Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability...Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability.However,precise control and tune the pore size of such frameworks still remains a significant challenge to date.In this study,we constructed supramolecular polymer frameworks using rigid tetrahedral star polyisocyanides with tunable length and sufficiently narrow distribution as building block.First,a series of tetrahedral four-arm star polyisocyanides with controlled chain lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions was prepared via the Pd(Ⅱ)-catalyzed living isocyanide polymerization.Then 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone(Upy) unit was installed onto each chain-end of polyisocyanide arms via post-polymerization functionalization.Leveraging the supramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the terminal Upy units,well-ordered supramolecular polymer frameworks were readily obtained.Notably,the pore size was dependent on the chain length of the polyisocyanide arms.Precisely control the chain length of polyisocyanide arms,supramolecular polymer frameworks with pore sizes ranging from 5.06 nm to 9.72 nm were achieved.These frameworks,with tunable and large pore apertures,demonstrated exceptional capabilities in encapsulating enzymes of different sizes,such as lipase(TL),horseradish peroxidase(HRP),and glucose oxidase(GOx).The encapsulated enzymes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity and durability.Moreover,the frameworks' tunable and large pore apertures facilitated the co-encapsulation of multiple enzymes,enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade reactions.展开更多
Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LE...Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LEDs are predominantly thermally cured,which is energy-and time-consuming and can adversely affect electronic components.In this study,a novel UV-curable silicone resin containing phenyl,disulfide,and acryloyl groups(SPASR)is developed from commercially available siloxanes.The resin exhibits a refractive index(n_(d))higher than 1.5,and it can be cured within 30 s under UV irradiation.After curing,it exhibits an optical transparency exceeding 92%,a lap adhesion strength of up to1.84 MPa,and good thermostability(T_(5%)>265℃).Notably,the volume shrinkage is less than 4.83%,attributed to the release of photopolymerization stress via UV-induced disulfide metathesis during UV curing.Mini-LEDs encapsulated with this resin show luminescence properties comparable to those of conventional thermally-cured sealants,and show excellent sealability wihtout visible penetration after being immersed in red ink for 12 h.Consequently,these excellent properties make the SPASR resin an ideal candidate for microelectronic encapsulation,offering a more reliable and efficient solution for the electronics industry.展开更多
Lead halide perovskites have emerged as promising scintillators for X-ray imaging owing to their high Xray absorption efficiency,excellent luminescence properties,and facile synthesis.However,their intrinsic ionic nat...Lead halide perovskites have emerged as promising scintillators for X-ray imaging owing to their high Xray absorption efficiency,excellent luminescence properties,and facile synthesis.However,their intrinsic ionic nature poses a fundamental challenge in simultaneously achieving high photoluminescence efficiency and environmental robustness.Here,we introduce a multilevel encapsulation strategy by sequentially coating CsPbBr_(3)quantum dots(QDs)with Cs_(4)PbBr_(6),SiO_(2),and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),thereby synergistically enhancing both optical performance and stability.Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)effectively passivates surface defects of CsPbBr_(3)QDs,while the SiO_(2)and PDMS layers serve as protective barriers against moisture,heat,and radiation.The resulting CsPbBr_(3)@Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)/SiO_(2)/PDMS flexible films exhibit a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 85%,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and remarkable durability under stretching,bending,and compressing.Moreover,the films retain excellent emission stability under elevated temperatures,prolonged X-ray irradiation,and extended water immersion.X-ray imaging evaluations further demonstrate a spatial resolution of 12 lp/mm,enabling distortion-free imaging of curved objects,while their superior water resistance allows for long-term underwater X-ray imaging.This work highlights the critical role of hierarchical encapsulation in balancing luminescence efficiency and environmental stability,offering a viable pathway toward practical high-performance flexible perovskite scintillators.展开更多
Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers fo...Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.展开更多
A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without in...A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations,as well as mechanical motion artifacts.Herein,a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode,featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness,thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection.Notably,molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration,driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions,which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer.The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation(0-120°,~2.8×10^(-3) A)and sensing accuracy without crosstalk(humidity 50%-100%and temperature 30-80).Besides,the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages(average prediction accuracy~90%).It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.展开更多
Reed membrane,a natural cellulosic material traditionally used in musical instruments,holds promise in flexible electronics due to its abundance,low cost,and excellent biocompatibility.However,its native form contains...Reed membrane,a natural cellulosic material traditionally used in musical instruments,holds promise in flexible electronics due to its abundance,low cost,and excellent biocompatibility.However,its native form contains water-soluble ions and lipid-soluble waxes that hinder performance in acoustic and electronics by compromising electrical insulation and mechanical stability.Here,supercritical fluid superposition purification(SCSP-WA)is introduced,which utilizes supercritical CO_(2)with water and acetone as bipolar co-solvents to selectively remove these impurities.Post-SCSP-WA treatment,the reed membrane exhibits significant enhancements in mechanical strength and electrical insulation,achieving a 4-fold increase in elongation at break,improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus,and a 98.5%reduction in leakage current,all while maintaining low and stable capacitance.These improvements stem from the restructuring of the fibrous network into a porous,interconnected microstructure.Material characterization(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM))confirmed the effective removal of magnesium and waxy functional groups,along with enhanced fiber crosslinking.Cytotoxicity tests further validated the biocompatibility of the SCSP-WA-treated membranes.This environmentally sustainable approach expands the potential of reed membranes in flexible bioelectronics and bio-integrated acoustic systems.展开更多
Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization stra...Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization strategies,such as sputtering and ink-printing,often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks,leading to device short-circuiting,operational failure and limited vertical integration.Here,we present a solvent-selective dissolutionassisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin,lightweight,and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks,enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation.This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding.Meanwhile,the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity(2Ωcm)and vertical insulativity(10^(11)Ωcm).The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters,high-sensitive pressure sensors,and ultralight temperature sensors.A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification.The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable,ultrathin and lightweight wearable electronics.展开更多
Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have g...Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.展开更多
Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-t...Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability;however,the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture.This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity,an ultralow density(~0.25 g cm^(−3)),and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation.Moreover,the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability(>500%elongation at break)and superior resilience,delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle(<1%)and large(>200%)mechanical stimuli.Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance.First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality.Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process,this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance,sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.展开更多
To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation,a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsula...To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation,a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsulant amount dispensed.Based on the simple and effective model,a run by run (RbR) supervisory control scheme is delivered to compensate the variation resulting from gas volume change in the syringe.Both simulation and experiment have shown that the dispensing consistency has been greatly improved with the model-based RbR control strategy developed in this paper.展开更多
Owing to the outstanding optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been widely studied by academic organizations and industry corporations,with great potential to become the ne...Owing to the outstanding optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been widely studied by academic organizations and industry corporations,with great potential to become the next-generation commercial solar cells.However,critical challenges remain in preserving high efficiency practical large-scale commercialized PSCs:a)the long-term stability of the cell materials and devices,b)lead leakage,and c)methods to scale the cells for larger area applications.This paper summarizes the prior-art strategies to address the above challenges,including the latest studies on the traditional glass-glass and thin-film encapsulation methods to better improve the reliability of PSCs,new technologies for preventing lead leakage,and geometric improvement strategies to enhance the reliability,efficiency,and performance of perovskite solar modules(PSMs).Through these strategies,the device achieved enhanced performance in long-term stability tests.The encapsulation resulted in a high lead leakage inhibition rate of up to 99%,and the PSMs possessed a geometric fill factor of 99.6%and a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.7%.The dramatic improvement of efficiency and reliability of perovskite solar cells and modules indicate the great potential for mass production and commer-cialization of perovskite solar applications in the near future.展开更多
High-temperature phase change materials(PCMs)have attracted significant attention in the field of thermal energy storage due to their ability to store and release large amounts of heat within a small temperature fluct...High-temperature phase change materials(PCMs)have attracted significant attention in the field of thermal energy storage due to their ability to store and release large amounts of heat within a small temperature fluctuation range.However,their practical application is limited due to problems such as leakage,corrosion,and volume changes at high temperatures.Recent research has shown that macroencapsulation technology holds promise in addressing these issues.This paper focuses on the macroencapsulation technology of high-temperature PCMs,starting with a review of the classification and development history of high-temperature macroencapsulatd PCMs.Four major encapsulation strategies,including electroplating method,solid/liquid filling method,sacrificial material method,and powder compaction into sphere method,are then summarized.The methods for effectively addressing issues such as corrosion,leakage,supercooling,and phase separation in PCMs are analyzed,along with approaches for improving the heat transfer performance,mechanical strength,and thermal cycling stability of macrocapsules.Subsequently,the structure and packing arrangement optimization of macrocapsules in thermal storage systems is discussed in detail.Finally,after comparing the performance of various encapsulation strategies and summarizing existing issues,the current technical challenges,improvement methods,and future development directions are proposed.More attention should be given to utilizing AI technology and reinforcement learning to reveal the multiphysics-coupled heat and mass transfer mechanisms in macrocapsule applications,as well as to optimize material selection and encapsulation parameters,thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of thermal storage systems.展开更多
