With the advancement of oilfield extraction technology,since oil-water emulsions in waxy crude oil are prone to be deposited on the pipe wall,increasing the difficulty of crude oil extraction.In this paper,the mesosco...With the advancement of oilfield extraction technology,since oil-water emulsions in waxy crude oil are prone to be deposited on the pipe wall,increasing the difficulty of crude oil extraction.In this paper,the mesoscopic dissipative particle dynamics method is used to study themechanism of the crystallization and deposition adsorbed on thewall.The results show that in the absence of water molecules,the paraffin molecules near the substrate are deposited on themetallic surface with a horizontalmorphology,while the paraffin molecules close to the fluid side are arranged in a vertical column morphology.In the emulsified system,more water molecules will be absorbed on the metallic substrate than paraffin molecules,which obstructed the direct interaction between paraffin molecules and solid surface.Therefore,the addition of watermolecules hinders the crystallization of wax near the substrate.Perversely,on the fluid side,water molecules promote the formation of paraffin crystallization.The research in this paper reveals the crystallization mechanism of paraffin wax in oil-water emulsions in the pipeline from the microscopic scale,which provides theoretical support for improving the recovery of wax-containing crude oil and enhancing the transport efficiency.展开更多
The microemulsified acid system composed by diesel oil, hydrochloric acid and emulsifier was investi- gated in this paper. The stability of microemulsified acid and the phase behavior of the microemulsified system Wer...The microemulsified acid system composed by diesel oil, hydrochloric acid and emulsifier was investi- gated in this paper. The stability of microemulsified acid and the phase behavior of the microemulsified system Were studied. The size distribution and the corrosion inhibition performance were also observed. The results showed that the diesel oil microemulsified acid system possessed small size and good stability under different temperature.The tolerance to CaCl2 reached 80 g·L^-1. Compared with the same concentration hydrochloric acid solution, the corrosion inhibition performance of the diesel oil microemulsified acid system was remarkable.展开更多
Objective:To explore the effect of emulsified isoflurane(EI)on apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation neonatal rat cardiomyocytea and relevant protein expression.Methods:Cardiac muscle anoxiareoxygenation damage model was ...Objective:To explore the effect of emulsified isoflurane(EI)on apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation neonatal rat cardiomyocytea and relevant protein expression.Methods:Cardiac muscle anoxiareoxygenation damage model was established with culture in vitro neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.The cardiomyocytes were divided into control group,model group,fat emulsion group and EI group.The cardiomyocytes apoptosis rates and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA)index standardization were detected after relevant treatment The expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bel-2,Bax and Caspase-3 were detected with Western blot approach.Results:After hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)model was treated by EI,the cells apoptosis rate decreased and was dramatically below the fat emulsion group(P<0.05),Cardiomyocytes biochemical index detection presented that,compared with the control group that the LDH activity and MDA content dramatically increased(P<0.05),while the SOD activity notably decreased(P<0.05);compared with the H/R group,the SOD activity of the fat emulsion group and EI group increased(P<0.05);while the LDH activity and MDA content decreased(P<0.05).And the change of the EI group was more remarkable than the fat emulsion group(P<0.05).The Western blot analysis presented that,compared with the control group,the Bcl-2 protein expression of the other groups significantly decreased(P<0.05),the expressions of Bax protein and Caspase-3protein increased significantly(P<0.05);compared with H/R group,cardiomyocytes Bc1-2protein expression of EI group increased significantly(P<0.05),the expressions of Bax protein and Caspase-3 protein decreased significantly(P<0.05),and the change of EI group was more remarkable than the fat emulsion group(P<0.05).Conclusions:EI can inhabit the apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation damage model cardiomyocytes,and may he related to the up-regulation of expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of expression of Caspase-3 protein.展开更多
In order to study the application of gyratory compaction molding method in emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture and optimize the relevant technical parameters, the study was carried out according to splitting stre...In order to study the application of gyratory compaction molding method in emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture and optimize the relevant technical parameters, the study was carried out according to splitting strength, stability and water stability test;the design of the experiment involved changing gyration number, emulsified asphalt and water content, molded specimen temperature and other factors to analyze the volume parameters, mechanical properties and water stability. The results show that both the maximum dry density and dry and wet splitting strength ratio(DWSSR) of emulsified asphalt cold reclaimed mixture are improved by the rotary compacting method, while the porosity and the optimal dosage of water are reduced. Furthermore, with the increase of compaction times, the porosity and splitting strength index both change exponentially. DWSSR and porosity are consistent with quadratic functions. The use of gyratory compaction for 70 times at 25 °C and the optimum dosage of emulsified asphalt can be determined based on the splitting strength ratio. The high-temperature stability and water damage resistance of the pavement can be improved by the use of rotary compacting method effectively, and the early strength and road performance are higher than the regulatory requirements.展开更多
Autophagy plays essential roles in cell survival.However,the functions and regulation of the autophagy-related proteins Atg5,LC3B,and Beclin 1 during anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity remain unclear.This ...Autophagy plays essential roles in cell survival.However,the functions and regulation of the autophagy-related proteins Atg5,LC3B,and Beclin 1 during anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity remain unclear.This study aimed to understand the autophagy pathways and mechanisms that affect neurotoxicity,induced by the anesthetic emulsified isoflurane,in rat fetal neural stem cells.Fetal neural stem cells were cultured,in vitro,and neurotoxicity was induced by emulsified isoflurane treatment.The effects of pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin and the effects of transfection with small interfering RNA against ATG5(siRNA-Atg5)were observed.Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay,and apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry.Ultrastructural changes were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy.The levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3B,Beclin 1,Atg5,and P62 and the pro-apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 were analyzed using western blot assay.The inhibition of cell proliferation and that of apoptosis rate increased after treatment with emulsified isoflurane.Autophagolysosomes,monolayer membrane formation due to lysosomal degradation,were observed.The autophagy-related proteins LC3B,Beclin 1,Atg5,and P62 and caspase-3 were upregulated.These results confirm that emulsified isoflurane can induce toxicity and autophagy in fetal neural stem cells.Pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin increased the apoptosis rate in emulsified isoflurane-treated fetal neural stem cells,which indicated that the complete inhibition of autophagy does not alleviate emulsified isoflurane-induced fetal neural stem cell toxicity.Atg5 expression was decreased significantly by siRNA-Atg5 transfection,and cell proliferation was inhibited.These results verify that the Atg5 autophagy pathway can be regulated to maintain appropriate levels of autophagy,which can inhibit the neurotoxicity induced by emulsified isoflurane anesthetic in fetal neural stem cells.展开更多
