To study the effect ofrhein on embryo development of rats and fetuscs,the SD rats were divided into rhein(87.5,175 and 350 mg/kg)group and negative control group treated with 0.5%CMC(carboxyl methyl cellulose).The rat...To study the effect ofrhein on embryo development of rats and fetuscs,the SD rats were divided into rhein(87.5,175 and 350 mg/kg)group and negative control group treated with 0.5%CMC(carboxyl methyl cellulose).The rats were administrated with rhein daily for 10 days from 6th to 15th day after pregnancy.The pregnancy rats were dissected at 20th day after pregnancy.The total weight of the fetuses,the number of corpus luteum,plant gland,absorbed fetus,live fetus,dead futus,monsters,body weight,body height and tail length were recorded.Compared with the control group,rhein group occurred with the administration of toxicity-related clinical symptoms.The changes in weight increase related with the amount ofrhein(P〈0.05)and the increased number of absorbed fetuses in each rhein group(P〈0.05)were presented.Obvious differences occurred in the rhein groups in terms of the incidence of visceral abnormalities,each organ abnormalities and fossa malformations,etc.(P〈0.05).Compared with the control group,there was no significant difference in the low-dose group by fetal rat bone examination(P〉0.05),while the remaining dose groups manifested various bone deformities such as sternum sections missing,incomplete ossification of the skull and thoracic vertebrae separation or deformation,which was obviously different from the control group(P〈0.01).Rhein had a significant effect on the reproductive function of pregnant rats.It can even result in the bones'and internal organs'dysplasia of fetal rats.Rhein has a significant teratogenic effect in rats.展开更多
Objective: To assess the genotoxicity and embryotoxicity of bicyclol methyl ether(BME), the main impurity in bicyclol. Methods: Five concentrations of BME(0.5, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 μg/plate) were used in the Ames test...Objective: To assess the genotoxicity and embryotoxicity of bicyclol methyl ether(BME), the main impurity in bicyclol. Methods: Five concentrations of BME(0.5, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 μg/plate) were used in the Ames test to detect gene mutation. In the chromosome aberration test, Chinese hamster lung cells were used to detect chromosomal aberration of BME(15, 30, 60, 120 μg/m L) with or without S9 mixture. Embryotoxicity test was also conducted to determine any embryotoxicity of BME(7.5, 22.5, 67.5 μg/L) using zebrafish embryos. Results: No significant differences were observed in the Ames test and the chromosome aberration test in the BME groups compared with the vehicle control group. The zebrafish embryos toxicity test also showed no embryo development toxicity of BME, including hatching rate, body length, pericardial area and yolk sac area. Conclusions: Bicyclol methyl ether has no genotoxicity in vitro and embryotoxicity in zebrafish embryos, and the impurity in bicyclol is qualified.展开更多
Nano-sized zinc oxide(n ZnO) particles are one kind of the most commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles(NPs). This study compared the cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects of three increasing sized ZnO particles(φ30 nm, ...Nano-sized zinc oxide(n ZnO) particles are one kind of the most commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles(NPs). This study compared the cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects of three increasing sized ZnO particles(φ30 nm, 80-150 nm and 2 μm) in the flounder gill(FG) cells and zebrafish embryos, and analyzed the contribution of size, agglomeration and released Zn^(2+) to the toxic effects. All the tested ZnO particles were found to be highly toxic to both FG cells and zebrafish embryos. They induced growth inhibition, LDH release, morphological changes and apoptosis in FG cells in a concentration-, size-and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the release of LDH from the exposed FG cells into the medium occurred before the observable morphological changes happened. The ultrasonication treatment and addition of serum favored the dispersion of ZnO particles and alleviated the agglomeration, thus significantly increased the corresponding cytotoxicity. The released Zn^(2+) ions from ZnO particles into the extracellular medium only partially contributed to the cytotoxicity. All the three sizes of ZnO particles tested induced developmental malformations, decrease of hatching rates and lethality in zebrafish embryos, but size-and concentration-dependent toxic effects were not so obvious as in FG cells possibly due to the easy aggregation of ZnO particles in freshwater. In conclusion, both FG cells and zebrafish embryos are sensitive bioassay systems for safety assessment of ZnO particles and the environmental release of ZnO particles should be closely monitored as far as the safety of aquatic organisms is concerned.展开更多
Nanomaterials are attractive for use in technological advancements because of their small size and unique properties. As a result, there has been a rapid increase in the production and applications of nanomaterials. N...Nanomaterials are attractive for use in technological advancements because of their small size and unique properties. As a result, there has been a rapid increase in the production and applications of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles like carbon, cadmium and silver are highly toxic and are known to cause oxidative stress. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the toxicity of gold nanoparticles. We have investigated the effects of gold nanoparticles on the growth and differentiation of ESCs （embryonic stem cells）. Analysis of ESCs treated with gold nanoparticles revealed a biphasic growth response. Higher concentrations （〉 20 ~tg/mL） of gold nanoparticles inhibited growth, whereas the lower concentrations （〈 10 lag/mL） stimulated ESC proliferation. Interestingly, ESC pluripotency was not affected by gold nanoparticles as demonstrated by the near normal expression of the specific pluripotent marker, Oct 4, and their differentiation potential. Inhibition of differentiation of both ESCs and embryoid bodies by gold nanoparticles suggest that they may pose developmental risks. Further analysis by transmission electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that gold nanoparticles were actively taken up by ESCs in a concentration dependent manner. These observations suggest that exposure to gold nanoparticles may cause embryotoxicity or effect early childhood development.展开更多
文摘To study the effect ofrhein on embryo development of rats and fetuscs,the SD rats were divided into rhein(87.5,175 and 350 mg/kg)group and negative control group treated with 0.5%CMC(carboxyl methyl cellulose).The rats were administrated with rhein daily for 10 days from 6th to 15th day after pregnancy.The pregnancy rats were dissected at 20th day after pregnancy.The total weight of the fetuses,the number of corpus luteum,plant gland,absorbed fetus,live fetus,dead futus,monsters,body weight,body height and tail length were recorded.Compared with the control group,rhein group occurred with the administration of toxicity-related clinical symptoms.The changes in weight increase related with the amount ofrhein(P〈0.05)and the increased number of absorbed fetuses in each rhein group(P〈0.05)were presented.Obvious differences occurred in the rhein groups in terms of the incidence of visceral abnormalities,each organ abnormalities and fossa malformations,etc.(P〈0.05).Compared with the control group,there was no significant difference in the low-dose group by fetal rat bone examination(P〉0.05),while the remaining dose groups manifested various bone deformities such as sternum sections missing,incomplete ossification of the skull and thoracic vertebrae separation or deformation,which was obviously different from the control group(P〈0.01).Rhein had a significant effect on the reproductive function of pregnant rats.It can even result in the bones'and internal organs'dysplasia of fetal rats.Rhein has a significant teratogenic effect in rats.
