Wano, spoken by about 7,000 native speakers, is a Papuan language of Trans-New Guinea Phylum, Dani-Kwerba Stock, which is found in the interior of Papua of the regency of Puncak Jaya. The language is closely related t...Wano, spoken by about 7,000 native speakers, is a Papuan language of Trans-New Guinea Phylum, Dani-Kwerba Stock, which is found in the interior of Papua of the regency of Puncak Jaya. The language is closely related to Dani, Walak, and Nggem. It is an SOV language typology that has a complex morphological system. Four spatial dimensions are morphosyntactically coded in elevative deixis, which are steepness/non-steepness distinction, proximity/distality distinction, adverbial/attributive expressions, and vertical/horizontal plane. This paper discusses the grammatical operation of a set of two-term system： ei ＂up＂ and ou ＂down＂ that serves as the basic forms for the elevational deixis in Wano.展开更多
Developing alloys with exceptional strength-ductility combinations across a broad temperature range is crucial for advanced structural applications.The emerging face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)demonstra...Developing alloys with exceptional strength-ductility combinations across a broad temperature range is crucial for advanced structural applications.The emerging face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)demonstrate outstanding mechanical properties at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures.They are anticipated to extend their applicability to elevated temperatures,owing to their inherent advantages in leveraging multiple strengthening and deformation mechanisms.Here,a dual heterostructure,comprising of heterogeneous grain structure with heterogeneous distribution of the micro-scale Nb-rich Laves phases,is introduced in a CrCoNi-based MEA through thermo-mechanical processing.Additionally,a high-density nano-coherentγ’phase is introduced within the grains through isothermal aging treatments.The superior thermal stability of the heterogeneously distributed precipitates enables the dual heterostructure to persist at temperatures up to 1073 K,allowing the MEA to maintain excellent mechanical properties across a wide temperature range.The yield strength of the dual-heterogeneous-structured MEA reaches up to 1.2 GPa,1.1 GPa,0.8 GPa,and 0.6 GPa,coupled with total elongation values of 28.6%,28.4%,12.6%,and 6.1%at 93 K,298 K,873 K,and 1073 K,respectively.The high yield strength primar-ily stems from precipitation strengthening and hetero-deformation-induced strengthening.The high flow stress and low stacking fault energy of the dual-heterogeneous-structured MEA promote the formation of high-density stacking faults and nanotwins during deformation from 93 K to 1073 K,and their density increase with decreasing deformation temperature.This greatly contributes to the enhanced strainhardening capability and ductility across a wide temperature range.This study offers a practical solution for designing dual-heterogeneous-structured MEAs with both high yield strength and large ductility across a wide temperature range.展开更多
M50 steel,commonly utilized in aircraft engine bearings,is susceptible to friction-induced failures,particularly in high-temperature service conditions.To address this issue,various strategies have been proposed,with ...M50 steel,commonly utilized in aircraft engine bearings,is susceptible to friction-induced failures,particularly in high-temperature service conditions.To address this issue,various strategies have been proposed,with laser shock peening(LSP)garnering significant attention due to its deeper residual stress penetration and excellent surface integrity,whereas the underlying strengthening mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated.In this study,we systematically investigate the impact of LSP treatment on the tribological properties of M50 steel at temperatures of 25 and 300℃,alongside elucidating the relevant micro-mechanisms.Microstructural analysis reveals that laser impact strengthening primarily arises from dislocation proliferation,resulting in a surface hardness increase of approximately 14%and the formation of a substantial compressive stress layer reaching a maximum value of about 1200 MPa,with a depth of around 2 mm.Friction test results demonstrate reduced coefficients of friction and wear rates following LSP treatment at both temperatures.Notably,a more pronounced reduction is observed at 300℃,with values decreasing by 41.4%and 55.8%,respectively.The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interplay of compressive residual stresses,work-hardening layers,increased density of dislocations,and substantial microstructure refinement.展开更多
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration(FTLD)is a form of progressive dementia characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.This pathology involves a series of cognitive,behavioral,and neurol...Frontotemporal lobar degeneration(FTLD)is a form of progressive dementia characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.This pathology involves a series of cognitive,behavioral,and neurological symptoms that influence personality,decision-making ability,and language.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is rising,with cardiac rupture accounting for approximately 2%of deaths in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).Ventricular ...BACKGROUND The incidence of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is rising,with cardiac rupture accounting for approximately 2%of deaths in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).Ventricular free wall rupture(FWR)occurs in approximately 2%of AMI patients and is notably rare in patients with non-STEMI.Types of cardiac rupture include left ventricular FWR,ventricular septal rupture,and papillary muscle rupture.The FWR usually leads to acute cardiac tamponade or electromechanical dissociation,where standard resuscitation efforts may not be effective.Ventricular septal rupture and papillary muscle rupture often result in refractory heart failure,with mortality rates over 50%,even with surgical or percutaneous repair options.CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of an acute non-STEMI patient who suffered sudden FWR causing cardiac tamponade and loss of consciousness immediate before undergoing coronary angiography.Prompt resuscitation and emergency open-heart repair along with coronary artery bypass grafting resulted in successful patient recovery.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the risks of AMI complications,shares a successful treatment scenario,and discusses measures to prevent such complications.展开更多
