation of flexible chains(1,8-diaminooctane,DAO)via host-vip interaction.Single-molecule conductance measurements indicate that the conductance of DAO encapsulated with DMP[5]is as high as that of pure DAO,as reproduced by theoretical simulations.Intriguingly,the molecular lengths of the DAO encapsulated with DMP[5]increase from 1.13 nm to 1.46 nm compared with the pure DAO,indicating that DMP[5]keeps DAO upright-standing via the confinement effect.This work provides a new strategy to decouple the intermolecular interaction by employing an insulating sheath,enabling the high-density integration of single-molecule devices.
基金Projects(U23A2060,42177143)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘To elucidate the influence of confining pressure on microcrack evolution and macroscopic failure mechanisms in granite,a multi-perspective approach was adopted.This approach combined triaxial compression tests,acoustic emission(AE)monitoring,and PFC simulations.The results show that:1)Confining pressure exhibits a pronounced linear correlation with both yield strength and compressive strength.The enhancement of confining pressure significantly improves the deformability of granite and promotes a progressive shift in failure mechanism from brittle rupture to ductile deformation;2)Increasing confining pressure elevates the stress threshold for microcrack initiation and suppresses crack propagation.As a result,the proportion of shear cracks increases(based on AE analysis)from 18.71%to 61.2%,marking a transition in the dominant failure mode from tensile to shear;3)Confining pressure facilitates the development of grain boundary shear cracks(GBSCs),establishing the primary damage pathways.In addition,local stress concentrations under high confinement conditions trigger intragranular cracking.This highlights the regulatory effect of confining pressure on microcrack evolution.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52034010。
文摘Oil and gas exploration studies have been increasingly moving deeper into the earth.The rocks in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs are exposed to a complex environment of high temperatures and large geo-stresses.The Tarim oilfield in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Xinjiang for short),China,has achieved a breakthrough in the exploration of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs at a depth of over 9000 m.The mechanical properties of deep rocks are significantly different from those of shallow rocks.In this study,triaxial compression tests were conducted on heat-treated carbonatite rocks to explore the evolution of the mechanical properties of carbonatite rocks under high confining pressure after thermal treatment.The rocks for the tests were collected from reservoirs in the Tarim oilfield,Xinjiang,China.The experiments were performed at confining pressures ranging from atmospheric to 120 MPa and temperatures ranging from25 to 500°C.The results show that the critical confining pressure of the brittle–ductile transition increases with increasing temperature.Young's modulus is negatively correlated with the temperature and positively correlated with the confining pressure.As the confining pressure increases,the failure mode of the specimens gradually transforms from shear fracture failure into“V”-type failure and finally into bulging failure(multiple shear fractures).With increasing temperature,the failure angle tends to decrease.In addition,an improved version of the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion with a temperature-dependent power function was proposed to describe the failure strength of carbonatite rocks after exposure to high temperature and high confining pressure.The surface of the strength envelope of this criterion is temperature dependent,which could reflect the strength evolution of rock under high confining pressures after thermal treatment.Compared with other strength criteria,this criterion is more capable of replicating physical processes.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874189)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2023ME106 and ZR2023ME055)the Open Fund Project of the Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Mining Underground Engineering(No.JYBGCZX2021102).
