Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approa...Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approach to collecting requirements from different stakeholders’responses to a specific question.We use natural language processing techniques to get the stakeholder response that represents most other stakeholders’responses.This study improves existing practices in three ways:Firstly,it reduces the human effort needed to collect the requirements;secondly,it reduces the time required to carry out this task with a large number of stakeholders;thirdly,it underlines the importance of using of data mining techniques in various software engineering steps.Our approach uses tokenization,stop word removal,and word lemmatization to create a list of frequently accruing words.It then creates a similarity matrix to calculate the score value for each response and selects the answer with the highest score.Our experiments show that using this approach significantly reduces the time and effort needed to collect requirements and does so with a sufficient degree of accuracy.展开更多
Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow trigger neurovascular remodeling,as manifested by the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subs equent neurovascular repair activities such as angiogenesis.This process...Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow trigger neurovascular remodeling,as manifested by the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subs equent neurovascular repair activities such as angiogenesis.This process involves neurovascular communication that facilitates the transport of mediators among cerebrovascular endothelial cells,pericytes,glial cells,and neurons,thereby transmitting signals from donor to recipient cells to elicit a collaborative response.展开更多
The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (la...The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.展开更多
Perylenequinones(PQs)from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi serve as excellent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.However,the lower yield of PQ production in mycelium cultures is an important bottleneck for their cli...Perylenequinones(PQs)from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi serve as excellent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.However,the lower yield of PQ production in mycelium cultures is an important bottleneck for their clinical application.Light has long been recognized as a pivotal regulatory signal for fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis.In this study,we explored the role of nitric oxide(NO)in the growth and PQ biosynthesis in mycelium cultures of Shiraia sp.S9 exposed to red light.The continuous irradiation with red light(627 nm,200 lx)suppressed fungal conidiation,promoted hyphal branching,and elicited a notable increase in PQ accumulation.Red light exposure induced NO generation,peaking to 81.7μmol/g FW on day 8 of the culture,with the involvement of nitric oxide synthase(NOS)-or nitrate reductase(NR)-dependent pathways.The application of a NO donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP)restored conidiation of Shiraia sp.S9 under red light and stimulated PQ production,which was mitigated upon the introduction of NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS-2028.These results showed that red light-induced NO,as a signaling molecule,was involved in the regulation of growth and PQ production in Shiraia sp.S9 through the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.While mycelial H2O2 content exhibited no significant alternations,a transient increase of intracellular Ca2+and extracellular ATP(eATP)content was detected upon exposure to red light.The generation of NO was found to be interdependent on cytosolic Ca2+and eATP concentration.These signal molecules cooperated synergistically to enhance membrane permeability and elevate the transcript levels of PQ biosynthetic genes in Shiraia sp.S9.Notably,the combined treatment of red light with 5μM SNP yielded a synergistic effect,resulting in a substantially higher level of hypocrellin A(HA,254 mg/L),about 3.0-fold over the dark control.Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulation of NO on fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis and present a promising strategy involving the combined elicitation with SNP for enhanced production of photoactive PQs and other valuable secondary metabolites in fungi.展开更多
A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in t...A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in the open reading frame of the gene. Results from Southern blotting analysis suggests that the GmCyp1 belong to a small gene family in soybean cells. The time course of GmCyp1 mRNA accumulation upon treatment of elicitor from yeast extract did not show significant change in the time period examined. The data suggest that the GmCyp1 was not regulated much by biotic factors. A possible role of the cyclophilin in the plant-pathogen interaction was discussed.展开更多
Confucianism （especially its teaching theory） is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spi...Confucianism （especially its teaching theory） is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous ＂heuristic teaching theory＂ is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates ＂elicitation teaching theory＂ was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.展开更多
Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were se...Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were seldom reported.In this study,lanthanum(LaCl3)was used as an elicitor in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola to stimulate the production of hypocrellin A(HA),a promising photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy.La^3+at 1.0 g/L not only increases HA content by 2.50-fold in mycelia,but stimulates HA exudation to the medium with the highest production(225.05 mg/L)on day 6.Further analysis shows that La^3+can induce the intracellular ROS(reactive oxygen species)accumulation with 2.33-fold higher contents of H2O2 in mycelium.HA production induced by La^3+treatment can be suppressed by ROS scavengers.Further analysis reveals that the elicitation of La^3+on HA accumulation is mediated by ROS generation to enhance expression of HA biosynthetical genes.The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene(SbABC)for HA exudation is also regulated partially via ROS generated by NADPH oxidase.These results indicate that the enhanced HA production by La^3+might be mediated by ROS signaling pathway.Our results provide a basis for understanding REE elicitation on fungal metabolites and a practical biotechnological process for enhanced production of HA.展开更多