Soil microbial communities and grassland ecosystem processes are increasingly confronted with multiple global change factors(GCFs).There is still a lack of research on how these multiple GCFs interact and impact soil ...Soil microbial communities and grassland ecosystem processes are increasingly confronted with multiple global change factors(GCFs).There is still a lack of research on how these multiple GCFs interact and impact soil microbial communities and their functions.To address this gap,we conducted a simulation experiment to examine the individual and interactive effects of the four most critical and prevalent GCFs,elevated carbon dioxide concentration(eCO_(2)),elevated temperature(eT),decreased precipitation(dP),and elevated nitrogen(N)deposition(eN).This study focused on their effects on soil physicochemical properties,bacterial and fungal communities,and extracellular enzyme activities(EEAs)related to carbon(C),N,and phosphorus(P)cycles in a temperate grassland.Results showed that eCO_(2),eN,and dP tended to increase EEAs,while having neutral effects on microbial diversity and community composition.On the other hand,eT resulted in decreases in soil pH,total C,total N,EEAs,and microbial diversity,but increases in plant biomass,total P,microbial richness,and network complexity and stability.This shift in the nutrient limitation from P to N under warming conditions resulted in decoupling of nutrients.Neutral or slightly negative relationships were found between enzyme activities and microbial richness,diversity,and dominant species,and the responses of microbial communities and ecological functions were asynchronous under GCFs.Importantly,our results revealed significant higher-order interactions among GCFs and found that they had notable effects on soil physicochemical properties as well as on microbial communities and ecological functions.These findings provide valuable insights and suggestions for ecological adaptations to future global changes.展开更多
Psychoneuroimmunology is a scientific discipline exploring the interconnectedness of the nervous system,emotion state,and immune system.The current review examines the distinct mechanisms through which the mind and bo...Psychoneuroimmunology is a scientific discipline exploring the interconnectedness of the nervous system,emotion state,and immune system.The current review examines the distinct mechanisms through which the mind and body interact when subjected to stress.Manifestations of psychoneuroimmunological stress encompass symptoms such as depression,aggression,fear,and social withdrawal,which can exert a profound impact on physiological well-being.Some observations suggest that humans and nonhuman animals exhibit similar stress-related symptoms,aiding in the identification of pharmacological pathways and potential clinical implications of therapeutic interventions.Animal stress models are predicated on varying approaches aimed at eliciting a motivational state to navigate and confront aversive circumstances.The current review describes the diverse stress induction models that have been investigated internationally,incorporating an ethological perspective that involves evaluating innate and unpunished behaviors through methodologies like the elevated plus maze,elevated zero maze,light-dark box,and open field test.Additionally,conditioned operant conflict tests,such as the Vogel conflict test,fall under the purview of learning and punishment models.This category encompasses classic conditioning models like fear conditioning,psychosocial models such as social defeat,and physical and chronic unpredictable stress paradigms.In this review,we critically evaluate existing cognitive and behavioral frameworks underpinning the development and perpetuation of stress-related disorders,while also elucidating the impact of immune system responses on the mental and physical health of animals.The primary objective of this review is to elucidate the array of animal models employed in previous research and the testing protocols used to assess animal performance in stress induction scenarios,with the ultimate aim of reducing mortality rates among research animals.展开更多
Dear Editor,Brown syndrome is an ocular motility disorder characterized by restriction of elevation in adduction combined with a positive forced duction test and minimal or no superior oblique(SO)overaction[1].Other f...Dear Editor,Brown syndrome is an ocular motility disorder characterized by restriction of elevation in adduction combined with a positive forced duction test and minimal or no superior oblique(SO)overaction[1].Other features include V-pattern horizontal deviation and palpebral fissure widening while adduction[1].展开更多
Allium stracheyi(Baker)is widely utilized as a culinary herb and is typically encountered in the higher elevations of the Himalayas.Consequently,it is of great significance to compare the ecological adaptability of th...Allium stracheyi(Baker)is widely utilized as a culinary herb and is typically encountered in the higher elevations of the Himalayas.Consequently,it is of great significance to compare the ecological adaptability of this indigenous species to alternative habitats and its introduction into new environments.This research aims to investigate and gain a comprehensive understanding of A.stracheyi,also known as faran,in Uttarakhand region.We aim to examine how this plant adapts morphologically,physiologically,biochemically,and anatomically to varying elevations,specifically at 550,2200,2460,and 3400 m above mean sea level(m AMSL).This plant demonstrated remarkable morphophysiological adjustments across various aspects of its development,encompassing modified growth patterns,alterations in leaf dimensions,leaf count,etc..Moreover,biochemical adaptations have been identified as pivotal in bolstering the plant resilience to the stress associated with higher elevation.Enzymes like superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)exhibited significant responsiveness to elevational variations,contributing to the plant's ability to confront the challenges posed by high-elevational conditions.In terms of anatomy,the plant manifested alterations in its leaf and vascular tissues along the elevational gradient.These modifications involve an increased density of stomata and a greater count of vascular bundles,optimizing gas exchange and adaptation to water stress in frequently encountered harsh environmental conditions at higher elevations.Understanding the adaptive mechanisms employed by A.stracheyi provides valuable insights,especially in forecasting how A.stracheyi might respond to global climate change,particularly in regions affected by habitat fragmentation.展开更多
Forests exert significant biogeophysical cooling effects(CE)through processes such as increased evapotranspiration,reduced albedo,and enhanced surface roughness.However,little is known about the extent to which elevat...Forests exert significant biogeophysical cooling effects(CE)through processes such as increased evapotranspiration,reduced albedo,and enhanced surface roughness.However,little is known about the extent to which elevation-induced temperature differences bias the observed CE and how this bias interacts with the underlying biogeophysical mechanisms.In this study,we integrated multisensor remote sensing products and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)elevation data on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform,and applied a spatial-temporal window regression approach to quantify and correct the sensitivity of land surface temperature(LST)to elevation for forest pixels across China from 2001 to 2022.First,we found that forest LST exhibited a significant negative relationship with elevation,leading to systematic CE overestimation by 0.61 K during the day and 0.60 K at night compared with altitudecorrected CE values.Second,after correction,the CE showed clear spatial heterogeneity,with stronger daytime cooling in tropical(-0.54 K)and temperate forests(-0.24 K),and warming in cold(+0.11 K)and arid regions(+0.53 K),while most regions experienced nighttime warming.Among forest types,evergreen needleleaf forests(ENF)exhibited the strongest daytime cooling(-0.36 K),whereas deciduous broadleaf(DBF)and open shrublands(OS)tended to warm.Third,mechanism analysis revealed that elevation correction strengthened the correlations of CE with leaf area index(LAI)and evapotranspiration,while maintaining a significant negative correlation with albedo,indicating that both radiative and non-radiative processes jointly shape the unbiased CE.These findings provide a more accurate quantification of forest CE by eliminating elevation-induced bias,which providing a more accurate assessment of the climate mitigation potential of forests,which is crucial for developing more effective forest management and ecological restoration strategies.