文摘To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting,tests were performed under different confining pressures.Then,the characteristics of rock mass crack development were analyzed,and the pressure resistance values of core samples before and after blasting were compared to study the trends of rock mass damage.Moreover,a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established by LS-DYNA to analyze the stress wave propagation,cavity shape and crack propagation characteristics under different confining pressures.The propagation of rock blasting cracks is negatively correlated with the confining pressure.The greater the confining pressure,the shorter the crack development time.Additionally,the crack width is reduced from 0.4-1.7 to 0.04-1.4 mm,and the length is shortened from 280 to 120 mm.A comparison of the compressive strength revealed that blasting reduces the compressive strength of the rock mass.The greater the distance from the explosion source,the lower the degree of strength attenuation.An increase in the confining pressure can inhibit strength attenuation.Numerical simulations revealed that under the same confining pressure,the stress first peaks at the bottom of the blast hole.The greater the confining pressure,the longer the stress peak duration,the smaller the cavity volume,and the shorter the crack propagation length and depth.Under a confining pressure of 4 MPa,the longest crack was only 154.5 mm in length and 102 mm in depth.The research results provide a scientific basis for controlling rock damage and optimizing design in the excavation of deep rock roadways by blasting.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0201800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22579136)+6 种基金the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics(22JSY015,23JSY005)the Shaanxi Province Science and Technology Activities for Overseas Students Selected Funding Project(2023015)the Youth Project in Natural Science and Engineering Technology(2023SYJ15,2023SYJ25)the S&T Program of Energy Shaanxi Laboratory(ESLB202438)the Xi’an Jiaotong University Youth Innovation Team(xtr052025016)the State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures(SV2023-KF-18)the China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Perovskite photovoltaics have attracted extensive research attention as the third-generation photovoltaic technology due to their outstanding photoelectric performance,enabling diverse applications such as flexible wearable devices,energy storage devices,fuel conversion devices,smart photovoltaic devices,and space application equipment.However,an important prerequisite for achieving multi-scenario applications lies in ensuring their long-term stability to meet the actual application requirements.Encapsulation plays a crucial role in achieving this stability.For this reason,this review systematically studies the degradation mechanisms of perovskite photovoltaics and comprehensively summarizes encapsulation as a key strategy for enhancing their stability,covering various encapsulation materials and prevalent technologies.More importantly,this paper focuses on the encapsulating technologies in multi-scenario application devices,aiming to deepen the basic understanding of the degradation mechanisms,provide practical guidelines for the development of next-generation encapsulating solutions,and promote the application expansion of encapsulating technologies in broader fields.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,Nos.92256201,52273006,22071041,92356302,and 21971052)Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (No.20240101181JC) are gratefully appreciated for financial the supportssupported by the User Experiment Assist System of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF)。
文摘Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability.However,precise control and tune the pore size of such frameworks still remains a significant challenge to date.In this study,we constructed supramolecular polymer frameworks using rigid tetrahedral star polyisocyanides with tunable length and sufficiently narrow distribution as building block.First,a series of tetrahedral four-arm star polyisocyanides with controlled chain lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions was prepared via the Pd(Ⅱ)-catalyzed living isocyanide polymerization.Then 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone(Upy) unit was installed onto each chain-end of polyisocyanide arms via post-polymerization functionalization.Leveraging the supramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the terminal Upy units,well-ordered supramolecular polymer frameworks were readily obtained.Notably,the pore size was dependent on the chain length of the polyisocyanide arms.Precisely control the chain length of polyisocyanide arms,supramolecular polymer frameworks with pore sizes ranging from 5.06 nm to 9.72 nm were achieved.These frameworks,with tunable and large pore apertures,demonstrated exceptional capabilities in encapsulating enzymes of different sizes,such as lipase(TL),horseradish peroxidase(HRP),and glucose oxidase(GOx).The encapsulated enzymes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity and durability.Moreover,the frameworks' tunable and large pore apertures facilitated the co-encapsulation of multiple enzymes,enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade reactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279068,52374306)the Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province(tsqn202408202)the Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(QNESL OP202312)。
