3月22日,Major All Stars总决赛在马来西亚首度吉隆坡落下帷幕,代表中国参赛的iG收获了最终冠军。值得一提的是,这也是B神加盟iG以来收获的首个线下赛冠军!MB组合线下首秀参加本次MAS总决赛的共有8支队伍,除了iG之外,还有Na’Vi、Empire...3月22日,Major All Stars总决赛在马来西亚首度吉隆坡落下帷幕,代表中国参赛的iG收获了最终冠军。值得一提的是,这也是B神加盟iG以来收获的首个线下赛冠军!MB组合线下首秀参加本次MAS总决赛的共有8支队伍,除了iG之外,还有Na’Vi、Empire、Rave等世界一线队伍。在这些参赛队中,Na’Vi和Empire无疑是iG的最大对手。展开更多
The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years...The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years.Before the emergence of the first unified empire,the Qin Empire in 221 BC,there existed the Eastern Zhou dynasty(770 BC to 221 BC).This long dynasty has two stages,and here we focus on the first stage.This Spring-Autumn stage was from 770 BC(with 148 states)to 476 BC(with 32 states).The whole country(China)is modelled as a multi‐agent system,which contains multiple local states.They behave autonomously under certain action rules(wars and conflicts),which forms the main reason for the annexations and disappearance of most states.Key factors(power,loyalty,bellicosity and alliance)have been considered in our model settings,and simulation outcomes will be monitored and collected.Eventually,an optimal solution is obtained,which well unveils the internal mechanism and statistical features of real big history.Furthermore,counterfactuals are used to explore the non‐linear effects of the key factors,which deepens the authors’understanding of civilisa-tion evolutions in human history.展开更多
This paper firstly introduced characteristics of the food production( or grain production) and regulation of the prosperous period of the Roman Empire. Then,it discussed the shortcomings and summarized the experience ...This paper firstly introduced characteristics of the food production( or grain production) and regulation of the prosperous period of the Roman Empire. Then,it discussed the shortcomings and summarized the experience and lessons. It is expected to provide some references for construction of China's food security.展开更多
As a book review of Medicine Empire in American Literature of the 20th Century by Jiang Tianping’s team, thispaper provides an examination of the developing process of the western medicine’s interaction with the imp...As a book review of Medicine Empire in American Literature of the 20th Century by Jiang Tianping’s team, thispaper provides an examination of the developing process of the western medicine’s interaction with the imperialpolitics in the 20th century. It points out that the book has made a great contribution to the interdisciplinary research,medical research, especially western colonialism research.展开更多
For a very long time, the areas available for continuous long-distance trade were limited to territories of Braudel＇s Mediterrande （1949）. Whatever the commercial organizations （merchants in the Roman or the Fatim...For a very long time, the areas available for continuous long-distance trade were limited to territories of Braudel＇s Mediterrande （1949）. Whatever the commercial organizations （merchants in the Roman or the Fatimid Empires, the Hanseatic League, the Florentine Companies） were, their trade was not able to directly handle branches more than a month＇s sailing from their main base （in the best conditions）. During the three centuries after Vasco de Gama had reached India, European trading areas dramatically expanded to the shores of Asia, and a long period of harsh competition set the East India Companies of the main European powers of the time against one another. What were the elements that allowed these companies to maintain transactions over such vast areas？ And why were some of these companies far more successful than the others？ A large set of secondary sources focusing on one company or on a particular aspect of trade （Chauduri, 1978; Israel, 1989; Subrahmanyan, 1993; Ames, 1996） exist, however, none of them treat their successive successes and failures. The aim of this paper is to briefly review these sources, to extract information from them and to compare the economic adaptations and innovations that allowed these companies to be the greatest of their time.展开更多
In the year 1999,when the secretary of Shaxi town,Zhongshan,Guangdong planning the first China's Casual Wear Fair,"Casual Wear" hadn’t become a widly accepted conception yet. At the end of last century,...In the year 1999,when the secretary of Shaxi town,Zhongshan,Guangdong planning the first China's Casual Wear Fair,"Casual Wear" hadn’t become a widly accepted conception yet. At the end of last century,Chinese people,who have just come across with lots of new ideas and new fashions brought from outside world,didn’t realized that casual wear is one of the most important fashion elements in people's daily life.展开更多
The transformation of China Telecom starts from late 2004. General Manager Wang Xiaochu put forward the strategy of transforming into a comprehensive information services provider soon after he took the post and defin...The transformation of China Telecom starts from late 2004. General Manager Wang Xiaochu put forward the strategy of transforming into a comprehensive information services provider soon after he took the post and defined transformation as the core mission in the next several years in 2005.展开更多
The Chinese people are totally opposed to corruption. Establishing supervi sory commissions to perform duties in accordance with the Supervision Law will be the most effective way to fight corruption.