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION.The global availability of digital elevation model(DEM)data,such as 90-m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)DEM and 30-m Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital ...0 INTRODUCTION.The global availability of digital elevation model(DEM)data,such as 90-m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)DEM and 30-m Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM),has been extensively utilized in morphotectonic analyses(e.g.,Wang et al.,2024;Cheng et al.,2018;Pérez-Pe?a et al.,2010;El Hamdouni et al.,2008).展开更多
Acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and consists of two distinct cardiac pathologies:ST-elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction...Acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and consists of two distinct cardiac pathologies:ST-elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI).[1]In China,AMI is widely recognized as a predominant cause of mortality in both urban and rural demographics,based on the 2022 Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China;moreover,its mortality rate has been reported to be rising,with a recurrence rate of 2.5%within one year.展开更多
Satellites in LEO (Low Earth Orbits) are closest to the Earth’s surface, having the smallest coverage area compared to other orbits, depending on altitude and elevation angle, and providing relatively too short visib...Satellites in LEO (Low Earth Orbits) are closest to the Earth’s surface, having the smallest coverage area compared to other orbits, depending on altitude and elevation angle, and providing relatively too short visibility and communication duration, in range of (2 - 15) minutes. Communication duration represents the key performance indicator for LEO satellite communication systems. For longer communication sessions, more satellites must be involved, and the signals must be handed over from one satellite to the next to provide uninterrupted real-time services to the appropriate user or ground station. This leads to the concept and structure of the satellites organized in the constellation. Communication window (visibility window) depends on the designed horizon plane width determined by licensed elevation angle. For the appropriate calculations, a satellite from the Starlink constellation at altitude of 550 km is considered, observed under licensed designed elevations of 40˚ and 25˚. Calculations under two designed elevation levels confirmed the wider horizon and consequently longer communication under the lower elevation.展开更多
Ice shelves are important passageways for ice sheets flowing into the ocean.Through iceberg calving and basal melting,ice shelves exert considerable influence on the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and glacier...Ice shelves are important passageways for ice sheets flowing into the ocean.Through iceberg calving and basal melting,ice shelves exert considerable influence on the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and glacier stability.The Ross Ice Shelf(RIS),the largest body of floating ice on Earth,plays an essential role in any changes in the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.The long-term elevation change trend of RIS has been calculated with multiple satellite altimetry in previous studies.However,the seasonal variations were less revealed.Based on crossover analysis and indirect observation adjustments,this study proposed a new method for constructing seasonal records for surface elevation changes in the RIS using ICESat laser altimetry data from 2003 to 2009.The results showed that surface elevation changes exhibited seasonal variations with fluctuations over 20 cm,and the seasonal change characteristics were closely related to the temperature.Interannual variations in RIS surface elevation decreased from 2003 to2009 at a rate of 2 cm/yr.From March 2003 to April 2007,the surface elevation decreased at 3.7 cm/yr;however,after April 2007,the surface elevation increased at 5.5 cm/yr.The more recent stages of surface elevation growth have been influenced by reductions in the summer basal melt,which is related to the decreases in ocean heat content.展开更多
BACKGROUND Elevated liver enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis(RA)are often attributed to multiple factors including disease activity and treatment-related adverse effects.Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors(TNFi)have shown m...BACKGROUND Elevated liver enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis(RA)are often attributed to multiple factors including disease activity and treatment-related adverse effects.Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors(TNFi)have shown mixed effects on liver function,with varying safety profiles among agents.AIM To evaluate the hepatic safety of TNFi therapy—etanercept and adalimumab—in RA patients with elevated liver enzymes.METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted for RA patients with elevated liver enzymes receiving TNFi at a single center between January 1,2019,and September 30,2024.Out of the patients screened,9 met the inclusion criteria.Trends in liver enzymes,fibrosis-4(FIB-4)score,and changes in the Child-Pugh class were analyzed at 1-year and 3-year follow-up periods.RESULTS Among 9 patients(4 on adalimumab,5 on etanercept),the median age was 56 years[interquartile range(IQR):49.5–64.5 years],77.8%were female,and the median body mass index was 36.99 kg/m²(IQR:30.95–43.43 kg/m²).Median baseline FIB-4 was 1.25(IQR:1.02–1.65),with no cirrhosis observed at baseline.Aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and alkaline phosphatase levels declined consistently,with significant reductions from baseline to 3 years(P=0.003).FIB-4 scores also significantly decreased(P=0.003),while albumin,bilirubin,and Child-Pugh class remained stable at the 3-year follow-up.At 3 years,66.7%achieved RA remission(P=0.03).CONCLUSION TNFi therapy(adalimumab or etanercept)was associated with significant improvement in liver enzymes and FIB-4 without hepatic decompensation,supporting its safety in our cohort of RA patients with liver involvement.Larger prospective studies are warranted to further validate these findings.展开更多