Many azo compounds and their intermediates are toxic and have been linked to various health issues,representing a growing global problem.Molecular engineering for selective encapsulation of azobenzene compounds is cri...Many azo compounds and their intermediates are toxic and have been linked to various health issues,representing a growing global problem.Molecular engineering for selective encapsulation of azobenzene compounds is critical,given their significant use in smart materials and prevalence as environmental micropollutants released from the food and dye industries.However,the current host molecules catering to azobenzene compounds are mainly limited to cyclodextrins,pillar[n]arenes and cucurbit[n]urils,demonstrating a moderate affinity.This report describes that a novel 3,3'-bipyridinium-based cyclophane was capable of encapsulating anionic azobenzene compounds in water with high binding affinity and pH stability through electrostatic attraction-enhanced mechanism,surpassing the extensively reported supramolecular systems.1D&2D NMR experiments,UV-vis spectrum,X-ray crystallography and computational modeling were carried out to understand the host-vip complexation.It's worth noting that the tetracationic cyclophane exhibited good selective and anti-interference encapsulation properties in binary,ternary and seawater systems.Furthermore,upon UV/white light irradiation,the reversible conversion between(E)-4,4'-azobisbenzoate and(Z)-4,4'-azobisbenzoate triggers the dissociation/recomplexation of the host-vip complex within 3 min.This reversible photo-switchable(E)-disodium 4,4'-azobisbenzoateBPy-Box^(4+)supramolecular system holds promise for designing novel materials for extraction/release of azo compounds and other small smart materials.展开更多
Guava(Psidium guajava L.),a plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family,holds significant medicinal and nutritional values.Leaves of the plant are described to be elliptical with a dark green color and are utilized in the...Guava(Psidium guajava L.),a plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family,holds significant medicinal and nutritional values.Leaves of the plant are described to be elliptical with a dark green color and are utilized in the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory issues along with increasing the platelet count in patients suffering from dengue.In this review paper,the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of guava leaves,including proteins,vitamins,minerals,and polysaccharides,have been reviewed.The methods of extraction of bioactive compounds from guava leaves and their bioactivities,including antioxidant,anti-diabetic,and anti-cancer potential,have been explored.Further,encapsulation techniques for improving the transport of bioactive compounds and living cells into foods have been studied.The application of guava leaves in different food systems such as herbal tea,pork sausage,chocolates,jelly,meals for chickens,functional beverages,and as antibacterial agents in food preservatives has also been investigated.The findings of this review illustrated that the phytochemicals present in guava leaves showed excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.Encapsulation appears to be a promising technique for improving the stability,bioavailability,and controlled release of bioactive chemicals extracted from guava leaves.Different methods for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds employed and applied in distinct food systems showed preservation of phytochemicals,improved bioactivities,and nutritional values.Overall,this review paper demonstrated how guava leaves,an abundant source of bioactive compounds,can be used as a multipurpose component to create functional foods,edible coatings,and active packaging to enhance the nutritional,antioxidant,and antimicrobial properties of various food systems that have qualities that promote health.展开更多
Encapsulation and protection of hesperidin(HES)in mung bean protein isolate(MPI)-dextran(DX)conjugatestabilized nanoemulsions(MDC NEs)were investigated in this study.The degree of grafting of MDC prepared by a dry-hea...Encapsulation and protection of hesperidin(HES)in mung bean protein isolate(MPI)-dextran(DX)conjugatestabilized nanoemulsions(MDC NEs)were investigated in this study.The degree of grafting of MDC prepared by a dry-heating method reached 39.70%±0.01% under the optimal conditions of MPI/DX mass ratio 1:2.3,reaction temperature 58.8℃,and reaction time 4 d.Moreover,the analyses of Fourier infrared spectroscopy,intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy,surface hydrophobicity,and thermal stability further confirmed the covalent grafting of dextran onto MPI molecules.When encapsulated in MDC NEs at 80 MPa for three times by highpressure homogenization,the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of HES were 63.62%±0.01%and 0.40±0.00 g/g,respectively.The encapsulated HES exhibited higher antioxidant activity and stronger light and storage stability than the free HES.Additionally,the incorporation of HES inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides in the nanoemulsions.The findings suggest that glycosylation combined with high-pressure homogenization is an effective strategy for enhancing the stability of MPI-based emulsions and improving their encapsulation of HES.This study provides a promising approach for the development of innovative food and beverage products based on MPI emulsions or new materials for encapsulating fat-soluble bioactive compounds.展开更多
