In order to improve the tribological properties of titanium alloys,the in-situ TiN coatings were prepared by electrospark deposition（ESD） on the surface of TC11 titanium alloy.The effects of nitrogen flux on the mic...In order to improve the tribological properties of titanium alloys,the in-situ TiN coatings were prepared by electrospark deposition（ESD） on the surface of TC11 titanium alloy.The effects of nitrogen flux on the microstructure and tribological properties of TiN coatings were investigated.The results show that the coating is relative thin when the nitrogen flux is small and mainly consists of Ti2N,α-Ti,Ti O and TiN phases,and the metastable phase of Ti2N is developed due to the rapid solidification of ESD.While in excessive nitrogen flux condition,many micro-cracks and holes might be generated in the coating.In moderate nitrogen flux,the coating is mainly composed of TiN phase,and is dense and uniform（50-55 μm）.The average hardness is HV0.2 1165.2,which is 3.4 times that of the TC11 substrate.The TiN coatings prepared in moderate nitrogen flux perform the best wear resistance.The wear loss of the coating is 0.4 mg,which is 2/9 that of the TC11 substrate.The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are micro-cutting wear accompanied by multi-plastic deformation wear.展开更多
In order to improve the lifespan of spot-welding electrodes used for welding zinc coated steel sheets, titanium diboride was deposited onto their surface after precoating nickel as an intermediate layer. The microstru...In order to improve the lifespan of spot-welding electrodes used for welding zinc coated steel sheets, titanium diboride was deposited onto their surface after precoating nickel as an intermediate layer. The microstructures and phase compositions of TiB2 and Ni coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD. The coating hardness was measured using a microhardness tester. The results indicate that a satisfactory TiB2 coating is obtained as a result of the intermediate nickel layer acting as a good binder between the TiB2 coating and the copper alloy substrate. Owing to its capacity of deforming, the precoated nickel layer is dense and crack free, while cracks and pores are observed in the TiB2 coating. The hardness of the TiB2/Ni coating decreases with the increase of voltage and capacitance because of the diffusion of copper and nickel and the oxidation of the coating materials. Because of the good thermal and electrical conductivities and high hardness properties of TiB2, the deformation of the electrode with TiB2/Ni coating is reduced and its spot-welding life is by far prolonged than that of the uncoated one.展开更多
Three kinds of MCrAlY coatings with different aluminum contents （5%, 8%, 12%） were prepared by electrospark deposition （ESD）, their microstructure and oxidation behavior were studied by SEM and XRD. The results...Three kinds of MCrAlY coatings with different aluminum contents （5%, 8%, 12%） were prepared by electrospark deposition （ESD）, their microstructure and oxidation behavior were studied by SEM and XRD. The results showed that the phase composition of the coatings changed from single γ-Ni to γ-Ni＋β-NiAl hypoeutectic to γ-Ni＋β-NiAl hypereutectic with increasing aluminum content, and their solidification morphologies changed from cluster of cellular structure to cellular dendrites to coarse dendrites with secondary arms. When exposed at 1000 ℃, the coatings with higher Al content had a stronger tendency to form θ-Al2O3 in the initial several hours. After 100 h of oxidation, a dense and adherent α-Al2O3 scale formed on all of the three coatings but the thickness of α-Al2O3 scale and the amount of remaining θ-Al2O3 increased with increasing Al content. These results revealed different characteristics of ESD MCrAlY coatings which could provide scientific guidance for industrial application.展开更多
This paper presents the results of a study concerned with the surface hardening of Fe-based alloys and WC-8Co cemented carbide by inte- grating laser cladding and the electrospark deposition processes. Specimens of lo...This paper presents the results of a study concerned with the surface hardening of Fe-based alloys and WC-8Co cemented carbide by inte- grating laser cladding and the electrospark deposition processes. Specimens of low carbon steel were processed firstly by laser cladding with Fe-based alloy powders and then by electrospark deposition with WC-SCo cemented carbide. It is shown that, for these two treatments, the electrospark coating possesses finer microstructure than the laser coating, and the thickness and surface hardness of the electrospark coating can be substantially increased.展开更多