Under repeated train-induced loads, cement and emulsified asphalt mortar(CA mortar) as a viscoelastic material has a time-dependent deformation, part of which is irreversible. This could lead to debonding between the ...Under repeated train-induced loads, cement and emulsified asphalt mortar(CA mortar) as a viscoelastic material has a time-dependent deformation, part of which is irreversible. This could lead to debonding between the mortar layer and the track slab. Based on the theory of viscoelasticity and the analytical method of the time hardening law(THL), the viscoelastic deformation behavior of CA mortar was studied. Using ABAQUS, we established a solid model of China railway track system(CRTS) Ⅰ prefabricated slab track, with CA mortar at different initial Young’s moduli under cyclic loading corresponding to the influence of actual train loads. The results reveal that the fitted parameters of the THL for CA mortar are suitable for describing its viscoelastic deformation. As the initial Young’s modulus increases, the strain difference before and after cyclic loading gradually decreases, and the displacement difference increases from 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. The deformation mainly occurs at the end of a mortar layer with longitudinal distribution of about 2.5 times the fasteners’ spacing. It follows that the viscoelastic performance of CA mortar is one of the most important reasons that cause debonding underneath the track slab. Therefore, we suggest that the adverse effects of viscoelastic behavior of CA mortar should be considered when researching such deformation and damage.展开更多
The epoxy resin polymer cement mortars with excellent performances were made up through modifying ordinary Portland cement with emulsified epoxy and micro fine slag.The microstructure of the epoxy resin polymer cemen...The epoxy resin polymer cement mortars with excellent performances were made up through modifying ordinary Portland cement with emulsified epoxy and micro fine slag.The microstructure of the epoxy resin polymer cement materials was studied and their hydration and hardening characteristics were discussed by means of modern analysis measures such as SEM,XRD and Hg intrusion micromeritics.The experimental results indicate that the series effects of water reducing,density,pozzolanicity,filling and solidification crosslinking through the action together with epoxy organism and micro fine slag endowed cement based materials with perfect performances.The main hydration products in the system are C S H gel and hydrated calcium aluminate.At later age,AFt can be in existence,and no Ca(OH) 2 is found.When epoxy resin is solidified,the organism is in a network structure.In the micro pore structure of hydrated cement with modified epoxy and fine slag,big harmful pores were fewer,more harmless abundant micro pores were and the possible pore radius was smaller than that of ordinary Portland cement.展开更多
In recent years,with the improvement of the requirements of road performance,modified emulsified asphalts with better performance has gradually replaced the emulsified asphalt and become the primary material for road ...In recent years,with the improvement of the requirements of road performance,modified emulsified asphalts with better performance has gradually replaced the emulsified asphalt and become the primary material for road maintenance.This paper introduces the modified emulsified asphalt materials commonly used in pavement maintenance projects,definitions and modified mechanisms of polymerized styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)modified emulsified asphalt,styrene butadiene styrene block polymer(SBS)modified emulsified asphalt and waterborne epoxy resin(WER)modified emulsified asphalt are summarized.The analysis focused on comparing the effects of modifiers,preparation process,auxiliary additives,and other factors on the performance of modified emulsified asphalt.In this paper,it is considered that the greatest impact on the performance of emulsified asphalt is the modifier,emulsifier mainly affects the speed of breaking the emulsion,stabilizers on the basic performance of emulsified asphalt evaporative residue is small;and when the modifier is distributed in the asphalt in a network,the dosage at this time is the recommended optimum dosage.Finally,this study recommends that in the future,the polymer-asphalt compatibility can be improved through composite modification,chemical grafting and other methods to continue to develop broader applicability and better performance of modified emulsified asphalt.展开更多
Widespread contamination by nitrobenzene（NB） in sediments and groundwater requires better understanding of the biogeochemical removal process of the pollutant. NB degradation, coupled with dissimilatory iron reducti...Widespread contamination by nitrobenzene（NB） in sediments and groundwater requires better understanding of the biogeochemical removal process of the pollutant. NB degradation, coupled with dissimilatory iron reduction, is one of the most efficient pollutant removal methods. However, research on NB degradation coupled to indigenous microorganism dissimilatory iron reduction stimulated by electron donors is still experimental. A model for remediation in an actual polluted site does not currently exist.Therefore, in this study, the dynamics was derived from the Michaelis–Menten model（when the mass ratio of emulsified vegetable oil and NB reached the critical value 91：1）. The effect of SO4^（2-）, NO3^-, Ca^（2＋）/Mg^（2＋）, and the grain size of aquifer media on the dynamics were studied, and the NB degradation dynamic model was then modified based on the most significant factors. Utilizing the model, the remediation time could be calculated in a contaminated site.展开更多