Although numerous studies have proposed explanations for the specific and relative effects of stand structure,plant diversity,and environmental conditions on carbon(C)storage in forest ecosystems,understanding how the...Although numerous studies have proposed explanations for the specific and relative effects of stand structure,plant diversity,and environmental conditions on carbon(C)storage in forest ecosystems,understanding how these factors collectively affect C storage in different community layers(trees,shrubs,and herbs)and forest types(mixed,broad-leaved(E),broad-leaved(M),and coniferous forest)continues to pose challenges.To address this,we used structural equation models to quantify the influence of biotic factors(mean DBH,mean height,maximum height,stem density,and basal area)and abiotic factors(elevation and canopy openness),as well as metrics of species diversity(Shannon–Wiener index,Simpson index,and Pielou’s evenness)in various forest types.Our analysis revealed the critical roles of forest types and elevation in explaining a substantial portion of variability in C storage in the overstory layer,with a moderate influence of stand factors(mean DBH and basal area)and a slightly negative impact of tree species diversity(Shannon–Wiener index).Notably,forest height emerged as the primary predictor of C storage in the herb layer.Regression relationships further highlighted the significant contribution of tree species diversity to mean height,understory C storage,and branch biomass within the forest ecosystem.Our insights into tree species diversity,derived from structural equation modeling of C storage in the overstory,suggest that the effects of tree species diversity may be influenced by stem biomass in statistical reasoning within temperate forests.Further research should also integrate tree species diversity with tree components biomass,forest mean height,understory C,and canopy openness to understand complex relationships and maintain healthy and sustainable ecosystems in the face of global climate challenges.展开更多
A comprehensive understanding of vegetation responses to climate extremes is essential for predicting ecological risks.The Tianshan Mountains,the world's largest arid mountain system,are ecologically vulnerable to...A comprehensive understanding of vegetation responses to climate extremes is essential for predicting ecological risks.The Tianshan Mountains,the world's largest arid mountain system,are ecologically vulnerable to climate extremes,yet the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of vegetation responses is not well understood.To address this,we assessed changes in vegetation phenophases using the green-up date(GUD)and the monthly maximum vegetation index(MVI).Their relationship with climate extremes across seasons and geographic units was analyzed using Classification and Regression Tree and Principal Component Analysis.Results indicate that GUD advanced by 0.276 days/year,with MVI increasing in spring and decreasing in summer.On a yearly scale,nighttime heatwaves advanced GUD in all vegetation types at lower altitudes with higher snow cover,whereas daytime heatwaves delayed GUD in grasslands.On a monthly scale,early spring heatwaves generally benefitted vegetation,with positive effects decreasing from forests to grasslands:forests benefitted from March to May,forest-grassland from March to April,and grasslands only in March.By late summer,heatwaves were negatively correlated with MVI across all vegetation types.This study highlights the complex responses of vegetation to climate extremes and underscores the vulnerability of high-altitude,low snow-covered grasslands,which is crucial for guiding restoration efforts.展开更多
The life-history strategies of organisms are shaped by trade-offs among traits that influence survival,development,reproduction,and ultimately fitness.However,the specific physiological and environmental mechanisms dr...The life-history strategies of organisms are shaped by trade-offs among traits that influence survival,development,reproduction,and ultimately fitness.However,the specific physiological and environmental mechanisms driving population-level variation in phenotypic traits,particularly in relation to migratory adaptations,remain poorly understood.Elevational migration represents an adaptive behavior for mountain birds that offers a unique model to investigate adaptive phenotypes because of the diverse migratory strategies that have been observed within and between species.Flight muscles,as multifunctional organs,exhibit phenotypic variation that aligns with locomotor and thermoregulatory demands.Linking flight muscle phenotypes to migratory strategies can provide insights into inter-and intraspecific variation in migratory adaptations.In this study,we examined spring arrival dates at high-altitude breeding sites for three closely related high-altitude breeding birds in the mountains of Asia:Blue-fronted Redstart(Phoenicurus frontalis),Himalayan Bluetail(Tarsiger rufilatus),and Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher(Ficedula strophiata).We analyzed relationships between arrival dates and phenotypic traits,including flight muscle physiology,morphology,and internal organ mass,alongside environmental effects on these traits.Our findings indicate that species arriving earlier encountered lower temperatures and exhibited reduced fiber cross-sectional areas coupled with higher fast oxidative glycolytic(FOG)fibers densities.Males displayed pronounced protandry and higher fast glycolytic(FG)fibers densities.Ambient temperature significantly influenced flight muscle phenotypes,highlighting intraspecific variation and the potential plasticity of flight muscle fibers as crucial mechanisms for adapting to migration strategies and environmental conditions.Additionally,this study underscores the potential role of sexual selection in shaping functional phenotypic variation,further advancing our understanding of adaptive strategies in high-altitude migratory birds.展开更多
Land subsidence significantly impacts the accuracy of the National Elevation Datum in China.In order to solve this issue,a dynamic and economical way was proposed to update the National Elevation Datum with the assist...Land subsidence significantly impacts the accuracy of the National Elevation Datum in China.In order to solve this issue,a dynamic and economical way was proposed to update the National Elevation Datum with the assistance of InSAR in the North China Plain,which served as the research area.Moreover,the GNSS result was used to correct the InSAR result for the vertical deformation field,which has a relatively unified deformation reference.By integrating the vertical deformation field with the national elevation control point,an analysis and evaluation of changes in the National Elevation Datum were conducted.In addition,a regional remeasurement scheme was formulated to achieve dynamic updates and mainte-nance of the National Elevation Datum on a regional scale.Through data acquisition and processing,we successfully improved reliability within the main subsidence areas for future use.As a result,updating the elevation values utilize a regional update method,and a dynamic and economical technical process to update the National Elevation Datum is shown in the study.展开更多
文摘Wano, spoken by about 7,000 native speakers, is a Papuan language of Trans-New Guinea Phylum, Dani-Kwerba Stock, which is found in the interior of Papua of the regency of Puncak Jaya. The language is closely related to Dani, Walak, and Nggem. It is an SOV language typology that has a complex morphological system. Four spatial dimensions are morphosyntactically coded in elevative deixis, which are steepness/non-steepness distinction, proximity/distality distinction, adverbial/attributive expressions, and vertical/horizontal plane. This paper discusses the grammatical operation of a set of two-term system： ei ＂up＂ and ou ＂down＂ that serves as the basic forms for the elevational deixis in Wano.