In the present study,the effects of process parameters(output voltage x,nitrogen flux l and specific strengthening time s)on the microstructure and wear resistance properties of TiN coatings prepared by electrospark d...In the present study,the effects of process parameters(output voltage x,nitrogen flux l and specific strengthening time s)on the microstructure and wear resistance properties of TiN coatings prepared by electrospark deposition(ESD)were investigatedsystematically.The microstructure of the coatings was characterized for thickness(TOC),content of TiN(CON)and porosity(POC).A statistical model was developed to identify the significant factors affecting the microstructure and wear resistance of the coatings.The results show that the output voltage x and nitrogen flux l present significant effects on majority of the evaluation indexes such asTOC,friction coefficient(COF)and wear mass loss(Id),while the specific strengthening time s has a significant effect on POC and asmall effect on the other indexes.The optimal process parameters were obtained as follows:output voltage(x,60V),nitrogen flux(l,15L/min)and specific strengthening time(s,3min/cm2).The variation of wear mass loss(Id)by the variation of the outputvoltage(x)and nitrogen flux(l)is attributed to the change of wear mechanisms of TiN coatings.The main wear mechanism of TiNcoating prepared under optimal process parameters is micro-cutting wear accompanied by micro-fracture wear.展开更多
MCrAlY/TaC metal matrix composite coatings with 10, 20 and 30 wt.% TaC have been successfully produced by electrospark deposition （ESD）. The effects of TaC content on microstructure, hardness and oxidation behavior ...MCrAlY/TaC metal matrix composite coatings with 10, 20 and 30 wt.% TaC have been successfully produced by electrospark deposition （ESD）. The effects of TaC content on microstructure, hardness and oxidation behavior of the composite coatings were studied. The results showed that the composite coatings were composed of superfine 9＇ columnar dendrite and large TaC particles dispersedly distributed. The hardness was enhanced but oxidation resistance of the composite coatings was reduced with increasing TaC contents.展开更多
ESD (electrospark deposition) is a promising process to produce hard and wear-resisting coatings on metallic substrates. In this paper microstructure and interfacial characteristics of the WC92-Co8 coated on titanium ...ESD (electrospark deposition) is a promising process to produce hard and wear-resisting coatings on metallic substrates. In this paper microstructure and interfacial characteristics of the WC92-Co8 coated on titanium and carbon steel are presented. A metallurgical bonding between the coating and substrate is obtained. The Ti element was found to distribute in WC92-Co8 at the metal pool, as well as the interface by diffusion. Some new phases were produced in the coating layer due to the chemical reaction during the ESD process. Experimental observation and thermodynamic analysis were utilized to study the mechanism of ESD.展开更多
Using electrospark alloying machine, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of electrospark surface strengthening process on the microstructure and the properties of the coatings with ultra...Using electrospark alloying machine, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of electrospark surface strengthening process on the microstructure and the properties of the coatings with ultrafine cemented carbide as electrode material and white cast iron as substrate material. The results indicated that the optimum process parameters to be used reached a satisfying coating surface. Wear test results showed the coatings had a high wear-resistance.展开更多
Ni398 and Ni818 base alloy coatings were deposited on 1045 steel by electrospark deposition technique （ESD）. Forming properties, thickness, microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The ch...Ni398 and Ni818 base alloy coatings were deposited on 1045 steel by electrospark deposition technique （ESD）. Forming properties, thickness, microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The chemical composition and cross- section morphology were analyzed through energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） and metalloscope. The results show that the technological parameter window of Ni398 is larger than that of Ni818 electrode. However, other properties of the Ni818 coating, such as thickness and microhardness, were better than those of the Ni398 coating. Especially the wornout volume of Ni818 coating is only 1/6 of that for 1045 steel and 1/3 for Ni398 coating. Chemical composition analysis indicated that the addition of Mo promoted grain refinement of nickel alloy. Metallographic analysis shows that the molten droplets of Ni398 coatings have an average structure thickness of 20-40 #m while the microstructure of Ni818 coatings is flat with width of 5-20 #m.展开更多