Lake eutrophication （LE） has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This stu...Lake eutrophication （LE） has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This study proposes a structural equation model to assist in the establishment of a lake nutrient standard for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion （Yungui Ecoregion）, China. The modeling results indicate that the most predictive indicator for designated use-attainment is total phosphorus （TP） （total effect =-0.43）, and chlorophyll a （Chl-a） is recommended as the second important indicator （total effect =-0.41）. The model is further used for estimating the probability of use-attainment associated with lake water as a drinking water source and various levels of candidate criteria （based on the reference conditions and the current environmental quality standards for surface water）. It is found that these candidate criteria cannot satisfy the designated 100% use-attainment. To achieve the short-term target （85% attainment of the designated use）, TP and Chl-a values ought to be less than 0.02 mg/L and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. When used as a long-term target （90% or greater attainment of the designated use）, the TP and Chl-a values are suggested to be less than 0.018 mg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively.展开更多
As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive ...As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive and qualitative study. This paper uses Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique( ZMET) as the study method to identify,sort and present all the typical elements in the mountain tourism context,aiming to find out the potential expectations and needs hiding in the subconscious of the mountain tourist.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric an...OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric analysis, affinity chromatography for protein purification, SDS-PAGE, Western-blotting and animal experiment were used. RESULTS: HSP70-PC immunization rendered protective effect to both naive tumorl-bearing mice. All of the naive mice obtained complete resistance to Hcaf cell attack; 40% of the tumor-bearing mice survived for over 90 days, whereas the mice of control group died within 2 weeks (P展开更多
Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requ...Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requirements elicitation,which involves collecting project-related requirements from different sources.Repositories of reusable requirements are typically important sources of an increasing number of reusable software requirements.However,the process of searching such repositories to collect valuable project-related requirements is time-consuming and difficult to perform accurately.Recommender systems have been widely recognized as an effective solution to such problem.Accordingly,this study proposes an effective hybrid content-based collaborative filtering recommendation approach.The proposed approach will support project stake-holders in mitigating the risk of missing requirements during requirements elicitation by identifying related requirements from software requirement repositories.The experimental results on the RALIC dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach considerably outperforms baseline collaborative filtering-based recom-mendation methods in terms of prediction accuracy and coverage in addition to mitigating the data sparsity and cold-start item problems.展开更多
This article considers "good" teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a "gold standard" of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and ...This article considers "good" teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a "gold standard" of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and learning. We outline this context and consider concepts of good teachers in classical Chinese traditions and more recent Western thinking as a possible dialogue within and between cultures of learning. Using cognitive and cultural linguistic perspectives, we analyze metaphorical concepts of "gold" in "the gold standard" as related to teachers. We report our applied metaphor research which analyzes Chinese students’ expectations, values and beliefs about good university language teachers;this presents a rich picture beyond developing knowledge, skills and understanding to include strong social and moral characteristics. Other aspects which recognize the complexity of "good" teachers show a student appreciation of teachers’ tireless effort, devotion and selfless sacrifice: these aspects are absent in many discussions of good teachers. The participant-centered picture from elicited metaphor analysis is part of students’ "cultures of learning," but this should be developed culturally for the gold standard through further teacher development and student engagement. In line with interaction in cultures of learning, we indicate some classroom ways to extend students’ thinking through scaffolding teacher-student interaction based on textbook activities.展开更多
In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes...In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes. In this paper, we propose an approach to elicit probability effectively by using the concept of interval probability (IP). During the elicitation process, a group of experts assign intervals to probabilities instead of assigning exact values. Then the intervals are combined and converted into the point valued probabilities. The detailed steps of the elicitation process are given and illustrated by constructing the influence diagram for employee recruitment decision for a China’s IT Company. The proposed approach provides a convenient and comfortable way for experts to assess probabilities. It is useful in influence diagrams modeling as well as in other subjective probability elicitation situations.展开更多