Why China's Western Xia tombs were destroyed--and how historians and archaeologists are bringing them back to life。In the 1930s,German pilot Wulf-Diether Graf zu Castell-Rudenhausen captured a remarkable photogra...Why China's Western Xia tombs were destroyed--and how historians and archaeologists are bringing them back to life。In the 1930s,German pilot Wulf-Diether Graf zu Castell-Rudenhausen captured a remarkable photograph over the Helan Mountains in Ningxia,China:clusters of white conical earthen mounds rising from the desolate plain.Initially mistaking them for termite mounds,Castell-Rudenhausen published the image in his book Chinaflug,little expecting that what he had casually recorded was actually the royal necropolis of one of the most mysterious dynasties in Chinese history:the Xixia,or Western Xia.展开更多
During the 7-9th century,the Tibetan Empire constituted a superpower between the Tang Empire and Abbasid Caliphate:one that played significant roles in geopolitics in Asia during the Early Medieval Period.The factors ...During the 7-9th century,the Tibetan Empire constituted a superpower between the Tang Empire and Abbasid Caliphate:one that played significant roles in geopolitics in Asia during the Early Medieval Period.The factors which led to the rise and rapid decline of this powerful Empire,the only united historical regime on the Tibetan Plateau(TP),remain unclear.Sub-annual scale precipitation and decadalscale temperature records of the central TP are presented,indicating that the height of this Empire coincided with a two-century long interval of uncharacteristically warm and humid climate.The ameliorated climate enabled the expansion of arable land and increased agricultural production.The close relationship between the precipitation records and historical events implied that the Empire implemented flexible strategies to tackle the effects of climate changes.This has implications for agricultural production in alpine regions including the TP,in the context of current global warming.展开更多
The life cycle pattern of empires is pervasive worldwide,and this is caused by multiple factors.In the history of Vietnam,there are totally about ten empires or dynasties,which have aggregately lasted for more than on...The life cycle pattern of empires is pervasive worldwide,and this is caused by multiple factors.In the history of Vietnam,there are totally about ten empires or dynasties,which have aggregately lasted for more than one thousand years.Here,we apply the life cycle model and agent-based modeling to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the life cycle pattern for Vietnam empires.Macroscopically,the man-land relationship greatly shapes the life cycle pattern of traditional agricultural empires.The balancing process between land and population is critical for the empires.The relationship between incomes and costs has determined the actions or strategies of the social members or individuals.It suggests that our optimal solutions and simulations have perfectly matched the real history of Vietnam.Under three optimal solutions,the distributions of simulated and real empire durations in history can be well-matched,in terms of both discrete(histogram)and continuous forms(kernel density).It indicates that the history of human society is a dynamic process,which is determined by certain evolutionary rules and regulations.Therefore,we are able to back-calculate,simulate,and even predict the future of empires or countries.展开更多
Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom ...Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom or religion.The most important of these reforms was in 1827,when the first medical schools in surgical and clinical branches were opened in Istanbul.The lack of contemporary understanding in medical education until that time had caused an underdevelopment in forensic sciences as it had in various other fields.Following the reform movements,the contents of the forensic medicine curriculum,mainly influenced by the French medical schooling,touched upon all areas of forensic sciences such as pathology,toxicology,organic chemistry,neuropsychiatry,gynecology,handwriting analysis and criminalistics.It was noteworthy to see such rapid development in scientific modernization considering the fact that,before the reform movements,the religion had a repressive effect and it was forbidden to even perform laboratory tests or examinations on corpses.In the modem Turkish Republic,founded in 1923 after World War I,scientific reforms gained momentum and began competing with the modem world.Such that,after a letter sent to the Turkish Government by Albert Einstein in 1933,the contemporary Turkish universities embraced the scientists who escaped from the Nazi regime.展开更多