文摘Preferential magnesium(Mg)electrodeposition on separators is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomenon in rechargeable Mg-metal batteries,posing a fundamental challenge to their development.In this work,the synergy effects of interface-accelerating desolvation and spatial confinement have been demonstrated as the essential causation of this counterintuitive experimental phenomenon.At the molecular level,the imide ring(-CO-NR-CO-,in which R represents the phenyl)groups in an artificially introduced polyimide(PI)interlayer facilitate the strong electrostatic affinity towards Mg^(2+),which accelerates the desolvation process for Mg^(2+)solvation structures at the inner Helmholtz plane.At the nucleation scale,the wedge-like concave geometry formed at the PI/current collector interface provides energetically favorable sites for Mg nucleation.This unique architecture reduces the critical nucleus size,thereby significantly lowering nucleation energy barriers.As a result,the satisfactory Coulombic efficiency for Mg plating/stripping(98.22%)and cycle lifespan(1200 cycles,above 100 days)have been achieved,outperforming most of the previous results.This work pioneers a molecular-level understanding of separator-directed Mg deposition and resolves a long-standing confusion in Mg-metal batteries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.92266107,92366207,52401245,and 52371236)the China Manned Space Station program(JZ-20190104)+3 种基金Technology Innovation Leading Program of Shaanxi Province(2024QCY-KXJ-011)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shaanxi Province(No.2025JC-JCQN-001)Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Special Plan of Xianyang Science and Technology Plan Project(No.L2024-ZDKJ-ZDCGZH-0026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Hydrolysis of ammonia borane is deemed as a promising technique for robust hydrogen production,yet its deployment is still restricted due to the sluggish kinetics of the water dissociation step.An appropriate catalyst that can effectively reduce the H_(2)O dissociation barrier is quite desirable for sustainable ammonia borane-to-hydrogen conversion.Herein,an amino pre-coordination confinement strategy is profiled to achieve sub-2 nm ordered PtCo intermetallics uniformly on N-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres(O-PtCo/NHMS)for ammonia borane catalytic hydrolysis.Such a confined approach showcases the capacity of preventing nanoparticles from agglomeration and growth for accurate size control and can be extended to other ordered intermetallic systems(e.g.PtFe and PtCu).As for the ammonia borane hydrolysis,the ordered PtCo intermetallics have delivered a five times higher turnover frequency activity of 1264.1 min^(-1) than that of the disordered PtCo catalyst,together with excellent catalytic durability.Mechanism studies indicate that the ordered PtCo structure promotes the balanced adsorption of H_(2)O and ammonia borane molecules at Co and Pt sites and reduces the energy barrier for the rate-determining H_(2)O dissociation step to boost the ammonia borane hydrolysis.This work provides valuable insights into the rational design of efficient ordered PtM intermetallic catalysts and expands their application in hydrogen production via ammonia borane hydrolysis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273104)。
文摘Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LEDs are predominantly thermally cured,which is energy-and time-consuming and can adversely affect electronic components.In this study,a novel UV-curable silicone resin containing phenyl,disulfide,and acryloyl groups(SPASR)is developed from commercially available siloxanes.The resin exhibits a refractive index(n_(d))higher than 1.5,and it can be cured within 30 s under UV irradiation.After curing,it exhibits an optical transparency exceeding 92%,a lap adhesion strength of up to1.84 MPa,and good thermostability(T_(5%)>265℃).Notably,the volume shrinkage is less than 4.83%,attributed to the release of photopolymerization stress via UV-induced disulfide metathesis during UV curing.Mini-LEDs encapsulated with this resin show luminescence properties comparable to those of conventional thermally-cured sealants,and show excellent sealability wihtout visible penetration after being immersed in red ink for 12 h.Consequently,these excellent properties make the SPASR resin an ideal candidate for microelectronic encapsulation,offering a more reliable and efficient solution for the electronics industry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3905400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176010).
文摘The Ru-based catalysts with different preparation methods or supports were achieved and applied in efficientlycatalytic elimination of 1,2-dichloroethane(1,2-DCE).It wasfirstly found that the redox ability and chlorine re-sistance of the catalyst could be improved by regulating the interaction between Ru and supports.Compared withother supports and conventionally impregnated methods,the Ru@ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized by the in-situ en-capsulation strategy exhibited an excellent low-temperature catalytic performance(T50=262°C,T90=327℃),superior stability in long-term test as well as ideal target products.The acidity,specific surface area,and in-teraction with precious metals of the supports have significant influences on the catalytic activity,and the Ruclusters inside the pore structures are more closely bound to the framework Al species,which promotes theoxidation behavior.The encapsulation strategy also significantly improves the Ru dispersion thereby facilitatesoxygen activation as well as Cl-containing volatile organic compounds(CVOCs)deep oxidation,and preserveslarge amounts of Brønsted acid sites to optimize the hydrolysis mechanism for purification of CVOCs.Subse-quently,the synergistic effect between metal redox and acidity is greatly optimized,thus extremely promotingthe catalytic efficiency of 1,2-DCE oxidation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22269020,U23A20582,42167068)the Gansu Province Higher Education Industry Support Plan Project(2023CYZC-17)+1 种基金2024 Major Cultivation Project for University Research and Innovation Platforms(2024CXPT-10)the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(25JRRA004).