A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions （a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution）, adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-par...A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions （a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution）, adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-parameters of the prior distributions are obtained by Bayesian empirical methods with non-informative meta-priors. The performances of the Bayes estimator and the classical generalized lest squares estimator are compared using two measurements of the horizontal monitoring network of a concrete gravity dam： the Penha Garcia dam （Portugal）. In order to test the robustness of the two estimators, a gross error is added to one of the measured horizontal directions： the Bayes estimator proves to be significantly more robust than the classic maximum likelihood estimator.展开更多
Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the useful...Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the usefulness and pitfall of elicitation and introspection. It finds out that both elicitation and introspection have their own advantages and disadvantages.展开更多
Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE pr...Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE processes exist to make sure the requirements are coherent, compact and complete in all respects. In this way different aspects of RE are dissected and detailed upon. A comparison of RE in Agile and RE in Waterfall is expatiated and on the basis of the literature survey the overall Agile RE process is accumulated. Agile being a technique produces high quality software in relatively less time as compared to the conventional waterfall methodology. The paramount objective of this study is to take lessons from RE that Agile method may consider, if quality being the cardinal concern. The study is patterned on the survey of the previous research reported in the coexisting literature and the practices which are being pursued in the area.展开更多
Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and...Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.展开更多
It is well established that living cells and tissues respond to mechanical forces such as flow-related shear stresses in blood or interstitial space and complex tractional stresses at cell-matrix contacts and cell-cel...It is well established that living cells and tissues respond to mechanical forces such as flow-related shear stresses in blood or interstitial space and complex tractional stresses at cell-matrix contacts and cell-cell contacts.However,how different modes of forces impact mechanical and biological responses is elusive.Here we describe a strategy of using the three-dimensional magnetic twisting cytometry(3D MTC)technology to apply forces in any desired directions to the same living cell.We reveal that for a fixed stress amplitude and frequency,a live cell exhibits mechanical anisotropy and responds to a local shear stress differently from responding to a local complex stress by stretching chromatin and upregulating gene transcription to different levels,extending our previous finding on force-induced direct gene activation.This finding highlights the importance of force modes in impacting cellular mechanical and biological responses in living cells and tissues and may have implications in tissue patterning and embryonic development.展开更多
Tumor cells escape host immune surveillance bydown-regulation of MHC and/or co-stimulatorymolecules.Anti-tumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells.A deficiency in either MHC or co-stimulatory molecules ...Tumor cells escape host immune surveillance bydown-regulation of MHC and/or co-stimulatorymolecules.Anti-tumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells.A deficiency in either MHC or co-stimulatory molecules on tumor cells is associated with a failure to induce anti-tumor immunity.展开更多
文摘Most software systems have different stakeholders with a variety of concerns.The process of collecting requirements from a large number of stakeholders is vital but challenging.We propose an efficient,automatic approach to collecting requirements from different stakeholders’responses to a specific question.We use natural language processing techniques to get the stakeholder response that represents most other stakeholders’responses.This study improves existing practices in three ways:Firstly,it reduces the human effort needed to collect the requirements;secondly,it reduces the time required to carry out this task with a large number of stakeholders;thirdly,it underlines the importance of using of data mining techniques in various software engineering steps.Our approach uses tokenization,stop word removal,and word lemmatization to create a list of frequently accruing words.It then creates a similarity matrix to calculate the score value for each response and selects the answer with the highest score.Our experiments show that using this approach significantly reduces the time and effort needed to collect requirements and does so with a sufficient degree of accuracy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171344(to ZY),82471313(to CKT)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China,Nos.2023B1515120035,2024A1515012035(to CKT)The Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou Nos.2025A03J4169(to ZY)。
文摘Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow trigger neurovascular remodeling,as manifested by the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subs equent neurovascular repair activities such as angiogenesis.This process involves neurovascular communication that facilitates the transport of mediators among cerebrovascular endothelial cells,pericytes,glial cells,and neurons,thereby transmitting signals from donor to recipient cells to elicit a collaborative response.