The highly-emulsified oily sludge in gas fields is complex in components and serious in emulsification,which makes effective reduction extremely difficult only by a single direct mechanical separation method such as m...The highly-emulsified oily sludge in gas fields is complex in components and serious in emulsification,which makes effective reduction extremely difficult only by a single direct mechanical separation method such as microwave heating,ultrasonic treatment,chemical conditioning,etc.In view of this,this paper presented a new chemical-physical compounding conditioning technology for such highly emulsified oily sludge in gas fields.The experimental samples,from the Mizhi Natural Gas Processing Plant of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company,were treated through chemical conditioning,from which the optimal formula,dosages and dosing order were determined.On this basis,the compound technology of chemical-physical conditioning was applied to reduce the specific resistance to filtration(SRF)of the sludge,thus achieving a satisfactory result.The following results were obtained.(1)The chemical conditioning agent with the formula of the oxidant MN-S,calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide was proved to achieve the fastest dewatering speed,and the specific resistance of sludge can be reduced from 130.3 to 3.81 trillion m^(3) per kg.(2)Comparison between microwave and ultrasonic conditioning methods shows that the latter is better in reducing the SRF(the ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz was applied to reduce the SRF down to 14.01 trillion m^(3) per kg after 4 min of conditioning treatment).(3)The ultrasonic treatment effect after chemical conditioning is the best;the SRF was reduced to 2.77 trillion m^(3) per kg,and the moisture content of the sludge after mechanical dewatering was only 68.71%,decreased by 21.46%compared with the original content of 90.17%.In conclusion,this presented chemical-microwave-ultrasonic compound conditioning technology can reduce the sludge's SRF and the moisture content of filter cakes so as to achieve effective reduction of the highly-emulsified sludge in gas fields.展开更多
Corn cob is a naturally renewable material with developed micropore and hydrophobic characteristics, which enables it to show good oil adsorption capacity. In order to improve oil adsorption capacity, corn cob was mod...Corn cob is a naturally renewable material with developed micropore and hydrophobic characteristics, which enables it to show good oil adsorption capacity. In order to improve oil adsorption capacity, corn cob was modified with lauric acid and ethanediol. The structure of raw and modified corn cob was investigated using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) method, thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Ze Ta potential analyzer. The effects of p H level, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, and initial oil concentration on oil absorbency of corn cob were studied. The results indicate that the modification significantly improved the lipophilicity of corn cob, making the modified corn cob with much better adsorption capacity on oil absorbency. Compared with raw corn cob, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of modified corn cob is 16.52 mg/g at p H 5, and the increasing percentage is found to be 141%, which indicates that the modification causes a better adsorption capacity for oil removal. In addition, due to high oil adsorption capacity, affordable price and low secondary pollution, the modified corn cob could be considered promising alternative for the traditional oil adsorbent to clean up the emulsified oily water.展开更多
Magnetic reduced graphene oxide(MRGO) nanocomposite was prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method and applied as adsorbent for removing emulsified oil from oily wastewater. SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, VSM and other an...Magnetic reduced graphene oxide(MRGO) nanocomposite was prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method and applied as adsorbent for removing emulsified oil from oily wastewater. SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, VSM and other analytical methods were utilized to characterize the prepared MRGO. The adsorption performance of MRGO was evaluated under different initial adsorbate concentration, MRGO dosage, temperature, and pH value of the solution. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated. In addition, the MRGO repeatability was also tested. It was found that almost 65%of emulsified oil were removed by MRGO in the first 15 min. The MRGO adsorption capacity and efficiency for removal of adsorbate reached 335.85 mg/g and 92.52% within 60 min, respectively. The adsorption capacity reduced with an increasing MRGO dosage, while increased with the increase of emulsified oil concentration. The adsorption performance of MRGO in the alkaline environment was lower than that in the acidic environment. The adsorption data could well fit to the pseudosecondorder model. The Langmuir model could well describe the isotherm data. The MRGO adsorption capacity was still more than 236.1 mg/g at the sixth regeneration cycle.展开更多
Diesel fuel has been known as the most effective fuel but it is known as a fuel which produces harmful emissions. Later, emulsified diesel fuel was introduced as a better solution but there is no sufficient research d...Diesel fuel has been known as the most effective fuel but it is known as a fuel which produces harmful emissions. Later, emulsified diesel fuel was introduced as a better solution but there is no sufficient research data concerning combustion of emulsified fuel. The present work carried out a simulation of non-surfactant emulsified diesel fuel where composition of water in emulsion varied from 0% to 20% to determine the ratio of water to diesel which is more effective in reducing the exhaust emissions especially NOx. For this simulation,5% of water in diesel without surfactant was able to reduce NOx?up to 35%. It was shown that as the percentage of water increases, the power from that fuel combustion reduces.展开更多
The polyacrylate latexes were synthesized via pre-emulsified and semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technology when conventional surfactant or polymerizable surfactant was used as emulsifiers. The resultan...The polyacrylate latexes were synthesized via pre-emulsified and semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technology when conventional surfactant or polymerizable surfactant was used as emulsifiers. The resultant latexes and their films were characterized with the contact angle determinator and rheometer. Effect of the polymerizable surfactant on water resistance, stability and rheology of the latex was studied. Results show that the water resistance of film is increased first then decreased with the increase of the amount of the polymerizable surfactant. There exists the optimum value of the amount of the polymerizable surfactant for the water resistance of the film. In comparison with the latex prepared with the conventional surfactant, both the mechanical stability and the freezing-thaw stability of the latex are improved when the polymerizable surfactant is used during the course of the emulsion polymerization. The resultant latex has rheological properties of pseudo-plastic fluid and belongs to non-Newtonian fluid.展开更多
Emulsified asphalt/polymer is one of the most applied composite materials in pavement industry,which is also defined as emulsified polymer modified asphalt(PMA).PMA exhibits the transition behavior of multi-physical s...Emulsified asphalt/polymer is one of the most applied composite materials in pavement industry,which is also defined as emulsified polymer modified asphalt(PMA).PMA exhibits the transition behavior of multi-physical states with corresponding viscoelastic characteristics,and studies had focused on the application performances of PMA.However,few had paid proper attention to the morphological compatibility of PMA,which dominated its viscoelastic transition and failure probability directly.This paper aims to establish a graylevel co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)model with morphology theory to quantitatively describe the morphological compatibility of PMA,combined with fluorescent microscope.Furthermore,waterborne polymers with self-crosslinking characteristics are introduced to modify emulsified asphalt,including acrylate,epoxy resin,polyurethane and liquid rubber.The rheological characteristics of PMA are comprehensively evaluated through performance grade,steady shear viscosity,and master curve tests.Finally,a statistical analysis is conducted to establish the relationship between morphological compatibility and rheological characteristics of PMA.The approach introduced in this study could be a promising method to investigate the multi-physical transition behaviors and morphological compatibility of emulsified asphalt/polymer composite material.展开更多