基金supported by the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(No.22JCQNJC01280)the Central Funds Guiding the Local Science and Technology Development of Hebei Province(Nos.226Z1001G and 226Z1012G)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52002109,52071124)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2022QNRC001).
文摘Developing alloys with exceptional strength-ductility combinations across a broad temperature range is crucial for advanced structural applications.The emerging face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloys(MEAs)demonstrate outstanding mechanical properties at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures.They are anticipated to extend their applicability to elevated temperatures,owing to their inherent advantages in leveraging multiple strengthening and deformation mechanisms.Here,a dual heterostructure,comprising of heterogeneous grain structure with heterogeneous distribution of the micro-scale Nb-rich Laves phases,is introduced in a CrCoNi-based MEA through thermo-mechanical processing.Additionally,a high-density nano-coherentγ’phase is introduced within the grains through isothermal aging treatments.The superior thermal stability of the heterogeneously distributed precipitates enables the dual heterostructure to persist at temperatures up to 1073 K,allowing the MEA to maintain excellent mechanical properties across a wide temperature range.The yield strength of the dual-heterogeneous-structured MEA reaches up to 1.2 GPa,1.1 GPa,0.8 GPa,and 0.6 GPa,coupled with total elongation values of 28.6%,28.4%,12.6%,and 6.1%at 93 K,298 K,873 K,and 1073 K,respectively.The high yield strength primar-ily stems from precipitation strengthening and hetero-deformation-induced strengthening.The high flow stress and low stacking fault energy of the dual-heterogeneous-structured MEA promote the formation of high-density stacking faults and nanotwins during deformation from 93 K to 1073 K,and their density increase with decreasing deformation temperature.This greatly contributes to the enhanced strainhardening capability and ductility across a wide temperature range.This study offers a practical solution for designing dual-heterogeneous-structured MEAs with both high yield strength and large ductility across a wide temperature range.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2017-VII-0003-0096)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52205240 and 52201140)+2 种基金the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(Grant No.YESS20200321)the Natural Science Foundation for Youths of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0521)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M723874).
文摘M50 steel,commonly utilized in aircraft engine bearings,is susceptible to friction-induced failures,particularly in high-temperature service conditions.To address this issue,various strategies have been proposed,with laser shock peening(LSP)garnering significant attention due to its deeper residual stress penetration and excellent surface integrity,whereas the underlying strengthening mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated.In this study,we systematically investigate the impact of LSP treatment on the tribological properties of M50 steel at temperatures of 25 and 300℃,alongside elucidating the relevant micro-mechanisms.Microstructural analysis reveals that laser impact strengthening primarily arises from dislocation proliferation,resulting in a surface hardness increase of approximately 14%and the formation of a substantial compressive stress layer reaching a maximum value of about 1200 MPa,with a depth of around 2 mm.Friction test results demonstrate reduced coefficients of friction and wear rates following LSP treatment at both temperatures.Notably,a more pronounced reduction is observed at 300℃,with values decreasing by 41.4%and 55.8%,respectively.The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interplay of compressive residual stresses,work-hardening layers,increased density of dislocations,and substantial microstructure refinement.
基金funded by the project National Institute for Neurological Research(Programme EXCELES,ID Project No.LX22NPO5107)TEAMING:857560(EU)CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_043/0009632(CZ)(to FA and JH)。
文摘Frontotemporal lobar degeneration(FTLD)is a form of progressive dementia characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.This pathology involves a series of cognitive,behavioral,and neurological symptoms that influence personality,decision-making ability,and language.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is rising,with cardiac rupture accounting for approximately 2%of deaths in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).Ventricular free wall rupture(FWR)occurs in approximately 2%of AMI patients and is notably rare in patients with non-STEMI.Types of cardiac rupture include left ventricular FWR,ventricular septal rupture,and papillary muscle rupture.The FWR usually leads to acute cardiac tamponade or electromechanical dissociation,where standard resuscitation efforts may not be effective.Ventricular septal rupture and papillary muscle rupture often result in refractory heart failure,with mortality rates over 50%,even with surgical or percutaneous repair options.CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of an acute non-STEMI patient who suffered sudden FWR causing cardiac tamponade and loss of consciousness immediate before undergoing coronary angiography.Prompt resuscitation and emergency open-heart repair along with coronary artery bypass grafting resulted in successful patient recovery.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the risks of AMI complications,shares a successful treatment scenario,and discusses measures to prevent such complications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52470174)the Joint Research Project on Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin,China(No.2022-YRUC-01-050209-01).