In the electrospark deposition (ESD) of WC-Co materials on low carbon steel, tungsten carbide (WC) decarburization is observed. The use of an inert atmosphere (argon) does not eliminate the problem of tungsten carbide...In the electrospark deposition (ESD) of WC-Co materials on low carbon steel, tungsten carbide (WC) decarburization is observed. The use of an inert atmosphere (argon) does not eliminate the problem of tungsten carbide decarburization during electrospark processing. The effect of the carbon concentration of electrode materials on the phase composition and mechanical properties of WC (10 wt% of Co) ESD coatings has been investigated in this work. The introduction of additional carbon (graphite) in the electrode material on the basis of the WC-10%Co leads to an increased amount of WC in the obtained coatings and thus improves their wear resistance.展开更多
A new type electrospark alloying(ESA ) machine and the characteristics of the ESAed layer was investigated using WC (8%Co ) as the electrode material and AISI1045 (0. 45%C) as the substrate material. The test results ...A new type electrospark alloying(ESA ) machine and the characteristics of the ESAed layer was investigated using WC (8%Co ) as the electrode material and AISI1045 (0. 45%C) as the substrate material. The test results indicate that the new type mahcine produces a high coating rate, a stable coating process, and a satisfying coating surface, etc. The major phases of the coating are M6C type (Fe3W3C,Co3W,C,etc. )carbides which contribute to the high hardness (about HV0.051 400~ 1 500) and high wear-resistance of the ESAed surface layer.展开更多
Taking Ni45 bar as electrode,a strengthened layer of thickness up to 50μm was built up on BT20 titanium alloy matrix by means of electrospark deposition.Results of phase analysis by using of X-ray diffraction confirm...Taking Ni45 bar as electrode,a strengthened layer of thickness up to 50μm was built up on BT20 titanium alloy matrix by means of electrospark deposition.Results of phase analysis by using of X-ray diffraction confirmed that the deposition layer was composed mostly of three phases,NiTi,NiTi2 and Ti.The surface microhardness of the deposition layer was up to 910 HV0.05,about 2.7 times as high as that of the matrix.The hardness at the cross-section of the entire deposition layer showed a gradient distribution.The effects of capacitance and deposition time on thickness of deposition layer were also studied,and results showed that with relatively low capacity and short deposition time the deposition layer without cracks can be obtained.展开更多
The structure and properties of coatings based on WC-Co alloys containing additives of 1% - 5% aluminium oxide and 2.5% - 4.5% carbon were investigated. The coatings had a nanocrystalline structure. Depending on the d...The structure and properties of coatings based on WC-Co alloys containing additives of 1% - 5% aluminium oxide and 2.5% - 4.5% carbon were investigated. The coatings had a nanocrystalline structure. Depending on the duration and frequency of the discharge pulses, the ratio between WC and W2C in the coatings was different. The additives in the hard alloy allowed us increase the microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings by a factor of 2 - 3 in comparison to coatings created using a conventional WC-10%Co alloy.展开更多
This paper describes the basic principles and the researched technology levels of involute gear forming-grinding technology in a economic way,and special shaping technology,cycloidal gear machining technology and enve...This paper describes the basic principles and the researched technology levels of involute gear forming-grinding technology in a economic way,and special shaping technology,cycloidal gear machining technology and enveloping electrospark machining technology of internal gear harden surfaces.展开更多
文摘In order to improve the tribological properties of titanium alloys,the in-situ TiN coatings were prepared by electrospark deposition（ESD） on the surface of TC11 titanium alloy.The effects of nitrogen flux on the microstructure and tribological properties of TiN coatings were investigated.The results show that the coating is relative thin when the nitrogen flux is small and mainly consists of Ti2N,α-Ti,Ti O and TiN phases,and the metastable phase of Ti2N is developed due to the rapid solidification of ESD.While in excessive nitrogen flux condition,many micro-cracks and holes might be generated in the coating.In moderate nitrogen flux,the coating is mainly composed of TiN phase,and is dense and uniform（50-55 μm）.The average hardness is HV0.2 1165.2,which is 3.4 times that of the TC11 substrate.The TiN coatings prepared in moderate nitrogen flux perform the best wear resistance.The wear loss of the coating is 0.4 mg,which is 2/9 that of the TC11 substrate.The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are micro-cutting wear accompanied by multi-plastic deformation wear.