In this work,C@Fe_(3)O_(4) composites were prepared through a typical template method with emulsified asphalt as carbon source,ammonium ferric citrate as transition metal oxide precursor,and NaCl as template.As an ano...In this work,C@Fe_(3)O_(4) composites were prepared through a typical template method with emulsified asphalt as carbon source,ammonium ferric citrate as transition metal oxide precursor,and NaCl as template.As an anode for lithium-ion batteries,the optimized C@Fe_(3)O_(4)-1:2 composite exhibits an excellent reversible capacity of 856.6 mA·h·g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 0.1A·g^(-1)and a high capacity of 531.1mA·h·g^(-1)after 300 cycles at 1 A·g^(-1),much better than those of bulk carbon/Fe_(3)O_(4) prepared without NaCl.Such remarkable cycling performance mainly benefits from its well-designed structure:Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles generated from ammonium ferric citrate during pyrolysis are homogenously encapsulated in graphitized and in-plane porous carbon nanocages derived from petroleum asphalt.The carbon nanocages not only improve the conductivity of Fe_(3)O_(4),but also suppress the volume expansion of FesO4 effectively during the charge discharge cycle,thus delivering a robust electrochemical stability.This work realizes the high value-added utilization of low-cost petroleum asphalt,and can be extended to application of other transition-metal oxides-based anodes.展开更多
Application of volatile anesthetics greatly alters modern medicine.There are obvious advantages of volatile anesthetics such as strong anesthetic potency,rapid onset and elimination through respiration system.Isoflura...Application of volatile anesthetics greatly alters modern medicine.There are obvious advantages of volatile anesthetics such as strong anesthetic potency,rapid onset and elimination through respiration system.Isoflurane is one of the most widely used volatile anesthetics in clinic.Emulsified isoflurane,the emulsion of isoflurane,is a novel intravenous general anesthetic.With the development of emulsified isoflurane in the past fifteen years,its utility has spread from intravenous general anesthesia to various fields including regional anesthesia,organ protection,as well as anesthetic pharmacological study.In this review,we will summarize literatures of emulsified isoflurane about its history,clinical application and future potential utility in the above mentioned fields.展开更多
Emulsified asphalt is the primary material for preventive maintenance and cold-mix paving,but its low cohesive strength and poor mechanical properties limit its wide application,even with polymer modification.In this ...Emulsified asphalt is the primary material for preventive maintenance and cold-mix paving,but its low cohesive strength and poor mechanical properties limit its wide application,even with polymer modification.In this study,Styrene-Butadiene Rubber(SBR)emulsified asphalt was modified with nano-cellulose materials,namely nano paper-cellulose(NPC)and wood-derived nano-cellulose(WDC),to improve its properties.A novel preparation method of nano-cellulose solution was developed,including blending,ultrasonic stirring,and centrifugal treatment.Four types of nano-cellulose solution(0.5%NPC,0.5%,1.0%,and 1.5%WDC by weight of water)were selected.The microscopy analysis indicated that 0.5%WDC emulsion had a smaller particle size than 1.5%WDC emulsion.The rheology test indicated that WDC modified residue improved rutting resistance with the increased solution dosage due to the cross-linking effect,but its creep-and-recovery performance was worse than that of SBR emulsion residue.The NPC modified binder had a higher rutting factor than WDC modified binder at the same dosage after short-term aging.In addition,1.0%WDC could be regarded as the optimal dosage in terms of fatigue and low-temperature performance.Furthermore,Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)results showed that 0.5%NPC modified residue performed better in long-term aging resistance compared with 0.5%WDC modified asphalt.展开更多
The trends of consuming or using eco-friendly,biodegradable products due to the change in the lifestyle of the people have led to the exploration of new sources from plants or animals.Seed mucilage(SeM)is an underexpl...The trends of consuming or using eco-friendly,biodegradable products due to the change in the lifestyle of the people have led to the exploration of new sources from plants or animals.Seed mucilage(SeM)is an underexplored component of plants that can be brought into play to deal with such problems.Mucilage,a viscous polysaccharide that can be obtained when seeds like chia,flax,garden cress,and tomato get hydrated and form a slimy,gel-like substance around the seed coat,can be utilized due to its unique characteristics.It has been used in developing many products such as bio-based films,plant-based dressing wounds with antibacterial effects,a medium for oral drug delivery,edible coatings,etc.Primarily composed of soluble fiber,it exhibits effects on human health,including blood glucose management,cholesterol,weight reduction,antioxidant(AOx),and antimicrobial activity.It offers a range of functional properties,including emulsification,stabilization,foam formation,fat replacement,encapsulating agent,flocculation,coagulation,and medium for drug release.These attributes make SeM a suitable component for applications in various sectors like food and pharmacy.Further study in this field may open more opportunities to address environmental problems and contribute to sustainability.This review explores aspects of SeM,emphasizing its functional properties and highlighting its current as well as potential applications across various sectors.展开更多
The Makran Sea is a complex marine environment.The purpose of this research is screening of emulsifier-producing bacteria in this marine environment and optimization of emulsifier production by the best-producing stra...The Makran Sea is a complex marine environment.The purpose of this research is screening of emulsifier-producing bacteria in this marine environment and optimization of emulsifier production by the best-producing strain.Marine samples(seawater and sediments)were collected from four different zones in the Makran Sea.The emulsification activity index(E_(24))and Bacterial Ad-hesion To Hydrocarbons(BATH)were used to select the best emulsifier-producing strains.The prevalent strains were identified by PCR.The optimization of the emulsifier production medium by the best strain was done by two-level factorial design.Seventeen emulsifier-producing strains were isolated from sediments and seawater in the Makran Sea.The strains M6,BS-2,and J6 were select-ed between all isolates because they have 83%,91%,and 85%emulsification activity(E_(24))respectively.The results of sequencing confirmed that these three strains(M6,BS-2,and J6)belong to Cobetia marina,Shewanella alga,and Thalassospira permensis re-spectively.Maximum emulsifier production occurred at crude oil concentration(4%,v/v),peptone(2.5 g/L),yeast extract(1.5 g/L),molasses(2%),and at a temperature of 25℃.The results of this research confirmed that the Makran Sea has the potential to reach ro-bust marine bacteria with different biotechnological applications.展开更多
基金sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Grant No.2023D01C197Performance Incentive Guidance Project of Chongqing Scientific Research Institutions(cstc2022jxjl20016).