Cryopreservation is a fundamental technology in biomedical research,regenerative medicine,and tissue engineering,enabling the long-term storage of cells,tissues,and organs.However,its effectiveness is limited by chall...Cryopreservation is a fundamental technology in biomedical research,regenerative medicine,and tissue engineering,enabling the long-term storage of cells,tissues,and organs.However,its effectiveness is limited by challenges such as intracellular ice formation,cryoprotectant toxicity,and reduced post-thaw viability.This review explores the crucial role of encapsulation in enhancing cryopreservation efficiency,with a focus on recent advances in materials science,bioengineering,and cryobiology.Emerging technologies,such as nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive polymers,are transforming encapsulation strategies.Innovations such as microfluidic systems offer precise control over cooling rates and cryoprotectant distribution,thereby mitigating conventional limitations.The review also addresses current obstacles related to scaling up encapsulation processes and ensuring the long-term biocompatibility and stability of preserved specimens.By synthesizing recent findings,this work provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to enhance biopreservation techniques and their applications in contemporary medicine and biotechnology.Finally,the review identifies critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to improve the efficacy of cryopreservation strategies and advance their clinical translation.展开更多
The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste,which poses significant environmental and health challenges.This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic...The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste,which poses significant environmental and health challenges.This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic devices fabricated through low-cost,hand-printing techniques,with particular emphasis on their applications in energy harvesting,storage,and sensing.Unlike conventional plastic-based substrates,cellulose paper offers several advantages,including biodegradability,recyclability,and low fabrication cost.By integrating functional nanomaterials such as two-dimensional chalcogenides,metal oxides,conductive polymers,and carbon-based structures onto paper,researchers have achieved high-performance devices such as broadband photodetectors(responsivity up to 52 mA/W),supercapacitors(energy density~15.1 mWh/cm^(2)),and pressure sensors(sensitivity~18.42 kPa^(-1)).The hand-printing approach,which eliminates the need for sophisticated equipment and toxic solvents,offers a promising route for scalable,sustainable,and disposable electronics.This review outlines fabrication methods and key performance metrics,and discusses the current challenges and future directions for realizing robust,flexible devices aligned with green technology and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Hydrogen-bonded framework(HOF) offers an attractive platform to encapsulate enzymes and stabilize their conformation,due to the advantages of mild synthesis conditions,tailorable pore structure,and backbone biocompati...Hydrogen-bonded framework(HOF) offers an attractive platform to encapsulate enzymes and stabilize their conformation,due to the advantages of mild synthesis conditions,tailorable pore structure,and backbone biocompatibility.However,the efficiency of this HOF approach relies on the interfacial interactions between enzyme vip and the ligand precursors,limiting its adaptability to enzymes with varying surface chemistry property.In this study,we report a site-specific surface modification strategy to positively tailor the enzyme surface charge,facilitating the biomimetic encapsulation of enzymes within HOF in situ.Both experimental results and computational simulation reveal that site-specific amination of enzyme surface's acidic residues contributes to the interfacial accumulation of carboxylic ligand precursors in aqueous solutions via synergistic electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions.This substantially facilitates the in situ growth of porous HOF surrounding the aminated enzyme biotemplates,with up to 100% enzyme loading efficiency.The resultant hydrogen-bonded biohybrid framework(HBF) retains high biocatalytic functions while exhibiting exceptional stability under harsh conditions.By leveraging the marked catalytic activity of GOx-NH_(2)@HBF-1 and a H_(2)O_(2)-sensitive QD,a highly sensitive glucose fluorescence sensor is fabricated with a wide linear range(5-2000 μmol/L) and a low quantification limit of 5 μmol/L.This work presents a simple yet effective enzyme surface engineering approach for integrating enzyme into HOF,opening new avenues for the construction of multifunctional HOF biocomposites.展开更多
Skin-integrated wearable electronics enable continuous,medical-grade monitoring and therapy in daily life,but must balance conflicting needs related to mechanics,power,and communication.This review uses a dual-interfa...Skin-integrated wearable electronics enable continuous,medical-grade monitoring and therapy in daily life,but must balance conflicting needs related to mechanics,power,and communication.This review uses a dual-interface approach that separates the sensor-receiver interface,which handles wireless data and energy transfer,from the sensor-skin interface,where physiological signals are converted and mechanical and biological integration occur.We first reviewed wireless connections designed for skin electronics,focusing on Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE),Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)/Near-Field Communication(NFC)systems,and hybrid systems.Next,we examine sensor-skin interfaces ranging from mediated contact layers such as hydrogels for wearable ultrasound and soft conductive electrodes,to skin-conformal direct-contact methods based on structural mechanics,and ultrathin epidermal devices.Finally,we discuss cross-interface coupling,emphasizing how antenna layouts,power budgets,and body-induced RF effects limit mechanical design,and how skin mechanics influence link reliability.We conclude by exploring opportunities in battery-free and energy-autonomous systems,body-coupled communication,and integration with artificial intelligence(AI)-enabled digital health,positioning future electronic skins as soft,networked platforms that are comfortable and reliable.展开更多