In the last few decades,empire and infbnnation have come into focus in Chinese history as concepts demanding analysis and debate in their own right.1 Neither,to be sure,were neglected in earlier studies.As the realm o...In the last few decades,empire and infbnnation have come into focus in Chinese history as concepts demanding analysis and debate in their own right.1 Neither,to be sure,were neglected in earlier studies.As the realm of the Huangdi,China between 221 BCE and 1912 is nomially tenned an empire in European languages.展开更多
As our understanding of the Qing empire and its various borderlands has evolved, so too have we come to appreciate China＇s early modem commercial sophistication. In recent North American studies of the Qing, the link...As our understanding of the Qing empire and its various borderlands has evolved, so too have we come to appreciate China＇s early modem commercial sophistication. In recent North American studies of the Qing, the links between commerce and conquest have come under investigation, and we are increasingly urged to pay attention to merchants and merchant capital. But how should we understand the relationship between merchants and the Qing empire in the borderlands？ This article surveys selected work on the borderlands and commercialization, primarily in the Northwest and Southwest. The goal is to initiate a more comprehensive discussion of how to understand the intersection of commerce and empire while also making some suggestions for ways that borderlands history might shape future work on China.展开更多
The Greek cities under Parthian rule inherited the legacy of local administration from the Seleucid Empire.Parthian King Mithridates I conquered the Mesopotamian region and the Iranian plateau.Due to factors such as o...The Greek cities under Parthian rule inherited the legacy of local administration from the Seleucid Empire.Parthian King Mithridates I conquered the Mesopotamian region and the Iranian plateau.Due to factors such as ongoing conquests and political instability,the Greek cities were granted a special autonomous status.After the death of the Parthian king Mithridates Il,the Parthian nobility gained too much power which weakened the central authority,and intense struggles emerged between the elites and the populace within the Greek cities.The Parthian kings began to strengthen their control over the Greek cities by granting the title of“philoi” to local elites,making them the royal agent,thus establishing a relationship of trust.By efectively utilizing the Greek cities'autonomous tradition,the Parthian kings were able to flexibly adjust their relationship to these cities,which proved to be an important approach in improving local governance effectiveness.展开更多
文摘3月22日,Major All Stars总决赛在马来西亚首度吉隆坡落下帷幕,代表中国参赛的iG收获了最终冠军。值得一提的是,这也是B神加盟iG以来收获的首个线下赛冠军!MB组合线下首秀参加本次MAS总决赛的共有8支队伍,除了iG之外,还有Na’Vi、Empire、Rave等世界一线队伍。在这些参赛队中,Na’Vi和Empire无疑是iG的最大对手。
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.17ZDA117).
文摘The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years.Before the emergence of the first unified empire,the Qin Empire in 221 BC,there existed the Eastern Zhou dynasty(770 BC to 221 BC).This long dynasty has two stages,and here we focus on the first stage.This Spring-Autumn stage was from 770 BC(with 148 states)to 476 BC(with 32 states).The whole country(China)is modelled as a multi‐agent system,which contains multiple local states.They behave autonomously under certain action rules(wars and conflicts),which forms the main reason for the annexations and disappearance of most states.Key factors(power,loyalty,bellicosity and alliance)have been considered in our model settings,and simulation outcomes will be monitored and collected.Eventually,an optimal solution is obtained,which well unveils the internal mechanism and statistical features of real big history.Furthermore,counterfactuals are used to explore the non‐linear effects of the key factors,which deepens the authors’understanding of civilisa-tion evolutions in human history.