文摘Hard carbon(HC)remains a leading anode candidate for sodium-ion storage,yet its application is hindered by low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and limited plateau capacity due to uncontrolled defect density and open porosity.Here,we propose a scalable dual-regulation strategy that simultaneously tunes pore mouth size and defect chemistry to enhance sodium storage performance.Using phenol-formaldehyde resin as the carbon precursor and phosphorus pentoxide(P_(2)O_(5))as a bifunctional sacrificial template and dopant source,we synthesize phosphorus-functionalized hard carbon(PF-PHC)featuring a high density of closed pores with well-confined sub-nanometer pore entrances.The in-situ sublimation of P_(2)O_(5) during pyrolysis promotes the formation of closed-pore architectures,while residual phosphorus atoms effectively passivate vacancy-type defects,thereby reducing irreversible Na+adsorption and mitigating excessive solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)formation.As a result,PF-PHC achieves an ICE of 89.3%and a plateau capacity of 289 mAh g^(−1).In-situ characterizations reveal that regulating pore mouth dimensions decouples Na+and solvent access,enabling highly selective ion transport and stable interfacial chemistry.Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors(SIHCs)assembled based on PF-PHC deliver exceptional rate performance and outstanding long-term cycling stability,retaining 98.2%after 10,000 cycles at 2 A g^(−1).This study establishes pore mouth engineering as a robust and scalable design principle for advancing next-generation HC-based sodium storage materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22209115,52472226,and U23A20573)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(No.2022CXGC010305)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2025A1515011809,2023B1515120022 and 2022B1515120001)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.RCBS20231211090522040,KJZD20240903095610014,and KJZD20240903095712017)the High-Level Professional Team in Shenzhen(KQTD20210811090045006)。
文摘Seawater electrolysis is an appealing route toward sustainable hydrogen production,yet its practical deployment is hindered by severe chloride-induced corrosion and parasitic chlorine oxidation.Here,we report noble metal-doped NiV layered double hydroxides(LDHs)that integrate electronic modulation with a dual chloride confinement mechanism.Ir incorporation simultaneously establishes strong Ir-Cl coordination and dynamically regenerated VO_(4)^(3-)layers,producing an adaptive electrostatic shield that effectively suppresses chloride penetration.As a result,Ir-NiV LDH delivers nearly 100%oxygen evolution reaction selectivity and outstanding stability over2750 h at 500 mA cm^(-2).Meanwhile,Ru doping optimizes the hydrogen evolution pathway,enabling a low overpotential of 195 mV and>2350 h durability.When paired in a twso-electrode electrolyzer,the Ru-NiVLDH‖Ir-NiVLDH system exhibits industrial-level performance and unprecedented robustness in alkaline seawater.This dual chloride confinement concept provides a general framework for catalyst design in corrosive ionic environments,extending beyond seawater splitting toward other electrochemical energy conversion processes.
基金support from the Key projects of scientific research projects of universities in Anhui Province(2024AH050360).