文摘Soil microbial communities and grassland ecosystem processes are increasingly confronted with multiple global change factors(GCFs).There is still a lack of research on how these multiple GCFs interact and impact soil microbial communities and their functions.To address this gap,we conducted a simulation experiment to examine the individual and interactive effects of the four most critical and prevalent GCFs,elevated carbon dioxide concentration(eCO_(2)),elevated temperature(eT),decreased precipitation(dP),and elevated nitrogen(N)deposition(eN).This study focused on their effects on soil physicochemical properties,bacterial and fungal communities,and extracellular enzyme activities(EEAs)related to carbon(C),N,and phosphorus(P)cycles in a temperate grassland.Results showed that eCO_(2),eN,and dP tended to increase EEAs,while having neutral effects on microbial diversity and community composition.On the other hand,eT resulted in decreases in soil pH,total C,total N,EEAs,and microbial diversity,but increases in plant biomass,total P,microbial richness,and network complexity and stability.This shift in the nutrient limitation from P to N under warming conditions resulted in decoupling of nutrients.Neutral or slightly negative relationships were found between enzyme activities and microbial richness,diversity,and dominant species,and the responses of microbial communities and ecological functions were asynchronous under GCFs.Importantly,our results revealed significant higher-order interactions among GCFs and found that they had notable effects on soil physicochemical properties as well as on microbial communities and ecological functions.These findings provide valuable insights and suggestions for ecological adaptations to future global changes.
文摘Psychoneuroimmunology is a scientific discipline exploring the interconnectedness of the nervous system,emotion state,and immune system.The current review examines the distinct mechanisms through which the mind and body interact when subjected to stress.Manifestations of psychoneuroimmunological stress encompass symptoms such as depression,aggression,fear,and social withdrawal,which can exert a profound impact on physiological well-being.Some observations suggest that humans and nonhuman animals exhibit similar stress-related symptoms,aiding in the identification of pharmacological pathways and potential clinical implications of therapeutic interventions.Animal stress models are predicated on varying approaches aimed at eliciting a motivational state to navigate and confront aversive circumstances.The current review describes the diverse stress induction models that have been investigated internationally,incorporating an ethological perspective that involves evaluating innate and unpunished behaviors through methodologies like the elevated plus maze,elevated zero maze,light-dark box,and open field test.Additionally,conditioned operant conflict tests,such as the Vogel conflict test,fall under the purview of learning and punishment models.This category encompasses classic conditioning models like fear conditioning,psychosocial models such as social defeat,and physical and chronic unpredictable stress paradigms.In this review,we critically evaluate existing cognitive and behavioral frameworks underpinning the development and perpetuation of stress-related disorders,while also elucidating the impact of immune system responses on the mental and physical health of animals.The primary objective of this review is to elucidate the array of animal models employed in previous research and the testing protocols used to assess animal performance in stress induction scenarios,with the ultimate aim of reducing mortality rates among research animals.
文摘Dear Editor,Brown syndrome is an ocular motility disorder characterized by restriction of elevation in adduction combined with a positive forced duction test and minimal or no superior oblique(SO)overaction[1].Other features include V-pattern horizontal deviation and palpebral fissure widening while adduction[1].
基金supported by Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology(grant number UCB/R&D PROJECT/2022/20 dated 06.05.2022).
文摘Allium stracheyi(Baker)is widely utilized as a culinary herb and is typically encountered in the higher elevations of the Himalayas.Consequently,it is of great significance to compare the ecological adaptability of this indigenous species to alternative habitats and its introduction into new environments.This research aims to investigate and gain a comprehensive understanding of A.stracheyi,also known as faran,in Uttarakhand region.We aim to examine how this plant adapts morphologically,physiologically,biochemically,and anatomically to varying elevations,specifically at 550,2200,2460,and 3400 m above mean sea level(m AMSL).This plant demonstrated remarkable morphophysiological adjustments across various aspects of its development,encompassing modified growth patterns,alterations in leaf dimensions,leaf count,etc..Moreover,biochemical adaptations have been identified as pivotal in bolstering the plant resilience to the stress associated with higher elevation.Enzymes like superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)exhibited significant responsiveness to elevational variations,contributing to the plant's ability to confront the challenges posed by high-elevational conditions.In terms of anatomy,the plant manifested alterations in its leaf and vascular tissues along the elevational gradient.These modifications involve an increased density of stomata and a greater count of vascular bundles,optimizing gas exchange and adaptation to water stress in frequently encountered harsh environmental conditions at higher elevations.Understanding the adaptive mechanisms employed by A.stracheyi provides valuable insights,especially in forecasting how A.stracheyi might respond to global climate change,particularly in regions affected by habitat fragmentation.