文摘This paper firstly introduced characteristics of the food production( or grain production) and regulation of the prosperous period of the Roman Empire. Then,it discussed the shortcomings and summarized the experience and lessons. It is expected to provide some references for construction of China's food security.
基金This paper is funded by 2017’s Hunan Provincial Funding Project“Colonial Medicine Research in English Literature”(17YBA343)National Funding Project“Research on disease consciousness and national anxiety in English literature of the 16th and 17th centuries”(16BWW056)Hunan Provincial Social Science Achievement Review Committee project“Oriental Medical Imagination from a Post-colonial Perspective”(XSP18YBC029)and“American Literature Project”193ysk011).
文摘As a book review of Medicine Empire in American Literature of the 20th Century by Jiang Tianping’s team, thispaper provides an examination of the developing process of the western medicine’s interaction with the imperialpolitics in the 20th century. It points out that the book has made a great contribution to the interdisciplinary research,medical research, especially western colonialism research.
文摘For a very long time, the areas available for continuous long-distance trade were limited to territories of Braudel＇s Mediterrande （1949）. Whatever the commercial organizations （merchants in the Roman or the Fatimid Empires, the Hanseatic League, the Florentine Companies） were, their trade was not able to directly handle branches more than a month＇s sailing from their main base （in the best conditions）. During the three centuries after Vasco de Gama had reached India, European trading areas dramatically expanded to the shores of Asia, and a long period of harsh competition set the East India Companies of the main European powers of the time against one another. What were the elements that allowed these companies to maintain transactions over such vast areas？ And why were some of these companies far more successful than the others？ A large set of secondary sources focusing on one company or on a particular aspect of trade （Chauduri, 1978; Israel, 1989; Subrahmanyan, 1993; Ames, 1996） exist, however, none of them treat their successive successes and failures. The aim of this paper is to briefly review these sources, to extract information from them and to compare the economic adaptations and innovations that allowed these companies to be the greatest of their time.
文摘In the year 1999,when the secretary of Shaxi town,Zhongshan,Guangdong planning the first China's Casual Wear Fair,"Casual Wear" hadn’t become a widly accepted conception yet. At the end of last century,Chinese people,who have just come across with lots of new ideas and new fashions brought from outside world,didn’t realized that casual wear is one of the most important fashion elements in people's daily life.
文摘The transformation of China Telecom starts from late 2004. General Manager Wang Xiaochu put forward the strategy of transforming into a comprehensive information services provider soon after he took the post and defined transformation as the core mission in the next several years in 2005.
文摘The Chinese people are totally opposed to corruption. Establishing supervi sory commissions to perform duties in accordance with the Supervision Law will be the most effective way to fight corruption.
文摘Why China's Western Xia tombs were destroyed--and how historians and archaeologists are bringing them back to life。In the 1930s,German pilot Wulf-Diether Graf zu Castell-Rudenhausen captured a remarkable photograph over the Helan Mountains in Ningxia,China:clusters of white conical earthen mounds rising from the desolate plain.Initially mistaking them for termite mounds,Castell-Rudenhausen published the image in his book Chinaflug,little expecting that what he had casually recorded was actually the royal necropolis of one of the most mysterious dynasties in Chinese history:the Xixia,or Western Xia.
基金supported by Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road of the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20090000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0606400)+1 种基金Part laboratory and fieldwork costs were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41772178,91747207,and 41620104007)Field expedition was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition(2019QZKK0601)。
文摘During the 7-9th century,the Tibetan Empire constituted a superpower between the Tang Empire and Abbasid Caliphate:one that played significant roles in geopolitics in Asia during the Early Medieval Period.The factors which led to the rise and rapid decline of this powerful Empire,the only united historical regime on the Tibetan Plateau(TP),remain unclear.Sub-annual scale precipitation and decadalscale temperature records of the central TP are presented,indicating that the height of this Empire coincided with a two-century long interval of uncharacteristically warm and humid climate.The ameliorated climate enabled the expansion of arable land and increased agricultural production.The close relationship between the precipitation records and historical events implied that the Empire implemented flexible strategies to tackle the effects of climate changes.This has implications for agricultural production in alpine regions including the TP,in the context of current global warming.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(18VXK005,19ZDA143&17ZDA117)National Science Foundation of China(72203005)+1 种基金Shaanxi Province Education Department Project(20JT007)supported by High-performance Computing Platform of Peking University and School of Economics,Peking University.
