A good drug or drug candidate should not only interact with its target molecule effectively and specifically,but also be absorbed into the body,distributed to the right location,metabolized into right compounds,and el...A good drug or drug candidate should not only interact with its target molecule effectively and specifically,but also be absorbed into the body,distributed to the right location,metabolized into right compounds,and eliminated out of the body in proper manner.The processes of drug getting into and out of the body involve Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,and Excretion（ADME）,展开更多
become an outstanding type of theranostic probe because of tunable luminescence,superior pharmacokinetics,low toxicity,and rich surface chemistry.The second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)luminescence offers unique merits,such ...become an outstanding type of theranostic probe because of tunable luminescence,superior pharmacokinetics,low toxicity,and rich surface chemistry.The second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)luminescence offers unique merits,such as deep tissue penetration,high spatial resolution,and admirable signal-noise ratio,creating many opportunities and challenges for ultrasmall AuNPs in advanced biomedical applications.Herein,this review illustrates the recent advances of ultrasmall AuNPs in understanding the NIR-Ⅱ mechanisms,clearance pathways,and related biomedical applications.We firstly elucidate the present understanding of the NIR-Ⅱ mechanisms of ultrasmall AuNPs,along with some effective strategies for enhancing NIR-Ⅱ luminescence,namely heterometal doping and surface rigidification.Then,we discuss the impact of their structures on liver clearance and kidney clearance.Further,we highlight the major biomedical applications of these ultrasmall AuNPs in bioimaging,antibacterial,nanomedicine,and drug delivery.Finally,we offer some outlooks on the challenges and chances of ultrasmall AuNPs for later research endeavors to promote their clinical translation in the biomedical field.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation ofChina(Nos.30873159 and 31271405)
文摘A good drug or drug candidate should not only interact with its target molecule effectively and specifically,but also be absorbed into the body,distributed to the right location,metabolized into right compounds,and eliminated out of the body in proper manner.The processes of drug getting into and out of the body involve Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,and Excretion（ADME）,
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (21907032, 22076125)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(2021B1515020106)Shenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research (86901-00000215)。
文摘become an outstanding type of theranostic probe because of tunable luminescence,superior pharmacokinetics,low toxicity,and rich surface chemistry.The second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)luminescence offers unique merits,such as deep tissue penetration,high spatial resolution,and admirable signal-noise ratio,creating many opportunities and challenges for ultrasmall AuNPs in advanced biomedical applications.Herein,this review illustrates the recent advances of ultrasmall AuNPs in understanding the NIR-Ⅱ mechanisms,clearance pathways,and related biomedical applications.We firstly elucidate the present understanding of the NIR-Ⅱ mechanisms of ultrasmall AuNPs,along with some effective strategies for enhancing NIR-Ⅱ luminescence,namely heterometal doping and surface rigidification.Then,we discuss the impact of their structures on liver clearance and kidney clearance.Further,we highlight the major biomedical applications of these ultrasmall AuNPs in bioimaging,antibacterial,nanomedicine,and drug delivery.Finally,we offer some outlooks on the challenges and chances of ultrasmall AuNPs for later research endeavors to promote their clinical translation in the biomedical field.