Despite the ongoing increase in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),residual lead iodide(PbI2and moisture sensitivity issues continue to constrain their further commercialization.Herein,we propose a thermal...Despite the ongoing increase in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),residual lead iodide(PbI2and moisture sensitivity issues continue to constrain their further commercialization.Herein,we propose a thermally mediated in situ repair and encapsulation strategy to construct high-performance PSCs by incorporating piperazine thioctic acid salt(TAPPZ)as a dopant into the perovskite precursor Thermally dissociated piperazine(PPZ)from TAPPZ integrates microcrystals to form larger grain(>2000 nm),while the carboxylic acid in thioctic acid(TA)and the amine salt in TAPPZ synergistically passivate and transform PbI_(2),significantly reducing its residual amount.Additionally,TAPPZ undergoe thermal self-crosslinking during perovskite annealing,enabling melt-polymerization to form in situ encapsulation for enhanced water resistance.The TAPPZ-incorporated device achieves a remarkable efficiency of 25.65% and exhibits excellent operational stability,retaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after 2000 h under ambient conditions(20-30℃,20%-30% relative humidity).This study provide new insights into the construction of high-performance perovskite solar cells by designing and synthe sizing multifunctional single molecules for in situ repair and encapsulation of perovskites.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,Nos.92256201,52273006,22071041,92356302,and 21971052)Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (No.20240101181JC) are gratefully appreciated for financial the supportssupported by the User Experiment Assist System of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF)。
文摘Three-dimensional supramolecular organic frameworks with precisely tunable pore sizes are highly demanded for a wide range of applications,e.g.,encapsulating enzymes to enhance their stability,activity,and reusability.However,precise control and tune the pore size of such frameworks still remains a significant challenge to date.In this study,we constructed supramolecular polymer frameworks using rigid tetrahedral star polyisocyanides with tunable length and sufficiently narrow distribution as building block.First,a series of tetrahedral four-arm star polyisocyanides with controlled chain lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions was prepared via the Pd(Ⅱ)-catalyzed living isocyanide polymerization.Then 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone(Upy) unit was installed onto each chain-end of polyisocyanide arms via post-polymerization functionalization.Leveraging the supramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the terminal Upy units,well-ordered supramolecular polymer frameworks were readily obtained.Notably,the pore size was dependent on the chain length of the polyisocyanide arms.Precisely control the chain length of polyisocyanide arms,supramolecular polymer frameworks with pore sizes ranging from 5.06 nm to 9.72 nm were achieved.These frameworks,with tunable and large pore apertures,demonstrated exceptional capabilities in encapsulating enzymes of different sizes,such as lipase(TL),horseradish peroxidase(HRP),and glucose oxidase(GOx).The encapsulated enzymes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity and durability.Moreover,the frameworks' tunable and large pore apertures facilitated the co-encapsulation of multiple enzymes,enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade reactions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273104)。
文摘Mini light-emitting diodes(Mini-LEDs)show great application potential in high-end displays owing to their superior pixel density,brightness,responsiveness,and efficiency.However,current packaging materials for Mini-LEDs are predominantly thermally cured,which is energy-and time-consuming and can adversely affect electronic components.In this study,a novel UV-curable silicone resin containing phenyl,disulfide,and acryloyl groups(SPASR)is developed from commercially available siloxanes.The resin exhibits a refractive index(n_(d))higher than 1.5,and it can be cured within 30 s under UV irradiation.After curing,it exhibits an optical transparency exceeding 92%,a lap adhesion strength of up to1.84 MPa,and good thermostability(T_(5%)>265℃).Notably,the volume shrinkage is less than 4.83%,attributed to the release of photopolymerization stress via UV-induced disulfide metathesis during UV curing.Mini-LEDs encapsulated with this resin show luminescence properties comparable to those of conventional thermally-cured sealants,and show excellent sealability wihtout visible penetration after being immersed in red ink for 12 h.Consequently,these excellent properties make the SPASR resin an ideal candidate for microelectronic encapsulation,offering a more reliable and efficient solution for the electronics industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52250060,62274135,62288102,12504473)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M773420,2024M764250)+1 种基金the Key Project of Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(20221JCGY01049)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)(GZB20230975)。
文摘Lead halide perovskites have emerged as promising scintillators for X-ray imaging owing to their high Xray absorption efficiency,excellent luminescence properties,and facile synthesis.However,their intrinsic ionic nature poses a fundamental challenge in simultaneously achieving high photoluminescence efficiency and environmental robustness.Here,we introduce a multilevel encapsulation strategy by sequentially coating CsPbBr_(3)quantum dots(QDs)with Cs_(4)PbBr_(6),SiO_(2),and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),thereby synergistically enhancing both optical performance and stability.Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)effectively passivates surface defects of CsPbBr_(3)QDs,while the SiO_(2)and PDMS layers serve as protective barriers against moisture,heat,and radiation.The resulting CsPbBr_(3)@Cs_(4)PbBr_(6)/SiO_(2)/PDMS flexible films exhibit a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 85%,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and remarkable durability under stretching,bending,and compressing.Moreover,the films retain excellent emission stability under elevated temperatures,prolonged X-ray irradiation,and extended water immersion.X-ray imaging evaluations further demonstrate a spatial resolution of 12 lp/mm,enabling distortion-free imaging of curved objects,while their superior water resistance allows for long-term underwater X-ray imaging.This work highlights the critical role of hierarchical encapsulation in balancing luminescence efficiency and environmental stability,offering a viable pathway toward practical high-performance flexible perovskite scintillators.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2023SFGC0101)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(No.2023HWYQ-047)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.U2106202).
文摘Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22074072,22274083,52376199)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023LZY005)+1 种基金the Exploration Project of the State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and EcoTextiles of Qingdao University(TSKT202101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022BLRD13,2023BLRD01).