文摘The oligosaccharide elicitor from the mycelial wall of an endophytic Colletotrichum sp. B501 promoted the production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. hairy root culture. When hairy roots of 22-day-old cultures (later growth phase) were exposed to the elicitor (20 mg/L) for 4 d, the maximum content of artemisinin reached 1.15 mg/g, a 64.29% increment over the control. The electron X-ray microanalysis disclosed the rapid accumulation of Ca 2+ in the elicited cortical cells of hairy root. The electronic microscope observation revealed the high electron density area in vacuole of elicited cells. During the first day of elicitation the peroxidase activity of hairy roots was improved sharply. Some cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation, coincident with the appearance of DNA ladders, were observed after the third day of elicitation. It was suggested that the oligosaccharide elicitor triggered the programmed cell death, which may provide the substance or chemical signal for artemisinin biosynthesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82073955 and 81773696)the Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutes(PAPD).
文摘Perylenequinones(PQs)from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi serve as excellent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.However,the lower yield of PQ production in mycelium cultures is an important bottleneck for their clinical application.Light has long been recognized as a pivotal regulatory signal for fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis.In this study,we explored the role of nitric oxide(NO)in the growth and PQ biosynthesis in mycelium cultures of Shiraia sp.S9 exposed to red light.The continuous irradiation with red light(627 nm,200 lx)suppressed fungal conidiation,promoted hyphal branching,and elicited a notable increase in PQ accumulation.Red light exposure induced NO generation,peaking to 81.7μmol/g FW on day 8 of the culture,with the involvement of nitric oxide synthase(NOS)-or nitrate reductase(NR)-dependent pathways.The application of a NO donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP)restored conidiation of Shiraia sp.S9 under red light and stimulated PQ production,which was mitigated upon the introduction of NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS-2028.These results showed that red light-induced NO,as a signaling molecule,was involved in the regulation of growth and PQ production in Shiraia sp.S9 through the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.While mycelial H2O2 content exhibited no significant alternations,a transient increase of intracellular Ca2+and extracellular ATP(eATP)content was detected upon exposure to red light.The generation of NO was found to be interdependent on cytosolic Ca2+and eATP concentration.These signal molecules cooperated synergistically to enhance membrane permeability and elevate the transcript levels of PQ biosynthetic genes in Shiraia sp.S9.Notably,the combined treatment of red light with 5μM SNP yielded a synergistic effect,resulting in a substantially higher level of hypocrellin A(HA,254 mg/L),about 3.0-fold over the dark control.Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulation of NO on fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis and present a promising strategy involving the combined elicitation with SNP for enhanced production of photoactive PQs and other valuable secondary metabolites in fungi.
文摘A cDNA clone encoded for cyclophilin (GmCyp1) was isolated by RT-PCR method from suspension-cultured soybean (Glycine max L.) cells. The deduced amino acid sequence was 91% identical to a kidney bean cyclophilin in the open reading frame of the gene. Results from Southern blotting analysis suggests that the GmCyp1 belong to a small gene family in soybean cells. The time course of GmCyp1 mRNA accumulation upon treatment of elicitor from yeast extract did not show significant change in the time period examined. The data suggest that the GmCyp1 was not regulated much by biotic factors. A possible role of the cyclophilin in the plant-pathogen interaction was discussed.