文摘The life cycle pattern of empires is pervasive worldwide,and this is caused by multiple factors.In the history of Vietnam,there are totally about ten empires or dynasties,which have aggregately lasted for more than one thousand years.Here,we apply the life cycle model and agent-based modeling to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the life cycle pattern for Vietnam empires.Macroscopically,the man-land relationship greatly shapes the life cycle pattern of traditional agricultural empires.The balancing process between land and population is critical for the empires.The relationship between incomes and costs has determined the actions or strategies of the social members or individuals.It suggests that our optimal solutions and simulations have perfectly matched the real history of Vietnam.Under three optimal solutions,the distributions of simulated and real empire durations in history can be well-matched,in terms of both discrete(histogram)and continuous forms(kernel density).It indicates that the history of human society is a dynamic process,which is determined by certain evolutionary rules and regulations.Therefore,we are able to back-calculate,simulate,and even predict the future of empires or countries.
文摘Modernization in medicine began in the Ottoman Empire in the 19^(th)century.Until that time,medical education had been provided through the traditional master-apprentice practices and its methods had relied on custom or religion.The most important of these reforms was in 1827,when the first medical schools in surgical and clinical branches were opened in Istanbul.The lack of contemporary understanding in medical education until that time had caused an underdevelopment in forensic sciences as it had in various other fields.Following the reform movements,the contents of the forensic medicine curriculum,mainly influenced by the French medical schooling,touched upon all areas of forensic sciences such as pathology,toxicology,organic chemistry,neuropsychiatry,gynecology,handwriting analysis and criminalistics.It was noteworthy to see such rapid development in scientific modernization considering the fact that,before the reform movements,the religion had a repressive effect and it was forbidden to even perform laboratory tests or examinations on corpses.In the modem Turkish Republic,founded in 1923 after World War I,scientific reforms gained momentum and began competing with the modem world.Such that,after a letter sent to the Turkish Government by Albert Einstein in 1933,the contemporary Turkish universities embraced the scientists who escaped from the Nazi regime.
文摘In the last few decades,empire and infbnnation have come into focus in Chinese history as concepts demanding analysis and debate in their own right.1 Neither,to be sure,were neglected in earlier studies.As the realm of the Huangdi,China between 221 BCE and 1912 is nomially tenned an empire in European languages.
文摘As our understanding of the Qing empire and its various borderlands has evolved, so too have we come to appreciate China＇s early modem commercial sophistication. In recent North American studies of the Qing, the links between commerce and conquest have come under investigation, and we are increasingly urged to pay attention to merchants and merchant capital. But how should we understand the relationship between merchants and the Qing empire in the borderlands？ This article surveys selected work on the borderlands and commercialization, primarily in the Northwest and Southwest. The goal is to initiate a more comprehensive discussion of how to understand the intersection of commerce and empire while also making some suggestions for ways that borderlands history might shape future work on China.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(Project No.19CSS008)。
文摘The Greek cities under Parthian rule inherited the legacy of local administration from the Seleucid Empire.Parthian King Mithridates I conquered the Mesopotamian region and the Iranian plateau.Due to factors such as ongoing conquests and political instability,the Greek cities were granted a special autonomous status.After the death of the Parthian king Mithridates Il,the Parthian nobility gained too much power which weakened the central authority,and intense struggles emerged between the elites and the populace within the Greek cities.The Parthian kings began to strengthen their control over the Greek cities by granting the title of“philoi” to local elites,making them the royal agent,thus establishing a relationship of trust.By efectively utilizing the Greek cities'autonomous tradition,the Parthian kings were able to flexibly adjust their relationship to these cities,which proved to be an important approach in improving local governance effectiveness.