文摘Objective: To assess the genotoxicity and embryotoxicity of bicyclol methyl ether(BME), the main impurity in bicyclol. Methods: Five concentrations of BME(0.5, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 μg/plate) were used in the Ames test to detect gene mutation. In the chromosome aberration test, Chinese hamster lung cells were used to detect chromosomal aberration of BME(15, 30, 60, 120 μg/m L) with or without S9 mixture. Embryotoxicity test was also conducted to determine any embryotoxicity of BME(7.5, 22.5, 67.5 μg/L) using zebrafish embryos. Results: No significant differences were observed in the Ames test and the chromosome aberration test in the BME groups compared with the vehicle control group. The zebrafish embryos toxicity test also showed no embryo development toxicity of BME, including hatching rate, body length, pericardial area and yolk sac area. Conclusions: Bicyclol methyl ether has no genotoxicity in vitro and embryotoxicity in zebrafish embryos, and the impurity in bicyclol is qualified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41076075,31472274 and 31172391)Scholarship Foundation for Excellent Scientists of Shandong Province(Grant No.BS2011 SW054)open foundation from Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolution(Grant No.20132017)
文摘Nano-sized zinc oxide(n ZnO) particles are one kind of the most commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles(NPs). This study compared the cytotoxic and embryotoxic effects of three increasing sized ZnO particles(φ30 nm, 80-150 nm and 2 μm) in the flounder gill(FG) cells and zebrafish embryos, and analyzed the contribution of size, agglomeration and released Zn^(2+) to the toxic effects. All the tested ZnO particles were found to be highly toxic to both FG cells and zebrafish embryos. They induced growth inhibition, LDH release, morphological changes and apoptosis in FG cells in a concentration-, size-and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the release of LDH from the exposed FG cells into the medium occurred before the observable morphological changes happened. The ultrasonication treatment and addition of serum favored the dispersion of ZnO particles and alleviated the agglomeration, thus significantly increased the corresponding cytotoxicity. The released Zn^(2+) ions from ZnO particles into the extracellular medium only partially contributed to the cytotoxicity. All the three sizes of ZnO particles tested induced developmental malformations, decrease of hatching rates and lethality in zebrafish embryos, but size-and concentration-dependent toxic effects were not so obvious as in FG cells possibly due to the easy aggregation of ZnO particles in freshwater. In conclusion, both FG cells and zebrafish embryos are sensitive bioassay systems for safety assessment of ZnO particles and the environmental release of ZnO particles should be closely monitored as far as the safety of aquatic organisms is concerned.
基金Acknowledgments This research was supported by the OU-WB （Oakland University-William Beaumont） Interdisciplinary Research Program, Oakland University, Michigan Research Excellence Fund, and the SIBHI （Summer Institute of Bioengineering and Health Informatics）, which was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. We are thankful for Ms. Loan Dong and Dr. Harvey Qu for TEM studies and statistical analysis, respectively.
文摘Nanomaterials are attractive for use in technological advancements because of their small size and unique properties. As a result, there has been a rapid increase in the production and applications of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles like carbon, cadmium and silver are highly toxic and are known to cause oxidative stress. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the toxicity of gold nanoparticles. We have investigated the effects of gold nanoparticles on the growth and differentiation of ESCs （embryonic stem cells）. Analysis of ESCs treated with gold nanoparticles revealed a biphasic growth response. Higher concentrations （〉 20 ~tg/mL） of gold nanoparticles inhibited growth, whereas the lower concentrations （〈 10 lag/mL） stimulated ESC proliferation. Interestingly, ESC pluripotency was not affected by gold nanoparticles as demonstrated by the near normal expression of the specific pluripotent marker, Oct 4, and their differentiation potential. Inhibition of differentiation of both ESCs and embryoid bodies by gold nanoparticles suggest that they may pose developmental risks. Further analysis by transmission electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that gold nanoparticles were actively taken up by ESCs in a concentration dependent manner. These observations suggest that exposure to gold nanoparticles may cause embryotoxicity or effect early childhood development.