文摘A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations,as well as mechanical motion artifacts.Herein,a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode,featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness,thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection.Notably,molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration,driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions,which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer.The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation(0-120°,~2.8×10^(-3) A)and sensing accuracy without crosstalk(humidity 50%-100%and temperature 30-80).Besides,the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages(average prediction accuracy~90%).It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Scientific and Technological Foundation(RCYX20231211090332037 and JCYJ20240813160211015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62474008 and 62204007)+2 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2024A1515030044)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips(2024B1212020002)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KJZD20230923115005009)。
文摘Reed membrane,a natural cellulosic material traditionally used in musical instruments,holds promise in flexible electronics due to its abundance,low cost,and excellent biocompatibility.However,its native form contains water-soluble ions and lipid-soluble waxes that hinder performance in acoustic and electronics by compromising electrical insulation and mechanical stability.Here,supercritical fluid superposition purification(SCSP-WA)is introduced,which utilizes supercritical CO_(2)with water and acetone as bipolar co-solvents to selectively remove these impurities.Post-SCSP-WA treatment,the reed membrane exhibits significant enhancements in mechanical strength and electrical insulation,achieving a 4-fold increase in elongation at break,improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus,and a 98.5%reduction in leakage current,all while maintaining low and stable capacitance.These improvements stem from the restructuring of the fibrous network into a porous,interconnected microstructure.Material characterization(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM))confirmed the effective removal of magnesium and waxy functional groups,along with enhanced fiber crosslinking.Cytotoxicity tests further validated the biocompatibility of the SCSP-WA-treated membranes.This environmentally sustainable approach expands the potential of reed membranes in flexible bioelectronics and bio-integrated acoustic systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22434007,22104021,52303075,22404102)the Taishan Young Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqnz20231235)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024QB338,ZR2023QB227)the Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2024KJH046)the Shandong Postdoctora1 Science Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202400279)。
文摘Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization strategies,such as sputtering and ink-printing,often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks,leading to device short-circuiting,operational failure and limited vertical integration.Here,we present a solvent-selective dissolutionassisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin,lightweight,and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks,enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation.This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding.Meanwhile,the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity(2Ωcm)and vertical insulativity(10^(11)Ωcm).The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters,high-sensitive pressure sensors,and ultralight temperature sensors.A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification.The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable,ultrathin and lightweight wearable electronics.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055,52375576,52350349)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022GXLH-01-12)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research(No.8091B03012304)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2022004607001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr072024031).
文摘Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52103044)Double First-Class Initiative University of Science and Technology of China(KY2400000037)the Young Talent Programme(GG2400007009).
文摘Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability;however,the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture.This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity,an ultralow density(~0.25 g cm^(−3)),and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation.Moreover,the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability(>500%elongation at break)and superior resilience,delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle(<1%)and large(>200%)mechanical stimuli.Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance.First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality.Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process,this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance,sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.
基金the startup research foundation of China Three Gorge University (No.0620070124)
文摘To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation,a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsulant amount dispensed.Based on the simple and effective model,a run by run (RbR) supervisory control scheme is delivered to compensate the variation resulting from gas volume change in the syringe.Both simulation and experiment have shown that the dispensing consistency has been greatly improved with the model-based RbR control strategy developed in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62404041)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(No.BK20230830).
文摘Owing to the outstanding optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been widely studied by academic organizations and industry corporations,with great potential to become the next-generation commercial solar cells.However,critical challenges remain in preserving high efficiency practical large-scale commercialized PSCs:a)the long-term stability of the cell materials and devices,b)lead leakage,and c)methods to scale the cells for larger area applications.This paper summarizes the prior-art strategies to address the above challenges,including the latest studies on the traditional glass-glass and thin-film encapsulation methods to better improve the reliability of PSCs,new technologies for preventing lead leakage,and geometric improvement strategies to enhance the reliability,efficiency,and performance of perovskite solar modules(PSMs).Through these strategies,the device achieved enhanced performance in long-term stability tests.The encapsulation resulted in a high lead leakage inhibition rate of up to 99%,and the PSMs possessed a geometric fill factor of 99.6%and a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.7%.The dramatic improvement of efficiency and reliability of perovskite solar cells and modules indicate the great potential for mass production and commer-cialization of perovskite solar applications in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51976092)。
文摘High-temperature phase change materials(PCMs)have attracted significant attention in the field of thermal energy storage due to their ability to store and release large amounts of heat within a small temperature fluctuation range.However,their practical application is limited due to problems such as leakage,corrosion,and volume changes at high temperatures.Recent research has shown that macroencapsulation technology holds promise in addressing these issues.This paper focuses on the macroencapsulation technology of high-temperature PCMs,starting with a review of the classification and development history of high-temperature macroencapsulatd PCMs.Four major encapsulation strategies,including electroplating method,solid/liquid filling method,sacrificial material method,and powder compaction into sphere method,are then summarized.The methods for effectively addressing issues such as corrosion,leakage,supercooling,and phase separation in PCMs are analyzed,along with approaches for improving the heat transfer performance,mechanical strength,and thermal cycling stability of macrocapsules.Subsequently,the structure and packing arrangement optimization of macrocapsules in thermal storage systems is discussed in detail.Finally,after comparing the performance of various encapsulation strategies and summarizing existing issues,the current technical challenges,improvement methods,and future development directions are proposed.More attention should be given to utilizing AI technology and reinforcement learning to reveal the multiphysics-coupled heat and mass transfer mechanisms in macrocapsule applications,as well as to optimize material selection and encapsulation parameters,thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of thermal storage systems.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52473225)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515110262)。
文摘Many azo compounds and their intermediates are toxic and have been linked to various health issues,representing a growing global problem.Molecular engineering for selective encapsulation of azobenzene compounds is critical,given their significant use in smart materials and prevalence as environmental micropollutants released from the food and dye industries.However,the current host molecules catering to azobenzene compounds are mainly limited to cyclodextrins,pillar[n]arenes and cucurbit[n]urils,demonstrating a moderate affinity.This report describes that a novel 3,3'-bipyridinium-based cyclophane was capable of encapsulating anionic azobenzene compounds in water with high binding affinity and pH stability through electrostatic attraction-enhanced mechanism,surpassing the extensively reported supramolecular systems.1D&2D NMR experiments,UV-vis spectrum,X-ray crystallography and computational modeling were carried out to understand the host-vip complexation.It's worth noting that the tetracationic cyclophane exhibited good selective and anti-interference encapsulation properties in binary,ternary and seawater systems.Furthermore,upon UV/white light irradiation,the reversible conversion between(E)-4,4'-azobisbenzoate and(Z)-4,4'-azobisbenzoate triggers the dissociation/recomplexation of the host-vip complex within 3 min.This reversible photo-switchable(E)-disodium 4,4'-azobisbenzoateBPy-Box^(4+)supramolecular system holds promise for designing novel materials for extraction/release of azo compounds and other small smart materials.