文摘With the advancement of oilfield extraction technology,since oil-water emulsions in waxy crude oil are prone to be deposited on the pipe wall,increasing the difficulty of crude oil extraction.In this paper,the mesoscopic dissipative particle dynamics method is used to study themechanism of the crystallization and deposition adsorbed on thewall.The results show that in the absence of water molecules,the paraffin molecules near the substrate are deposited on themetallic surface with a horizontalmorphology,while the paraffin molecules close to the fluid side are arranged in a vertical column morphology.In the emulsified system,more water molecules will be absorbed on the metallic substrate than paraffin molecules,which obstructed the direct interaction between paraffin molecules and solid surface.Therefore,the addition of watermolecules hinders the crystallization of wax near the substrate.Perversely,on the fluid side,water molecules promote the formation of paraffin crystallization.The research in this paper reveals the crystallization mechanism of paraffin wax in oil-water emulsions in the pipeline from the microscopic scale,which provides theoretical support for improving the recovery of wax-containing crude oil and enhancing the transport efficiency.
基金Supported by the Science Foundation for Post Doctorate of China （20060400629）.
文摘The microemulsified acid system composed by diesel oil, hydrochloric acid and emulsifier was investi- gated in this paper. The stability of microemulsified acid and the phase behavior of the microemulsified system Were studied. The size distribution and the corrosion inhibition performance were also observed. The results showed that the diesel oil microemulsified acid system possessed small size and good stability under different temperature.The tolerance to CaCl2 reached 80 g·L^-1. Compared with the same concentration hydrochloric acid solution, the corrosion inhibition performance of the diesel oil microemulsified acid system was remarkable.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Health Department of Human Province(B2009-011)
文摘Objective:To explore the effect of emulsified isoflurane(EI)on apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation neonatal rat cardiomyocytea and relevant protein expression.Methods:Cardiac muscle anoxiareoxygenation damage model was established with culture in vitro neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.The cardiomyocytes were divided into control group,model group,fat emulsion group and EI group.The cardiomyocytes apoptosis rates and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA)index standardization were detected after relevant treatment The expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bel-2,Bax and Caspase-3 were detected with Western blot approach.Results:After hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)model was treated by EI,the cells apoptosis rate decreased and was dramatically below the fat emulsion group(P<0.05),Cardiomyocytes biochemical index detection presented that,compared with the control group that the LDH activity and MDA content dramatically increased(P<0.05),while the SOD activity notably decreased(P<0.05);compared with the H/R group,the SOD activity of the fat emulsion group and EI group increased(P<0.05);while the LDH activity and MDA content decreased(P<0.05).And the change of the EI group was more remarkable than the fat emulsion group(P<0.05).The Western blot analysis presented that,compared with the control group,the Bcl-2 protein expression of the other groups significantly decreased(P<0.05),the expressions of Bax protein and Caspase-3protein increased significantly(P<0.05);compared with H/R group,cardiomyocytes Bc1-2protein expression of EI group increased significantly(P<0.05),the expressions of Bax protein and Caspase-3 protein decreased significantly(P<0.05),and the change of EI group was more remarkable than the fat emulsion group(P<0.05).Conclusions:EI can inhabit the apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation damage model cardiomyocytes,and may he related to the up-regulation of expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of expression of Caspase-3 protein.
基金Projects(51708048,51704040)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(17C0050)supported by the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education for General Scholars,China+1 种基金Project(kfj160103)supported by the Open Fund of State Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology(Changsha University of Science&Technology),ChinaProject supported by the Open Fund of Guangxi Key Lab of Road Structure and Materials,China
文摘In order to study the application of gyratory compaction molding method in emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture and optimize the relevant technical parameters, the study was carried out according to splitting strength, stability and water stability test;the design of the experiment involved changing gyration number, emulsified asphalt and water content, molded specimen temperature and other factors to analyze the volume parameters, mechanical properties and water stability. The results show that both the maximum dry density and dry and wet splitting strength ratio(DWSSR) of emulsified asphalt cold reclaimed mixture are improved by the rotary compacting method, while the porosity and the optimal dosage of water are reduced. Furthermore, with the increase of compaction times, the porosity and splitting strength index both change exponentially. DWSSR and porosity are consistent with quadratic functions. The use of gyratory compaction for 70 times at 25 °C and the optimum dosage of emulsified asphalt can be determined based on the splitting strength ratio. The high-temperature stability and water damage resistance of the pavement can be improved by the use of rotary compacting method effectively, and the early strength and road performance are higher than the regulatory requirements.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81401279(to ZYY)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China,No.18ZR1443100(to ZYY)+2 种基金the Innovation Center of Translational Medicine Collaboration,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine of China,No.TM201729(to ZYY)the Youth Talent Fund of International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine of China in 2014(to ZYY)the“WUXIN”Project of International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine of China in 2019,No.2018-38(to ZYY)。