基金Under the auspices of National Social Sciences Foundation of China(No.21BJY114)。
文摘Forests exert significant biogeophysical cooling effects(CE)through processes such as increased evapotranspiration,reduced albedo,and enhanced surface roughness.However,little is known about the extent to which elevation-induced temperature differences bias the observed CE and how this bias interacts with the underlying biogeophysical mechanisms.In this study,we integrated multisensor remote sensing products and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)elevation data on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform,and applied a spatial-temporal window regression approach to quantify and correct the sensitivity of land surface temperature(LST)to elevation for forest pixels across China from 2001 to 2022.First,we found that forest LST exhibited a significant negative relationship with elevation,leading to systematic CE overestimation by 0.61 K during the day and 0.60 K at night compared with altitudecorrected CE values.Second,after correction,the CE showed clear spatial heterogeneity,with stronger daytime cooling in tropical(-0.54 K)and temperate forests(-0.24 K),and warming in cold(+0.11 K)and arid regions(+0.53 K),while most regions experienced nighttime warming.Among forest types,evergreen needleleaf forests(ENF)exhibited the strongest daytime cooling(-0.36 K),whereas deciduous broadleaf(DBF)and open shrublands(OS)tended to warm.Third,mechanism analysis revealed that elevation correction strengthened the correlations of CE with leaf area index(LAI)and evapotranspiration,while maintaining a significant negative correlation with albedo,indicating that both radiative and non-radiative processes jointly shape the unbiased CE.These findings provide a more accurate quantification of forest CE by eliminating elevation-induced bias,which providing a more accurate assessment of the climate mitigation potential of forests,which is crucial for developing more effective forest management and ecological restoration strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2023YFC3007303)the Open Research Project of the Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing(No.KLIGIP-2019B08)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION.The global availability of digital elevation model(DEM)data,such as 90-m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)DEM and 30-m Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM),has been extensively utilized in morphotectonic analyses(e.g.,Wang et al.,2024;Cheng et al.,2018;Pérez-Pe?a et al.,2010;El Hamdouni et al.,2008).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021QH096,ZR2020MH024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82300354,882070345)+2 种基金the Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(2019QL012)the Shandong Taishan Scholarship(to SHY)fund of Tianjin Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Group Co.,Ltd。
文摘Acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and consists of two distinct cardiac pathologies:ST-elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI).[1]In China,AMI is widely recognized as a predominant cause of mortality in both urban and rural demographics,based on the 2022 Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China;moreover,its mortality rate has been reported to be rising,with a recurrence rate of 2.5%within one year.
文摘Satellites in LEO (Low Earth Orbits) are closest to the Earth’s surface, having the smallest coverage area compared to other orbits, depending on altitude and elevation angle, and providing relatively too short visibility and communication duration, in range of (2 - 15) minutes. Communication duration represents the key performance indicator for LEO satellite communication systems. For longer communication sessions, more satellites must be involved, and the signals must be handed over from one satellite to the next to provide uninterrupted real-time services to the appropriate user or ground station. This leads to the concept and structure of the satellites organized in the constellation. Communication window (visibility window) depends on the designed horizon plane width determined by licensed elevation angle. For the appropriate calculations, a satellite from the Starlink constellation at altitude of 550 km is considered, observed under licensed designed elevations of 40˚ and 25˚. Calculations under two designed elevation levels confirmed the wider horizon and consequently longer communication under the lower elevation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under grant numbers 2023YFC2809103 and 2024YFC2813505the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant number 41706216+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under grant numbers 2042022kf1204,2042022kf1069,2042023gf0012,2042022dx0001the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 2022CFB081the State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics,Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology under grant number SKLGED2023-2-6。
文摘Ice shelves are important passageways for ice sheets flowing into the ocean.Through iceberg calving and basal melting,ice shelves exert considerable influence on the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and glacier stability.The Ross Ice Shelf(RIS),the largest body of floating ice on Earth,plays an essential role in any changes in the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.The long-term elevation change trend of RIS has been calculated with multiple satellite altimetry in previous studies.However,the seasonal variations were less revealed.Based on crossover analysis and indirect observation adjustments,this study proposed a new method for constructing seasonal records for surface elevation changes in the RIS using ICESat laser altimetry data from 2003 to 2009.The results showed that surface elevation changes exhibited seasonal variations with fluctuations over 20 cm,and the seasonal change characteristics were closely related to the temperature.Interannual variations in RIS surface elevation decreased from 2003 to2009 at a rate of 2 cm/yr.From March 2003 to April 2007,the surface elevation decreased at 3.7 cm/yr;however,after April 2007,the surface elevation increased at 5.5 cm/yr.The more recent stages of surface elevation growth have been influenced by reductions in the summer basal melt,which is related to the decreases in ocean heat content.
文摘BACKGROUND Elevated liver enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis(RA)are often attributed to multiple factors including disease activity and treatment-related adverse effects.Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors(TNFi)have shown mixed effects on liver function,with varying safety profiles among agents.AIM To evaluate the hepatic safety of TNFi therapy—etanercept and adalimumab—in RA patients with elevated liver enzymes.METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted for RA patients with elevated liver enzymes receiving TNFi at a single center between January 1,2019,and September 30,2024.Out of the patients screened,9 met the inclusion criteria.Trends in liver enzymes,fibrosis-4(FIB-4)score,and changes in the Child-Pugh class were analyzed at 1-year and 3-year follow-up periods.RESULTS Among 9 patients(4 on adalimumab,5 on etanercept),the median age was 56 years[interquartile range(IQR):49.5–64.5 years],77.8%were female,and the median body mass index was 36.99 kg/m²(IQR:30.95–43.43 kg/m²).Median baseline FIB-4 was 1.25(IQR:1.02–1.65),with no cirrhosis observed at baseline.Aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and alkaline phosphatase levels declined consistently,with significant reductions from baseline to 3 years(P=0.003).FIB-4 scores also significantly decreased(P=0.003),while albumin,bilirubin,and Child-Pugh class remained stable at the 3-year follow-up.At 3 years,66.7%achieved RA remission(P=0.03).CONCLUSION TNFi therapy(adalimumab or etanercept)was associated with significant improvement in liver enzymes and FIB-4 without hepatic decompensation,supporting its safety in our cohort of RA patients with liver involvement.Larger prospective studies are warranted to further validate these findings.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021ZY89)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201258 and 32271652)+4 种基金Research Service Project on the Effects of Extreme Climate on Biodiversity and Conservation Strategies in Mentougou District(2024HXFWBH-XJL-02)the Fang Jingyun Ecological Study Studio of Yunnan Province(China)the State Scholarship Fund of China(2011811457)support to the Xingdian Scholar Fund of Yunnan Provincethe Double Top University Fund of Yunnan University.