文摘Confucianism （especially its teaching theory） is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous ＂heuristic teaching theory＂ is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates ＂elicitation teaching theory＂ was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81473183,81773696)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX17_2042)
文摘Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied as efficient elicitors to improve production of biologically important secondary metabolites in plants.However,their effects on microbial secondary metabolites were seldom reported.In this study,lanthanum(LaCl3)was used as an elicitor in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola to stimulate the production of hypocrellin A(HA),a promising photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy.La^3+at 1.0 g/L not only increases HA content by 2.50-fold in mycelia,but stimulates HA exudation to the medium with the highest production(225.05 mg/L)on day 6.Further analysis shows that La^3+can induce the intracellular ROS(reactive oxygen species)accumulation with 2.33-fold higher contents of H2O2 in mycelium.HA production induced by La^3+treatment can be suppressed by ROS scavengers.Further analysis reveals that the elicitation of La^3+on HA accumulation is mediated by ROS generation to enhance expression of HA biosynthetical genes.The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene(SbABC)for HA exudation is also regulated partially via ROS generated by NADPH oxidase.These results indicate that the enhanced HA production by La^3+might be mediated by ROS signaling pathway.Our results provide a basis for understanding REE elicitation on fungal metabolites and a practical biotechnological process for enhanced production of HA.
基金supported by the Mega-projects of Science Research for Water Environment Improvement (No. 2009ZX07106-001-005-01)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 71103166)
文摘Lake eutrophication （LE） has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This study proposes a structural equation model to assist in the establishment of a lake nutrient standard for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion （Yungui Ecoregion）, China. The modeling results indicate that the most predictive indicator for designated use-attainment is total phosphorus （TP） （total effect =-0.43）, and chlorophyll a （Chl-a） is recommended as the second important indicator （total effect =-0.41）. The model is further used for estimating the probability of use-attainment associated with lake water as a drinking water source and various levels of candidate criteria （based on the reference conditions and the current environmental quality standards for surface water）. It is found that these candidate criteria cannot satisfy the designated 100% use-attainment. To achieve the short-term target （85% attainment of the designated use）, TP and Chl-a values ought to be less than 0.02 mg/L and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. When used as a long-term target （90% or greater attainment of the designated use）, the TP and Chl-a values are suggested to be less than 0.018 mg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively.
基金Supported by Youth Foundation of University of Science and Technology Liaoning
文摘As a traditional tourist type,mountain tourism now is highly focused on and it has already accumulated a great many academic papers in different types of researches. However,there still exists improvement in positive and qualitative study. This paper uses Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique( ZMET) as the study method to identify,sort and present all the typical elements in the mountain tourism context,aiming to find out the potential expectations and needs hiding in the subconscious of the mountain tourist.
文摘OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric analysis, affinity chromatography for protein purification, SDS-PAGE, Western-blotting and animal experiment were used. RESULTS: HSP70-PC immunization rendered protective effect to both naive tumorl-bearing mice. All of the naive mice obtained complete resistance to Hcaf cell attack; 40% of the tumor-bearing mice survived for over 90 days, whereas the mice of control group died within 2 weeks (P
文摘Requirements engineering(RE)is among the most valuable and critical processes in software development.The quality of this process significantly affects the success of a software project.An important step in RE is requirements elicitation,which involves collecting project-related requirements from different sources.Repositories of reusable requirements are typically important sources of an increasing number of reusable software requirements.However,the process of searching such repositories to collect valuable project-related requirements is time-consuming and difficult to perform accurately.Recommender systems have been widely recognized as an effective solution to such problem.Accordingly,this study proposes an effective hybrid content-based collaborative filtering recommendation approach.The proposed approach will support project stake-holders in mitigating the risk of missing requirements during requirements elicitation by identifying related requirements from software requirement repositories.The experimental results on the RALIC dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach considerably outperforms baseline collaborative filtering-based recom-mendation methods in terms of prediction accuracy and coverage in addition to mitigating the data sparsity and cold-start item problems.
