从资料分析和实际模拟两个方面,对中国区域气候模拟中的首要问题——模拟区域的选取进行了研究。首先,采用相关分析确定大尺度环流因子影响中国区域降水的关键区,以保证行星及天气尺度系统能够有效地通过区域气候模式的侧边界传入模拟区...从资料分析和实际模拟两个方面,对中国区域气候模拟中的首要问题——模拟区域的选取进行了研究。首先,采用相关分析确定大尺度环流因子影响中国区域降水的关键区,以保证行星及天气尺度系统能够有效地通过区域气候模式的侧边界传入模拟区域,同时依靠自身的物理机制使中尺度系统在模拟区域内部发展;其次,利用NRA(NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis II)和ERA(ECMWF Reanalysis 40)两再分析资料的相关性,对侧边界场资料的可信性进行分析,结果表明南部赤道洋面附近和青藏高原地区两种再分析资料的相关系数很低,表明资料的可信度低,因此侧边界的位置要尽量避开这些地区。根据以上分析结果,确定了中国区域气候模拟的最佳区域,在此基础上利用实际个例模拟对模拟区域的优化结果进行验证。将美国伊利诺伊州立大学水文研究所开发的CWRF(Cli-mate-Weather Research and Forecasting Model)应用于中国季风区,选取1998年夏季的极端洪涝事件作为验证个例,结果表明:模拟区域对区域气候模式的模拟性能有决定性的作用,资料分析确定的最佳模拟区域能够较好地再现1998年长江流域的极端洪涝事件。当模拟区域扩大,南部缓冲区位于赤道,东西侧边界远离环流因子影响关键区时,模拟结果急剧下降,基本无法再现实测降水。当模拟区域仅在东西方向扩大时,模拟结果略好于上述扩大的区域,但仍然远低于资料分析确定的最佳区域,表明有效地抓住主控环流因子对区域气候模拟的重要影响。资料分析和实际模拟的一致结论确定了中国区域气候模拟的最佳区域,实现了CWRF对中国季风区模拟区域的优化。展开更多
Uniparental chromosome elimination in wheat × maize hybrid embryos is widely used in double haploid production of wheat. Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, one of which is that the lack ...Uniparental chromosome elimination in wheat × maize hybrid embryos is widely used in double haploid production of wheat. Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, one of which is that the lack of cross-species CENH3 incorporation may act as a barrier to interspecies hybridization. However, it is unknown if this mechanism applies universally. To study the role of CENH3 in maize chromosome elimination of wheat x maize hybrid embryos,？cos, maize ZmCENH3 and wheat aTaCENH3-B driven by the constitutive CaMV35S promoter were transformed into wheat variety Yangmai 158. Five transgenic lines for ZmCENH3 and six transgenic lines for ctTaCENH3-B were identified. RT-PCP analysis showed that the transgene could be transcribed at a low level in all ZmCENH3 transgenic lines, whereas transcription of endogenous wheat CENH3 was significantly up-regulated. Interestingly, the expression levels of both wheat CENH3 and ZmCENH3 in the ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat × maize hybrid embryos were higher than those in the non-transformed Yangmai 158 × maize hybrid embryos. This indicates that the alien ZmCENH3 in wheat may induce competitive expression of endogenous wheat CENH3, leading to suppression of ZmCENH3 over-expression. Eliminations of maize chromosomes in hybrid embryos of ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat ×maize and Yangmai 158 x maize were compared by observations on micronuelei presence, by marker analysis using maize SSRs （simple sequence repeats）, and by FISH （fluorescence in situ hybridization） using 45S rDNA as a probe. The results indicate that maize chromosome elimination events in the two crosses are not sigmficantly different. Fusion protein ZmCENH3- YFP could not be detected in ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat by either Western blotting or immnunostaining, whereas accumulation and loading of the αTaCENH3-B-GFP fusion protein was normal in aTaCENH3-B transgenic lines. As ZmCENH3-YFP did not accumulate after AM114 treatment, we speculate that low levels of ZmCENH3 protein in transgenic wheat may be one of the factors that lead to failure of suppression of maize chromatin elimination in ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat × maize hybrids.展开更多