基金Project (50575069) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to improve the lifespan of spot-welding electrodes used for welding zinc coated steel sheets, titanium diboride was deposited onto their surface after precoating nickel as an intermediate layer. The microstructures and phase compositions of TiB2 and Ni coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD. The coating hardness was measured using a microhardness tester. The results indicate that a satisfactory TiB2 coating is obtained as a result of the intermediate nickel layer acting as a good binder between the TiB2 coating and the copper alloy substrate. Owing to its capacity of deforming, the precoated nickel layer is dense and crack free, while cracks and pores are observed in the TiB2 coating. The hardness of the TiB2/Ni coating decreases with the increase of voltage and capacitance because of the diffusion of copper and nickel and the oxidation of the coating materials. Because of the good thermal and electrical conductivities and high hardness properties of TiB2, the deformation of the electrode with TiB2/Ni coating is reduced and its spot-welding life is by far prolonged than that of the uncoated one.
基金Project(50901081)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Three kinds of MCrAlY coatings with different aluminum contents （5%, 8%, 12%） were prepared by electrospark deposition （ESD）, their microstructure and oxidation behavior were studied by SEM and XRD. The results showed that the phase composition of the coatings changed from single γ-Ni to γ-Ni＋β-NiAl hypoeutectic to γ-Ni＋β-NiAl hypereutectic with increasing aluminum content, and their solidification morphologies changed from cluster of cellular structure to cellular dendrites to coarse dendrites with secondary arms. When exposed at 1000 ℃, the coatings with higher Al content had a stronger tendency to form θ-Al2O3 in the initial several hours. After 100 h of oxidation, a dense and adherent α-Al2O3 scale formed on all of the three coatings but the thickness of α-Al2O3 scale and the amount of remaining θ-Al2O3 increased with increasing Al content. These results revealed different characteristics of ESD MCrAlY coatings which could provide scientific guidance for industrial application.
文摘This paper presents the results of a study concerned with the surface hardening of Fe-based alloys and WC-8Co cemented carbide by inte- grating laser cladding and the electrospark deposition processes. Specimens of low carbon steel were processed firstly by laser cladding with Fe-based alloy powders and then by electrospark deposition with WC-SCo cemented carbide. It is shown that, for these two treatments, the electrospark coating possesses finer microstructure than the laser coating, and the thickness and surface hardness of the electrospark coating can be substantially increased.
文摘In the present study,the effects of process parameters(output voltage x,nitrogen flux l and specific strengthening time s)on the microstructure and wear resistance properties of TiN coatings prepared by electrospark deposition(ESD)were investigatedsystematically.The microstructure of the coatings was characterized for thickness(TOC),content of TiN(CON)and porosity(POC).A statistical model was developed to identify the significant factors affecting the microstructure and wear resistance of the coatings.The results show that the output voltage x and nitrogen flux l present significant effects on majority of the evaluation indexes such asTOC,friction coefficient(COF)and wear mass loss(Id),while the specific strengthening time s has a significant effect on POC and asmall effect on the other indexes.The optimal process parameters were obtained as follows:output voltage(x,60V),nitrogen flux(l,15L/min)and specific strengthening time(s,3min/cm2).The variation of wear mass loss(Id)by the variation of the outputvoltage(x)and nitrogen flux(l)is attributed to the change of wear mechanisms of TiN coatings.The main wear mechanism of TiNcoating prepared under optimal process parameters is micro-cutting wear accompanied by micro-fracture wear.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50901081)
文摘MCrAlY/TaC metal matrix composite coatings with 10, 20 and 30 wt.% TaC have been successfully produced by electrospark deposition （ESD）. The effects of TaC content on microstructure, hardness and oxidation behavior of the composite coatings were studied. The results showed that the composite coatings were composed of superfine 9＇ columnar dendrite and large TaC particles dispersedly distributed. The hardness was enhanced but oxidation resistance of the composite coatings was reduced with increasing TaC contents.