文摘Autophagy plays essential roles in cell survival.However,the functions and regulation of the autophagy-related proteins Atg5,LC3B,and Beclin 1 during anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity remain unclear.This study aimed to understand the autophagy pathways and mechanisms that affect neurotoxicity,induced by the anesthetic emulsified isoflurane,in rat fetal neural stem cells.Fetal neural stem cells were cultured,in vitro,and neurotoxicity was induced by emulsified isoflurane treatment.The effects of pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin and the effects of transfection with small interfering RNA against ATG5(siRNA-Atg5)were observed.Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay,and apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry.Ultrastructural changes were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy.The levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3B,Beclin 1,Atg5,and P62 and the pro-apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 were analyzed using western blot assay.The inhibition of cell proliferation and that of apoptosis rate increased after treatment with emulsified isoflurane.Autophagolysosomes,monolayer membrane formation due to lysosomal degradation,were observed.The autophagy-related proteins LC3B,Beclin 1,Atg5,and P62 and caspase-3 were upregulated.These results confirm that emulsified isoflurane can induce toxicity and autophagy in fetal neural stem cells.Pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin increased the apoptosis rate in emulsified isoflurane-treated fetal neural stem cells,which indicated that the complete inhibition of autophagy does not alleviate emulsified isoflurane-induced fetal neural stem cell toxicity.Atg5 expression was decreased significantly by siRNA-Atg5 transfection,and cell proliferation was inhibited.These results verify that the Atg5 autophagy pathway can be regulated to maintain appropriate levels of autophagy,which can inhibit the neurotoxicity induced by emulsified isoflurane anesthetic in fetal neural stem cells.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51578472)。
文摘Under repeated train-induced loads, cement and emulsified asphalt mortar(CA mortar) as a viscoelastic material has a time-dependent deformation, part of which is irreversible. This could lead to debonding between the mortar layer and the track slab. Based on the theory of viscoelasticity and the analytical method of the time hardening law(THL), the viscoelastic deformation behavior of CA mortar was studied. Using ABAQUS, we established a solid model of China railway track system(CRTS) Ⅰ prefabricated slab track, with CA mortar at different initial Young’s moduli under cyclic loading corresponding to the influence of actual train loads. The results reveal that the fitted parameters of the THL for CA mortar are suitable for describing its viscoelastic deformation. As the initial Young’s modulus increases, the strain difference before and after cyclic loading gradually decreases, and the displacement difference increases from 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm. The deformation mainly occurs at the end of a mortar layer with longitudinal distribution of about 2.5 times the fasteners’ spacing. It follows that the viscoelastic performance of CA mortar is one of the most important reasons that cause debonding underneath the track slab. Therefore, we suggest that the adverse effects of viscoelastic behavior of CA mortar should be considered when researching such deformation and damage.
文摘The epoxy resin polymer cement mortars with excellent performances were made up through modifying ordinary Portland cement with emulsified epoxy and micro fine slag.The microstructure of the epoxy resin polymer cement materials was studied and their hydration and hardening characteristics were discussed by means of modern analysis measures such as SEM,XRD and Hg intrusion micromeritics.The experimental results indicate that the series effects of water reducing,density,pozzolanicity,filling and solidification crosslinking through the action together with epoxy organism and micro fine slag endowed cement based materials with perfect performances.The main hydration products in the system are C S H gel and hydrated calcium aluminate.At later age,AFt can be in existence,and no Ca(OH) 2 is found.When epoxy resin is solidified,the organism is in a network structure.In the micro pore structure of hydrated cement with modified epoxy and fine slag,big harmful pores were fewer,more harmless abundant micro pores were and the possible pore radius was smaller than that of ordinary Portland cement.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51968006).
文摘In recent years,with the improvement of the requirements of road performance,modified emulsified asphalts with better performance has gradually replaced the emulsified asphalt and become the primary material for road maintenance.This paper introduces the modified emulsified asphalt materials commonly used in pavement maintenance projects,definitions and modified mechanisms of polymerized styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)modified emulsified asphalt,styrene butadiene styrene block polymer(SBS)modified emulsified asphalt and waterborne epoxy resin(WER)modified emulsified asphalt are summarized.The analysis focused on comparing the effects of modifiers,preparation process,auxiliary additives,and other factors on the performance of modified emulsified asphalt.In this paper,it is considered that the greatest impact on the performance of emulsified asphalt is the modifier,emulsifier mainly affects the speed of breaking the emulsion,stabilizers on the basic performance of emulsified asphalt evaporative residue is small;and when the modifier is distributed in the asphalt in a network,the dosage at this time is the recommended optimum dosage.Finally,this study recommends that in the future,the polymer-asphalt compatibility can be improved through composite modification,chemical grafting and other methods to continue to develop broader applicability and better performance of modified emulsified asphalt.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41272253,41402206 and 41530636)the National Science Foundation of Jilin Province(No.20130101027JC)+2 种基金 “the 12th Five-Year Plan” science and technology research projects of education department in Jilin Province(No.2014B012)the Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University(No.2015065)grateful for the support of the Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment,Ministry of Education
文摘Widespread contamination by nitrobenzene（NB） in sediments and groundwater requires better understanding of the biogeochemical removal process of the pollutant. NB degradation, coupled with dissimilatory iron reduction, is one of the most efficient pollutant removal methods. However, research on NB degradation coupled to indigenous microorganism dissimilatory iron reduction stimulated by electron donors is still experimental. A model for remediation in an actual polluted site does not currently exist.Therefore, in this study, the dynamics was derived from the Michaelis–Menten model（when the mass ratio of emulsified vegetable oil and NB reached the critical value 91：1）. The effect of SO4^（2-）, NO3^-, Ca^（2＋）/Mg^（2＋）, and the grain size of aquifer media on the dynamics were studied, and the NB degradation dynamic model was then modified based on the most significant factors. Utilizing the model, the remediation time could be calculated in a contaminated site.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Study on Wellbore Damage Instability Based on Configuration Mechanics Theory”(No.:51674200)the Technical Research Project of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company“Analysis and Countermeasure Study of Produced Water Treatment System of the Mizhi Natural Gas Processing Plant in 2017”(No.:GXTC-CZ-1757181).