文摘从资料分析和实际模拟两个方面,对中国区域气候模拟中的首要问题——模拟区域的选取进行了研究。首先,采用相关分析确定大尺度环流因子影响中国区域降水的关键区,以保证行星及天气尺度系统能够有效地通过区域气候模式的侧边界传入模拟区域,同时依靠自身的物理机制使中尺度系统在模拟区域内部发展;其次,利用NRA(NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis II)和ERA(ECMWF Reanalysis 40)两再分析资料的相关性,对侧边界场资料的可信性进行分析,结果表明南部赤道洋面附近和青藏高原地区两种再分析资料的相关系数很低,表明资料的可信度低,因此侧边界的位置要尽量避开这些地区。根据以上分析结果,确定了中国区域气候模拟的最佳区域,在此基础上利用实际个例模拟对模拟区域的优化结果进行验证。将美国伊利诺伊州立大学水文研究所开发的CWRF(Cli-mate-Weather Research and Forecasting Model)应用于中国季风区,选取1998年夏季的极端洪涝事件作为验证个例,结果表明:模拟区域对区域气候模式的模拟性能有决定性的作用,资料分析确定的最佳模拟区域能够较好地再现1998年长江流域的极端洪涝事件。当模拟区域扩大,南部缓冲区位于赤道,东西侧边界远离环流因子影响关键区时,模拟结果急剧下降,基本无法再现实测降水。当模拟区域仅在东西方向扩大时,模拟结果略好于上述扩大的区域,但仍然远低于资料分析确定的最佳区域,表明有效地抓住主控环流因子对区域气候模拟的重要影响。资料分析和实际模拟的一致结论确定了中国区域气候模拟的最佳区域,实现了CWRF对中国季风区模拟区域的优化。
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31171563)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)+2 种基金the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (No. B08025)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. KYZ201202)high-level talents in six industries of Jiangsu province, and the Project No. 7 from Science and High-Tech Based Major Program of Agriculture the Committee of Shanghai Municipal Administration (No. 20127)
文摘Uniparental chromosome elimination in wheat × maize hybrid embryos is widely used in double haploid production of wheat. Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, one of which is that the lack of cross-species CENH3 incorporation may act as a barrier to interspecies hybridization. However, it is unknown if this mechanism applies universally. To study the role of CENH3 in maize chromosome elimination of wheat x maize hybrid embryos,？cos, maize ZmCENH3 and wheat aTaCENH3-B driven by the constitutive CaMV35S promoter were transformed into wheat variety Yangmai 158. Five transgenic lines for ZmCENH3 and six transgenic lines for ctTaCENH3-B were identified. RT-PCP analysis showed that the transgene could be transcribed at a low level in all ZmCENH3 transgenic lines, whereas transcription of endogenous wheat CENH3 was significantly up-regulated. Interestingly, the expression levels of both wheat CENH3 and ZmCENH3 in the ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat × maize hybrid embryos were higher than those in the non-transformed Yangmai 158 × maize hybrid embryos. This indicates that the alien ZmCENH3 in wheat may induce competitive expression of endogenous wheat CENH3, leading to suppression of ZmCENH3 over-expression. Eliminations of maize chromosomes in hybrid embryos of ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat ×maize and Yangmai 158 x maize were compared by observations on micronuelei presence, by marker analysis using maize SSRs （simple sequence repeats）, and by FISH （fluorescence in situ hybridization） using 45S rDNA as a probe. The results indicate that maize chromosome elimination events in the two crosses are not sigmficantly different. Fusion protein ZmCENH3- YFP could not be detected in ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat by either Western blotting or immnunostaining, whereas accumulation and loading of the αTaCENH3-B-GFP fusion protein was normal in aTaCENH3-B transgenic lines. As ZmCENH3-YFP did not accumulate after AM114 treatment, we speculate that low levels of ZmCENH3 protein in transgenic wheat may be one of the factors that lead to failure of suppression of maize chromatin elimination in ZmCENH3 transgenic wheat × maize hybrids.