文摘Guava(Psidium guajava L.),a plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family,holds significant medicinal and nutritional values.Leaves of the plant are described to be elliptical with a dark green color and are utilized in the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory issues along with increasing the platelet count in patients suffering from dengue.In this review paper,the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of guava leaves,including proteins,vitamins,minerals,and polysaccharides,have been reviewed.The methods of extraction of bioactive compounds from guava leaves and their bioactivities,including antioxidant,anti-diabetic,and anti-cancer potential,have been explored.Further,encapsulation techniques for improving the transport of bioactive compounds and living cells into foods have been studied.The application of guava leaves in different food systems such as herbal tea,pork sausage,chocolates,jelly,meals for chickens,functional beverages,and as antibacterial agents in food preservatives has also been investigated.The findings of this review illustrated that the phytochemicals present in guava leaves showed excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.Encapsulation appears to be a promising technique for improving the stability,bioavailability,and controlled release of bioactive chemicals extracted from guava leaves.Different methods for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds employed and applied in distinct food systems showed preservation of phytochemicals,improved bioactivities,and nutritional values.Overall,this review paper demonstrated how guava leaves,an abundant source of bioactive compounds,can be used as a multipurpose component to create functional foods,edible coatings,and active packaging to enhance the nutritional,antioxidant,and antimicrobial properties of various food systems that have qualities that promote health.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32101981)the cooperation project between Ya’an city and Sichuan Agricultural University(23ZDF0003)。
文摘Encapsulation and protection of hesperidin(HES)in mung bean protein isolate(MPI)-dextran(DX)conjugatestabilized nanoemulsions(MDC NEs)were investigated in this study.The degree of grafting of MDC prepared by a dry-heating method reached 39.70%±0.01% under the optimal conditions of MPI/DX mass ratio 1:2.3,reaction temperature 58.8℃,and reaction time 4 d.Moreover,the analyses of Fourier infrared spectroscopy,intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy,surface hydrophobicity,and thermal stability further confirmed the covalent grafting of dextran onto MPI molecules.When encapsulated in MDC NEs at 80 MPa for three times by highpressure homogenization,the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of HES were 63.62%±0.01%and 0.40±0.00 g/g,respectively.The encapsulated HES exhibited higher antioxidant activity and stronger light and storage stability than the free HES.Additionally,the incorporation of HES inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides in the nanoemulsions.The findings suggest that glycosylation combined with high-pressure homogenization is an effective strategy for enhancing the stability of MPI-based emulsions and improving their encapsulation of HES.This study provides a promising approach for the development of innovative food and beverage products based on MPI emulsions or new materials for encapsulating fat-soluble bioactive compounds.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172114)the"Challenge and Response"project for key and common technology research of Hefei(GJ2022SH08).
文摘Cryopreservation is a fundamental technology in biomedical research,regenerative medicine,and tissue engineering,enabling the long-term storage of cells,tissues,and organs.However,its effectiveness is limited by challenges such as intracellular ice formation,cryoprotectant toxicity,and reduced post-thaw viability.This review explores the crucial role of encapsulation in enhancing cryopreservation efficiency,with a focus on recent advances in materials science,bioengineering,and cryobiology.Emerging technologies,such as nanotechnology and stimuli-responsive polymers,are transforming encapsulation strategies.Innovations such as microfluidic systems offer precise control over cooling rates and cryoprotectant distribution,thereby mitigating conventional limitations.The review also addresses current obstacles related to scaling up encapsulation processes and ensuring the long-term biocompatibility and stability of preserved specimens.By synthesizing recent findings,this work provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to enhance biopreservation techniques and their applications in contemporary medicine and biotechnology.Finally,the review identifies critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to improve the efficacy of cryopreservation strategies and advance their clinical translation.
基金The Consortium for Scientific Research,Indore(CSR,Indore)(No.CRS/2021-22/01/426)is acknowledged by the authorsFor the research facilities,the authors are grateful to CHARUSAT University.