文摘The highly-emulsified oily sludge in gas fields is complex in components and serious in emulsification,which makes effective reduction extremely difficult only by a single direct mechanical separation method such as microwave heating,ultrasonic treatment,chemical conditioning,etc.In view of this,this paper presented a new chemical-physical compounding conditioning technology for such highly emulsified oily sludge in gas fields.The experimental samples,from the Mizhi Natural Gas Processing Plant of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company,were treated through chemical conditioning,from which the optimal formula,dosages and dosing order were determined.On this basis,the compound technology of chemical-physical conditioning was applied to reduce the specific resistance to filtration(SRF)of the sludge,thus achieving a satisfactory result.The following results were obtained.(1)The chemical conditioning agent with the formula of the oxidant MN-S,calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide was proved to achieve the fastest dewatering speed,and the specific resistance of sludge can be reduced from 130.3 to 3.81 trillion m^(3) per kg.(2)Comparison between microwave and ultrasonic conditioning methods shows that the latter is better in reducing the SRF(the ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz was applied to reduce the SRF down to 14.01 trillion m^(3) per kg after 4 min of conditioning treatment).(3)The ultrasonic treatment effect after chemical conditioning is the best;the SRF was reduced to 2.77 trillion m^(3) per kg,and the moisture content of the sludge after mechanical dewatering was only 68.71%,decreased by 21.46%compared with the original content of 90.17%.In conclusion,this presented chemical-microwave-ultrasonic compound conditioning technology can reduce the sludge's SRF and the moisture content of filter cakes so as to achieve effective reduction of the highly-emulsified sludge in gas fields.
基金Project(51174017)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Corn cob is a naturally renewable material with developed micropore and hydrophobic characteristics, which enables it to show good oil adsorption capacity. In order to improve oil adsorption capacity, corn cob was modified with lauric acid and ethanediol. The structure of raw and modified corn cob was investigated using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) method, thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Ze Ta potential analyzer. The effects of p H level, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, and initial oil concentration on oil absorbency of corn cob were studied. The results indicate that the modification significantly improved the lipophilicity of corn cob, making the modified corn cob with much better adsorption capacity on oil absorbency. Compared with raw corn cob, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of modified corn cob is 16.52 mg/g at p H 5, and the increasing percentage is found to be 141%, which indicates that the modification causes a better adsorption capacity for oil removal. In addition, due to high oil adsorption capacity, affordable price and low secondary pollution, the modified corn cob could be considered promising alternative for the traditional oil adsorbent to clean up the emulsified oily water.
基金funded by the Major National Science and Technology Projects of China(Grant No.2016ZX05040-003)the Top Talents Project of China University of Petroleum(grant No.2015011)
文摘Magnetic reduced graphene oxide(MRGO) nanocomposite was prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method and applied as adsorbent for removing emulsified oil from oily wastewater. SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, VSM and other analytical methods were utilized to characterize the prepared MRGO. The adsorption performance of MRGO was evaluated under different initial adsorbate concentration, MRGO dosage, temperature, and pH value of the solution. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated. In addition, the MRGO repeatability was also tested. It was found that almost 65%of emulsified oil were removed by MRGO in the first 15 min. The MRGO adsorption capacity and efficiency for removal of adsorbate reached 335.85 mg/g and 92.52% within 60 min, respectively. The adsorption capacity reduced with an increasing MRGO dosage, while increased with the increase of emulsified oil concentration. The adsorption performance of MRGO in the alkaline environment was lower than that in the acidic environment. The adsorption data could well fit to the pseudosecondorder model. The Langmuir model could well describe the isotherm data. The MRGO adsorption capacity was still more than 236.1 mg/g at the sixth regeneration cycle.
文摘Diesel fuel has been known as the most effective fuel but it is known as a fuel which produces harmful emissions. Later, emulsified diesel fuel was introduced as a better solution but there is no sufficient research data concerning combustion of emulsified fuel. The present work carried out a simulation of non-surfactant emulsified diesel fuel where composition of water in emulsion varied from 0% to 20% to determine the ratio of water to diesel which is more effective in reducing the exhaust emissions especially NOx. For this simulation,5% of water in diesel without surfactant was able to reduce NOx?up to 35%. It was shown that as the percentage of water increases, the power from that fuel combustion reduces.
基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.Y4100152)
文摘The polyacrylate latexes were synthesized via pre-emulsified and semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technology when conventional surfactant or polymerizable surfactant was used as emulsifiers. The resultant latexes and their films were characterized with the contact angle determinator and rheometer. Effect of the polymerizable surfactant on water resistance, stability and rheology of the latex was studied. Results show that the water resistance of film is increased first then decreased with the increase of the amount of the polymerizable surfactant. There exists the optimum value of the amount of the polymerizable surfactant for the water resistance of the film. In comparison with the latex prepared with the conventional surfactant, both the mechanical stability and the freezing-thaw stability of the latex are improved when the polymerizable surfactant is used during the course of the emulsion polymerization. The resultant latex has rheological properties of pseudo-plastic fluid and belongs to non-Newtonian fluid.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the project number of 51861145402.
文摘Emulsified asphalt/polymer is one of the most applied composite materials in pavement industry,which is also defined as emulsified polymer modified asphalt(PMA).PMA exhibits the transition behavior of multi-physical states with corresponding viscoelastic characteristics,and studies had focused on the application performances of PMA.However,few had paid proper attention to the morphological compatibility of PMA,which dominated its viscoelastic transition and failure probability directly.This paper aims to establish a graylevel co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)model with morphology theory to quantitatively describe the morphological compatibility of PMA,combined with fluorescent microscope.Furthermore,waterborne polymers with self-crosslinking characteristics are introduced to modify emulsified asphalt,including acrylate,epoxy resin,polyurethane and liquid rubber.The rheological characteristics of PMA are comprehensively evaluated through performance grade,steady shear viscosity,and master curve tests.Finally,a statistical analysis is conducted to establish the relationship between morphological compatibility and rheological characteristics of PMA.The approach introduced in this study could be a promising method to investigate the multi-physical transition behaviors and morphological compatibility of emulsified asphalt/polymer composite material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51402030)the Chongqing Special Key Project of Technological Innovation and Application Development(CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0031)+2 种基金the Team Building Project for Graduate Tutors in Chongqing(JDDSTD2022006)the Research and Innovation Program for Graduate Students in Chongqing(2023S0090)the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Projects for College Students(202310618015).
