Background:Well-designed and functioning emergency medical service(EMS)can provide equitable access to emergency care to im-prove health issues,especially in low-and middle-income countries where the majority of death...Background:Well-designed and functioning emergency medical service(EMS)can provide equitable access to emergency care to im-prove health issues,especially in low-and middle-income countries where the majority of deaths are due to conditions that could be treated with emergency care.To address this gap,this study explored the contextually appropriate development process in addition to the system architecture,which is lacking in Global South EMS research.Method:This study was a thematic analysis of the development of EMS systems in six Asian countries.Experts in emergency care were selected through convenience sampling.Each country described and evaluated its EMS system using a standardized form with 102 EMS items that cover the emergency care system in terms of leadership,governance,financing,community-based activities,prehospital care,and quality assessment.From the descriptions,various themes were extracted focusing on the developmental perspective of EMS in Asia.Result:The study identified the domain of the developmental focus,best practices,and future strategies for EMS in the Asian region.The identified areas for developmental focus are governance,multidisciplinary collaboration,communication/coordination,community partic-ipation,decentralization,equitable access,supply-demand balance,and quality assurance activities.Conclusion:Countries under investigation achieved progress in planning,implementing,and sustaining EMS through varied strategies in the mentioned focal areas that can be emulated by other countries in this region.Further,their development levels varied according to the extent to which each country realized the development principles identified in this study.展开更多
Common mode current suppression is important to grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)systems and depends strongly on the value of the parasitic capacitance between the PV panel and the ground.Some parasitic capacitance mode...Common mode current suppression is important to grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)systems and depends strongly on the value of the parasitic capacitance between the PV panel and the ground.Some parasitic capacitance models have been proposed to evaluate the magnitude of the effective parasitic capacitance.However,the proposed model is only for the PV panels under dry and clean environmental conditions.The dependence of rain water on the capacitance is simply described rather than analyzing in detail.Furthermore,the effects of water are addressed quite differently in papers.Thus,this paper gives complete parasitic capacitance model of the PV panel considering the rain water.The effect of the water on the capacitance is systematically investigated through 3D finite element(FE)electromagnetic(EM)simulations and experiments.Accordingly,it is clarified how the water affects the parasitic capacitance and methods of minimization of the capacitance are proposed.展开更多
基金supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI(19 K09403)the funding body did not play any role in the study or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Background:Well-designed and functioning emergency medical service(EMS)can provide equitable access to emergency care to im-prove health issues,especially in low-and middle-income countries where the majority of deaths are due to conditions that could be treated with emergency care.To address this gap,this study explored the contextually appropriate development process in addition to the system architecture,which is lacking in Global South EMS research.Method:This study was a thematic analysis of the development of EMS systems in six Asian countries.Experts in emergency care were selected through convenience sampling.Each country described and evaluated its EMS system using a standardized form with 102 EMS items that cover the emergency care system in terms of leadership,governance,financing,community-based activities,prehospital care,and quality assessment.From the descriptions,various themes were extracted focusing on the developmental perspective of EMS in Asia.Result:The study identified the domain of the developmental focus,best practices,and future strategies for EMS in the Asian region.The identified areas for developmental focus are governance,multidisciplinary collaboration,communication/coordination,community partic-ipation,decentralization,equitable access,supply-demand balance,and quality assurance activities.Conclusion:Countries under investigation achieved progress in planning,implementing,and sustaining EMS through varied strategies in the mentioned focal areas that can be emulated by other countries in this region.Further,their development levels varied according to the extent to which each country realized the development principles identified in this study.
文摘Common mode current suppression is important to grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)systems and depends strongly on the value of the parasitic capacitance between the PV panel and the ground.Some parasitic capacitance models have been proposed to evaluate the magnitude of the effective parasitic capacitance.However,the proposed model is only for the PV panels under dry and clean environmental conditions.The dependence of rain water on the capacitance is simply described rather than analyzing in detail.Furthermore,the effects of water are addressed quite differently in papers.Thus,this paper gives complete parasitic capacitance model of the PV panel considering the rain water.The effect of the water on the capacitance is systematically investigated through 3D finite element(FE)electromagnetic(EM)simulations and experiments.Accordingly,it is clarified how the water affects the parasitic capacitance and methods of minimization of the capacitance are proposed.