文摘This article considers "good" teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a "gold standard" of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and learning. We outline this context and consider concepts of good teachers in classical Chinese traditions and more recent Western thinking as a possible dialogue within and between cultures of learning. Using cognitive and cultural linguistic perspectives, we analyze metaphorical concepts of "gold" in "the gold standard" as related to teachers. We report our applied metaphor research which analyzes Chinese students’ expectations, values and beliefs about good university language teachers;this presents a rich picture beyond developing knowledge, skills and understanding to include strong social and moral characteristics. Other aspects which recognize the complexity of "good" teachers show a student appreciation of teachers’ tireless effort, devotion and selfless sacrifice: these aspects are absent in many discussions of good teachers. The participant-centered picture from elicited metaphor analysis is part of students’ "cultures of learning," but this should be developed culturally for the gold standard through further teacher development and student engagement. In line with interaction in cultures of learning, we indicate some classroom ways to extend students’ thinking through scaffolding teacher-student interaction based on textbook activities.
文摘In decision modeling with influence diagrams, the most challenging task is probability elicitation from domain experts. It is usually very difficult for experts to directly assign precise probabilities to chance nodes. In this paper, we propose an approach to elicit probability effectively by using the concept of interval probability (IP). During the elicitation process, a group of experts assign intervals to probabilities instead of assigning exact values. Then the intervals are combined and converted into the point valued probabilities. The detailed steps of the elicitation process are given and illustrated by constructing the influence diagram for employee recruitment decision for a China’s IT Company. The proposed approach provides a convenient and comfortable way for experts to assess probabilities. It is useful in influence diagrams modeling as well as in other subjective probability elicitation situations.
文摘A Bayesian estimator with informative prior distributions （a multi-normal and an inverted gamma distribution）, adequate to displacement estimation at dam displacement monitoring networks, is presented. The hyper-parameters of the prior distributions are obtained by Bayesian empirical methods with non-informative meta-priors. The performances of the Bayes estimator and the classical generalized lest squares estimator are compared using two measurements of the horizontal monitoring network of a concrete gravity dam： the Penha Garcia dam （Portugal）. In order to test the robustness of the two estimators, a gross error is added to one of the measured horizontal directions： the Bayes estimator proves to be significantly more robust than the classic maximum likelihood estimator.
文摘Nowadays, many scholars would like to use evidence derived from elicitation and introspection in their research. Both elicitation and introspection are common methods of data collection. The essay discusses the usefulness and pitfall of elicitation and introspection. It finds out that both elicitation and introspection have their own advantages and disadvantages.
文摘Requirement gathering for software development project is the most crucial stage and thus requirement engineering (RE) occupies the chief position in the software development. Countless techniques concerning the RE processes exist to make sure the requirements are coherent, compact and complete in all respects. In this way different aspects of RE are dissected and detailed upon. A comparison of RE in Agile and RE in Waterfall is expatiated and on the basis of the literature survey the overall Agile RE process is accumulated. Agile being a technique produces high quality software in relatively less time as compared to the conventional waterfall methodology. The paramount objective of this study is to take lessons from RE that Agile method may consider, if quality being the cardinal concern. The study is patterned on the survey of the previous research reported in the coexisting literature and the practices which are being pursued in the area.
基金funding this work through research group no.RG-1441-490.
文摘Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.
基金supported by funds Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China and from US National Institutes of Health
文摘It is well established that living cells and tissues respond to mechanical forces such as flow-related shear stresses in blood or interstitial space and complex tractional stresses at cell-matrix contacts and cell-cell contacts.However,how different modes of forces impact mechanical and biological responses is elusive.Here we describe a strategy of using the three-dimensional magnetic twisting cytometry(3D MTC)technology to apply forces in any desired directions to the same living cell.We reveal that for a fixed stress amplitude and frequency,a live cell exhibits mechanical anisotropy and responds to a local shear stress differently from responding to a local complex stress by stretching chromatin and upregulating gene transcription to different levels,extending our previous finding on force-induced direct gene activation.This finding highlights the importance of force modes in impacting cellular mechanical and biological responses in living cells and tissues and may have implications in tissue patterning and embryonic development.
文摘Tumor cells escape host immune surveillance bydown-regulation of MHC and/or co-stimulatorymolecules.Anti-tumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells.A deficiency in either MHC or co-stimulatory molecules on tumor cells is associated with a failure to induce anti-tumor immunity.