文摘ESD (electrospark deposition) is a promising process to produce hard and wear-resisting coatings on metallic substrates. In this paper microstructure and interfacial characteristics of the WC92-Co8 coated on titanium and carbon steel are presented. A metallurgical bonding between the coating and substrate is obtained. The Ti element was found to distribute in WC92-Co8 at the metal pool, as well as the interface by diffusion. Some new phases were produced in the coating layer due to the chemical reaction during the ESD process. Experimental observation and thermodynamic analysis were utilized to study the mechanism of ESD.
文摘Using electrospark alloying machine, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of electrospark surface strengthening process on the microstructure and the properties of the coatings with ultrafine cemented carbide as electrode material and white cast iron as substrate material. The results indicated that the optimum process parameters to be used reached a satisfying coating surface. Wear test results showed the coatings had a high wear-resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50801066)
文摘Ni398 and Ni818 base alloy coatings were deposited on 1045 steel by electrospark deposition technique （ESD）. Forming properties, thickness, microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The chemical composition and cross- section morphology were analyzed through energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） and metalloscope. The results show that the technological parameter window of Ni398 is larger than that of Ni818 electrode. However, other properties of the Ni818 coating, such as thickness and microhardness, were better than those of the Ni398 coating. Especially the wornout volume of Ni818 coating is only 1/6 of that for 1045 steel and 1/3 for Ni398 coating. Chemical composition analysis indicated that the addition of Mo promoted grain refinement of nickel alloy. Metallographic analysis shows that the molten droplets of Ni398 coatings have an average structure thickness of 20-40 #m while the microstructure of Ni818 coatings is flat with width of 5-20 #m.
文摘In the electrospark deposition (ESD) of WC-Co materials on low carbon steel, tungsten carbide (WC) decarburization is observed. The use of an inert atmosphere (argon) does not eliminate the problem of tungsten carbide decarburization during electrospark processing. The effect of the carbon concentration of electrode materials on the phase composition and mechanical properties of WC (10 wt% of Co) ESD coatings has been investigated in this work. The introduction of additional carbon (graphite) in the electrode material on the basis of the WC-10%Co leads to an increased amount of WC in the obtained coatings and thus improves their wear resistance.
文摘A new type electrospark alloying(ESA ) machine and the characteristics of the ESAed layer was investigated using WC (8%Co ) as the electrode material and AISI1045 (0. 45%C) as the substrate material. The test results indicate that the new type mahcine produces a high coating rate, a stable coating process, and a satisfying coating surface, etc. The major phases of the coating are M6C type (Fe3W3C,Co3W,C,etc. )carbides which contribute to the high hardness (about HV0.051 400~ 1 500) and high wear-resistance of the ESAed surface layer.
文摘Taking Ni45 bar as electrode,a strengthened layer of thickness up to 50μm was built up on BT20 titanium alloy matrix by means of electrospark deposition.Results of phase analysis by using of X-ray diffraction confirmed that the deposition layer was composed mostly of three phases,NiTi,NiTi2 and Ti.The surface microhardness of the deposition layer was up to 910 HV0.05,about 2.7 times as high as that of the matrix.The hardness at the cross-section of the entire deposition layer showed a gradient distribution.The effects of capacitance and deposition time on thickness of deposition layer were also studied,and results showed that with relatively low capacity and short deposition time the deposition layer without cracks can be obtained.
文摘The structure and properties of coatings based on WC-Co alloys containing additives of 1% - 5% aluminium oxide and 2.5% - 4.5% carbon were investigated. The coatings had a nanocrystalline structure. Depending on the duration and frequency of the discharge pulses, the ratio between WC and W2C in the coatings was different. The additives in the hard alloy allowed us increase the microhardness and wear resistance of the coatings by a factor of 2 - 3 in comparison to coatings created using a conventional WC-10%Co alloy.
文摘This paper describes the basic principles and the researched technology levels of involute gear forming-grinding technology in a economic way,and special shaping technology,cycloidal gear machining technology and enveloping electrospark machining technology of internal gear harden surfaces.