文摘MnO_(2) stands out among cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)high capacity and voltage,it has poor stability and slow Zn^(2+) kinetics.Herein,we propose a dual-regulation strategy integrating copper doping and carbon-based confinement.Residual carbon(RC),derived from acid-washed coal gasification fine slag(CGFS),serves as a conductive and porous framework for the directional growth of Cu-doped MnO_(2) nanowires(CMO@RC).The synergistic modulation of Cu-induced electronic structure tuning and carbon confinement induced mechanical/electrical stabilization significantly enhances Zn^(2+) transport and electrochemical performance.CMO@RC achieves a high capacity of 563 mA·h·g^(−1) at 0.1 A·g^(−1) and maintains 106%after 1000 cycles at 1 A·g^(−1).Kinetic analyses confirm the dual-path Zn^(2+) diffusion and accelerated reaction kinetics,while DFT calculations reveal that Cu doping enhances Mn 3d orbital hybridization and electron interaction with carbon,elevating the density of states near the Fermi level and reducing charge transfer barriers.Furthermore,pouch cell testing demonstrates outstanding flexibility and mechanical resilience.This study provides a cost-effective and scalable strategy for high-performance AZIBs,leveraging both experimental and theoretical validations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB3212901)National Natural Science Foundation of China(12072189)the Medicine and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2025ZD05)。
文摘Pipelines are extensively used in environments such as nuclear power plants,chemical factories,and medical devices to transport gases and liquids.These tubular environments often feature complex geometries,confined spaces,and millimeter-scale height restrictions,presenting significant challenges to conventional inspection methods.Here,we present an ultrasonic microrobot(weight,80 mg;dimensions,24 mm×7 mm;thickness,210μm)to realize agile and bidirectional navigation in narrow pipelines.The ultrathin structural design of the robot is achieved through a high-performance piezoelectric composite film microstructure based on MEMS technology.The robot exhibits various vibration modes when driven by ultrasonic frequency signals,its motion speed reaches81 cm s-1 at 54.8 k Hz,exceeding that of the fastest piezoelectric microrobots,and its forward and backward motion direction is controllable through frequency modulation,while the minimum driving voltage for initial movement can be as low as 3 VP-P.Additionally,the robot can effortlessly climb slopes up to 24.25°and carry loads more than 36 times its weight.The robot is capable of agile navigation through curved L-shaped pipes,pipes made of various materials(acrylic,stainless steel,and polyvinyl chloride),and even over water.To further demonstrate its inspection capabilities,a micro-endoscope camera is integrated into the robot,enabling real-time image capture inside glass pipes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22168008,22378085)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2024GXNSFDA010053)+1 种基金the Technology Development Project of Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd(202100039)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCBZ2024065).
文摘Strategically coupling nanoparticle hybrids and internal thermosensitive molecular switches establishes an innovative paradigm for constructing micro/nanoscale-reconfigurable robots,facilitating energyefficient CO_(2) management in life-support systems of confined space.Here,a micro/nano-reconfigurable robot is constructed from the CO_(2) molecular hunters,temperature-sensitive molecular switch,solar photothermal conversion,and magnetically-driven function engines.The molecular hunters within the molecular extension state can capture 6.19 mmol g^(−1) of CO_(2) to form carbamic acid and ammonium bicarbonate.Interestingly,the molecular switch of the robot activates a molecular curling state that facilitates CO_(2) release through nano-reconfiguration,which is mediated by the temperature-sensitive curling of Pluronic F127 molecular chains during the photothermal desorption.Nano-reconfiguration of robot alters the amino microenvironment,including increasing surface electrostatic potential of the amino group and decreasing overall lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level.This weakened the nucleophilic attack ability of the amino group toward the adsorption product derivatives,thereby inhibiting the side reactions that generate hard-to-decompose urea structures,achieving the lowest regeneration temperature of 55℃ reported to date.The engine of the robot possesses non-contact magnetically-driven micro-reconfiguration capability to achieve efficient photothermal regeneration while avoiding local overheating.Notably,the robot successfully prolonged the survival time of mice in the sealed container by up to 54.61%,effectively addressing the issue of carbon suffocation in confined spaces.This work significantly enhances life-support systems for deep-space exploration,while stimulating innovations in sustainable carbon management technologies for terrestrial extreme environments.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12575145)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1604900)。
文摘An important feature of quantum chromodynamics(QCD)is that the strong force grows as the distance between partons increases,which confines partons into hadrons,commonly known as QCD confinement.Perturbative QCD(pQCD)does not work at large distance,such as the length scale of a hadron,which is the regime of non-perturbative QCD.The detailed QCD mechanisms through which confinement occurs from partons to hadrons(usually known as hadronization),and how it manifests itself in partonic structure of hadrons(usually known as parton distribution),remain unresolved puzzles of first-principle QCD calculations.