文摘Although numerous studies have proposed explanations for the specific and relative effects of stand structure,plant diversity,and environmental conditions on carbon(C)storage in forest ecosystems,understanding how these factors collectively affect C storage in different community layers(trees,shrubs,and herbs)and forest types(mixed,broad-leaved(E),broad-leaved(M),and coniferous forest)continues to pose challenges.To address this,we used structural equation models to quantify the influence of biotic factors(mean DBH,mean height,maximum height,stem density,and basal area)and abiotic factors(elevation and canopy openness),as well as metrics of species diversity(Shannon–Wiener index,Simpson index,and Pielou’s evenness)in various forest types.Our analysis revealed the critical roles of forest types and elevation in explaining a substantial portion of variability in C storage in the overstory layer,with a moderate influence of stand factors(mean DBH and basal area)and a slightly negative impact of tree species diversity(Shannon–Wiener index).Notably,forest height emerged as the primary predictor of C storage in the herb layer.Regression relationships further highlighted the significant contribution of tree species diversity to mean height,understory C storage,and branch biomass within the forest ecosystem.Our insights into tree species diversity,derived from structural equation modeling of C storage in the overstory,suggest that the effects of tree species diversity may be influenced by stem biomass in statistical reasoning within temperate forests.Further research should also integrate tree species diversity with tree components biomass,forest mean height,understory C,and canopy openness to understand complex relationships and maintain healthy and sustainable ecosystems in the face of global climate challenges.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41871025The Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program,No.2022xjkk0100+1 种基金The Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,No.24ZR1440400The Young Talent Development Program in the Humanities at Shanghai Jiao Tong University,No.2025QN034。
文摘A comprehensive understanding of vegetation responses to climate extremes is essential for predicting ecological risks.The Tianshan Mountains,the world's largest arid mountain system,are ecologically vulnerable to climate extremes,yet the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of vegetation responses is not well understood.To address this,we assessed changes in vegetation phenophases using the green-up date(GUD)and the monthly maximum vegetation index(MVI).Their relationship with climate extremes across seasons and geographic units was analyzed using Classification and Regression Tree and Principal Component Analysis.Results indicate that GUD advanced by 0.276 days/year,with MVI increasing in spring and decreasing in summer.On a yearly scale,nighttime heatwaves advanced GUD in all vegetation types at lower altitudes with higher snow cover,whereas daytime heatwaves delayed GUD in grasslands.On a monthly scale,early spring heatwaves generally benefitted vegetation,with positive effects decreasing from forests to grasslands:forests benefitted from March to May,forest-grassland from March to April,and grasslands only in March.By late summer,heatwaves were negatively correlated with MVI across all vegetation types.This study highlights the complex responses of vegetation to climate extremes and underscores the vulnerability of high-altitude,low snow-covered grasslands,which is crucial for guiding restoration efforts.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32270454)by the Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet (ZL202203601)。
文摘The life-history strategies of organisms are shaped by trade-offs among traits that influence survival,development,reproduction,and ultimately fitness.However,the specific physiological and environmental mechanisms driving population-level variation in phenotypic traits,particularly in relation to migratory adaptations,remain poorly understood.Elevational migration represents an adaptive behavior for mountain birds that offers a unique model to investigate adaptive phenotypes because of the diverse migratory strategies that have been observed within and between species.Flight muscles,as multifunctional organs,exhibit phenotypic variation that aligns with locomotor and thermoregulatory demands.Linking flight muscle phenotypes to migratory strategies can provide insights into inter-and intraspecific variation in migratory adaptations.In this study,we examined spring arrival dates at high-altitude breeding sites for three closely related high-altitude breeding birds in the mountains of Asia:Blue-fronted Redstart(Phoenicurus frontalis),Himalayan Bluetail(Tarsiger rufilatus),and Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher(Ficedula strophiata).We analyzed relationships between arrival dates and phenotypic traits,including flight muscle physiology,morphology,and internal organ mass,alongside environmental effects on these traits.Our findings indicate that species arriving earlier encountered lower temperatures and exhibited reduced fiber cross-sectional areas coupled with higher fast oxidative glycolytic(FOG)fibers densities.Males displayed pronounced protandry and higher fast glycolytic(FG)fibers densities.Ambient temperature significantly influenced flight muscle phenotypes,highlighting intraspecific variation and the potential plasticity of flight muscle fibers as crucial mechanisms for adapting to migration strategies and environmental conditions.Additionally,this study underscores the potential role of sexual selection in shaping functional phenotypic variation,further advancing our understanding of adaptive strategies in high-altitude migratory birds.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of SHASG(SCK2022-01)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0803109)。
文摘Land subsidence significantly impacts the accuracy of the National Elevation Datum in China.In order to solve this issue,a dynamic and economical way was proposed to update the National Elevation Datum with the assistance of InSAR in the North China Plain,which served as the research area.Moreover,the GNSS result was used to correct the InSAR result for the vertical deformation field,which has a relatively unified deformation reference.By integrating the vertical deformation field with the national elevation control point,an analysis and evaluation of changes in the National Elevation Datum were conducted.In addition,a regional remeasurement scheme was formulated to achieve dynamic updates and mainte-nance of the National Elevation Datum on a regional scale.Through data acquisition and processing,we successfully improved reliability within the main subsidence areas for future use.As a result,updating the elevation values utilize a regional update method,and a dynamic and economical technical process to update the National Elevation Datum is shown in the study.