文摘The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste,which poses significant environmental and health challenges.This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic devices fabricated through low-cost,hand-printing techniques,with particular emphasis on their applications in energy harvesting,storage,and sensing.Unlike conventional plastic-based substrates,cellulose paper offers several advantages,including biodegradability,recyclability,and low fabrication cost.By integrating functional nanomaterials such as two-dimensional chalcogenides,metal oxides,conductive polymers,and carbon-based structures onto paper,researchers have achieved high-performance devices such as broadband photodetectors(responsivity up to 52 mA/W),supercapacitors(energy density~15.1 mWh/cm^(2)),and pressure sensors(sensitivity~18.42 kPa^(-1)).The hand-printing approach,which eliminates the need for sophisticated equipment and toxic solvents,offers a promising route for scalable,sustainable,and disposable electronics.This review outlines fabrication methods and key performance metrics,and discusses the current challenges and future directions for realizing robust,flexible devices aligned with green technology and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.
基金financial support from projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22104159,22174164)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2023A1515011632,2024B1515020070)。
文摘Hydrogen-bonded framework(HOF) offers an attractive platform to encapsulate enzymes and stabilize their conformation,due to the advantages of mild synthesis conditions,tailorable pore structure,and backbone biocompatibility.However,the efficiency of this HOF approach relies on the interfacial interactions between enzyme vip and the ligand precursors,limiting its adaptability to enzymes with varying surface chemistry property.In this study,we report a site-specific surface modification strategy to positively tailor the enzyme surface charge,facilitating the biomimetic encapsulation of enzymes within HOF in situ.Both experimental results and computational simulation reveal that site-specific amination of enzyme surface's acidic residues contributes to the interfacial accumulation of carboxylic ligand precursors in aqueous solutions via synergistic electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions.This substantially facilitates the in situ growth of porous HOF surrounding the aminated enzyme biotemplates,with up to 100% enzyme loading efficiency.The resultant hydrogen-bonded biohybrid framework(HBF) retains high biocatalytic functions while exhibiting exceptional stability under harsh conditions.By leveraging the marked catalytic activity of GOx-NH_(2)@HBF-1 and a H_(2)O_(2)-sensitive QD,a highly sensitive glucose fluorescence sensor is fabricated with a wide linear range(5-2000 μmol/L) and a low quantification limit of 5 μmol/L.This work presents a simple yet effective enzyme surface engineering approach for integrating enzyme into HOF,opening new avenues for the construction of multifunctional HOF biocomposites.
基金supported by the Rutgers Startup Package,NJ Health Foundation(Grant No.PC 221-25)Rutgers-New Brunswick OVPR Behavioral Health and Equity Pilot Seed Funding Award,MIT Lincoln Lab Collaboration Award,NJ Commission on Brain Injury Research(Grant No.CBIR25IRG024)the National Research Foundation(Grant No.RS-2024-00406674)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea.
文摘Skin-integrated wearable electronics enable continuous,medical-grade monitoring and therapy in daily life,but must balance conflicting needs related to mechanics,power,and communication.This review uses a dual-interface approach that separates the sensor-receiver interface,which handles wireless data and energy transfer,from the sensor-skin interface,where physiological signals are converted and mechanical and biological integration occur.We first reviewed wireless connections designed for skin electronics,focusing on Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE),Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)/Near-Field Communication(NFC)systems,and hybrid systems.Next,we examine sensor-skin interfaces ranging from mediated contact layers such as hydrogels for wearable ultrasound and soft conductive electrodes,to skin-conformal direct-contact methods based on structural mechanics,and ultrathin epidermal devices.Finally,we discuss cross-interface coupling,emphasizing how antenna layouts,power budgets,and body-induced RF effects limit mechanical design,and how skin mechanics influence link reliability.We conclude by exploring opportunities in battery-free and energy-autonomous systems,body-coupled communication,and integration with artificial intelligence(AI)-enabled digital health,positioning future electronic skins as soft,networked platforms that are comfortable and reliable.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22238002 and 22208047)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024T170086 and 2022M720639)+1 种基金the Research and Innovation Team Project of Dalian University of Technology(DUT2022TB10)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT22LAB610)。
文摘Despite the ongoing increase in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),residual lead iodide(PbI2and moisture sensitivity issues continue to constrain their further commercialization.Herein,we propose a thermally mediated in situ repair and encapsulation strategy to construct high-performance PSCs by incorporating piperazine thioctic acid salt(TAPPZ)as a dopant into the perovskite precursor Thermally dissociated piperazine(PPZ)from TAPPZ integrates microcrystals to form larger grain(>2000 nm),while the carboxylic acid in thioctic acid(TA)and the amine salt in TAPPZ synergistically passivate and transform PbI_(2),significantly reducing its residual amount.Additionally,TAPPZ undergoe thermal self-crosslinking during perovskite annealing,enabling melt-polymerization to form in situ encapsulation for enhanced water resistance.The TAPPZ-incorporated device achieves a remarkable efficiency of 25.65% and exhibits excellent operational stability,retaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after 2000 h under ambient conditions(20-30℃,20%-30% relative humidity).This study provide new insights into the construction of high-performance perovskite solar cells by designing and synthe sizing multifunctional single molecules for in situ repair and encapsulation of perovskites.