文摘In this work,C@Fe_(3)O_(4) composites were prepared through a typical template method with emulsified asphalt as carbon source,ammonium ferric citrate as transition metal oxide precursor,and NaCl as template.As an anode for lithium-ion batteries,the optimized C@Fe_(3)O_(4)-1:2 composite exhibits an excellent reversible capacity of 856.6 mA·h·g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 0.1A·g^(-1)and a high capacity of 531.1mA·h·g^(-1)after 300 cycles at 1 A·g^(-1),much better than those of bulk carbon/Fe_(3)O_(4) prepared without NaCl.Such remarkable cycling performance mainly benefits from its well-designed structure:Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles generated from ammonium ferric citrate during pyrolysis are homogenously encapsulated in graphitized and in-plane porous carbon nanocages derived from petroleum asphalt.The carbon nanocages not only improve the conductivity of Fe_(3)O_(4),but also suppress the volume expansion of FesO4 effectively during the charge discharge cycle,thus delivering a robust electrochemical stability.This work realizes the high value-added utilization of low-cost petroleum asphalt,and can be extended to application of other transition-metal oxides-based anodes.
文摘Application of volatile anesthetics greatly alters modern medicine.There are obvious advantages of volatile anesthetics such as strong anesthetic potency,rapid onset and elimination through respiration system.Isoflurane is one of the most widely used volatile anesthetics in clinic.Emulsified isoflurane,the emulsion of isoflurane,is a novel intravenous general anesthetic.With the development of emulsified isoflurane in the past fifteen years,its utility has spread from intravenous general anesthesia to various fields including regional anesthesia,organ protection,as well as anesthetic pharmacological study.In this review,we will summarize literatures of emulsified isoflurane about its history,clinical application and future potential utility in the above mentioned fields.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51778478).
文摘Emulsified asphalt is the primary material for preventive maintenance and cold-mix paving,but its low cohesive strength and poor mechanical properties limit its wide application,even with polymer modification.In this study,Styrene-Butadiene Rubber(SBR)emulsified asphalt was modified with nano-cellulose materials,namely nano paper-cellulose(NPC)and wood-derived nano-cellulose(WDC),to improve its properties.A novel preparation method of nano-cellulose solution was developed,including blending,ultrasonic stirring,and centrifugal treatment.Four types of nano-cellulose solution(0.5%NPC,0.5%,1.0%,and 1.5%WDC by weight of water)were selected.The microscopy analysis indicated that 0.5%WDC emulsion had a smaller particle size than 1.5%WDC emulsion.The rheology test indicated that WDC modified residue improved rutting resistance with the increased solution dosage due to the cross-linking effect,but its creep-and-recovery performance was worse than that of SBR emulsion residue.The NPC modified binder had a higher rutting factor than WDC modified binder at the same dosage after short-term aging.In addition,1.0%WDC could be regarded as the optimal dosage in terms of fatigue and low-temperature performance.Furthermore,Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)results showed that 0.5%NPC modified residue performed better in long-term aging resistance compared with 0.5%WDC modified asphalt.
文摘The trends of consuming or using eco-friendly,biodegradable products due to the change in the lifestyle of the people have led to the exploration of new sources from plants or animals.Seed mucilage(SeM)is an underexplored component of plants that can be brought into play to deal with such problems.Mucilage,a viscous polysaccharide that can be obtained when seeds like chia,flax,garden cress,and tomato get hydrated and form a slimy,gel-like substance around the seed coat,can be utilized due to its unique characteristics.It has been used in developing many products such as bio-based films,plant-based dressing wounds with antibacterial effects,a medium for oral drug delivery,edible coatings,etc.Primarily composed of soluble fiber,it exhibits effects on human health,including blood glucose management,cholesterol,weight reduction,antioxidant(AOx),and antimicrobial activity.It offers a range of functional properties,including emulsification,stabilization,foam formation,fat replacement,encapsulating agent,flocculation,coagulation,and medium for drug release.These attributes make SeM a suitable component for applications in various sectors like food and pharmacy.Further study in this field may open more opportunities to address environmental problems and contribute to sustainability.This review explores aspects of SeM,emphasizing its functional properties and highlighting its current as well as potential applications across various sectors.
基金supported by Shahid Bahonar Universi-ty of Kerman.
文摘The Makran Sea is a complex marine environment.The purpose of this research is screening of emulsifier-producing bacteria in this marine environment and optimization of emulsifier production by the best-producing strain.Marine samples(seawater and sediments)were collected from four different zones in the Makran Sea.The emulsification activity index(E_(24))and Bacterial Ad-hesion To Hydrocarbons(BATH)were used to select the best emulsifier-producing strains.The prevalent strains were identified by PCR.The optimization of the emulsifier production medium by the best strain was done by two-level factorial design.Seventeen emulsifier-producing strains were isolated from sediments and seawater in the Makran Sea.The strains M6,BS-2,and J6 were select-ed between all isolates because they have 83%,91%,and 85%emulsification activity(E_(24))respectively.The results of sequencing confirmed that these three strains(M6,BS-2,and J6)belong to Cobetia marina,Shewanella alga,and Thalassospira permensis re-spectively.Maximum emulsifier production occurred at crude oil concentration(4%,v/v),peptone(2.5 g/L),yeast extract(1.5 g/L),molasses(2%),and at a temperature of 25℃.The results of this research confirmed that the Makran Sea has the potential to reach ro-bust marine bacteria with different biotechnological applications.
