Electron transfer processes at polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces play a central role in modern electrochemical devices of energy conversion,however,current understanding of electron transfers through electroche...Electron transfer processes at polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces play a central role in modern electrochemical devices of energy conversion,however,current understanding of electron transfers through electrochemical interfaces was established exclusively based on the studies of liquid/solid electrochemical interfaces.Thus,similarities and differences of liquid and polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces need to be mapped out to guide the design of device level electrochemical interfaces.In this work,we employ the sulfonate adsorption/desorption as a probe reaction to understand the electron-transfer steps in polymer and liquid electrolytes.Through cyclic voltametric investigations on the well-define single-crystal Pd_(ML)Pt(111)electrode,we demonstrate that the oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of sulfonates at the polymer electrolyte/electrode interface are chemically distinct from those in liquid electrolytes,with the former occurring mostly via the proton-coupled pathway while the latter proceeding mainly through the solvation-mediated pathway.Importantly,the sulfonate adsorption/desorption behaviors of alkylsulfonates become increasingly similar to those in Nafion with longer alkyl chains,suggesting that the interfacial hydrophobicity and solvation environment conferred by the perfluorinated polymer play a decisive role in the electron-transfer mechanism.Results reported in this study highlight the mechanistic distinctions between electron-transfer processes at electrochemical interfaces involving polymer and liquid electrolytes,and provide a framework for understanding electron-transfer processes at polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces.展开更多
Lithium metal has been considered to be the most promising anode material for the new generation of energy-storage system.However,challenges still stand in protecting lithium metal from spontaneous reactions with elec...Lithium metal has been considered to be the most promising anode material for the new generation of energy-storage system.However,challenges still stand in protecting lithium metal from spontaneous reactions with electrolytes and preventing the dendritic propagation,both of which would lead to undesirable decrease in Coulombic efficiency.Polysulfone(PSf)membrane with high rigidity and free-volume cavities of approximately 0.3 nm was employed to provide a stable interface on the surface of anodic electrode.The isotropic channels were constructed by the interconnected and uniformly distributed free volumes in the polymer matrix,and were expected to be swelled by solvent molecules and anions of lithium salt and to allow Li+ions to pass through onto the electrode surface.As a result,dendrite-free morphology of deposited lithium was observed.The stabilized interface arose from the PSf film was verified by the promoted performances of Cu|Li cells and steady voltage polarization of Li|Li cells.The full cell with PSf coated anode exhibited excellent cyclability(85%capacity retention rate over 400 cycles at 1C)and an outstanding rate capability(117 m Ah g-1 at 5C).The beneficial performances were further verified by the EIS results.This work provides a new strategic idea to settle the dendritic problems of Li metal anodes.展开更多
Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)are one of the promising candidates for high-energy-density quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries(QSSLMBs),for their high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial compatibility.Th...Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)are one of the promising candidates for high-energy-density quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries(QSSLMBs),for their high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial compatibility.The comprehension of dynamic evolution and structure-reactivity correlation at the GPE/Li interface becomes significant.Here,in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy(EC-AFM)provides insights into the LiNO_(3)-regulated micromechanism of the Li plating/stripping processes upon cycles in GPE-based LMBs at nanoscale.The additive LiNO_(3)induces the formation of amorphous nitride SEI film and facilitates Li^(+) ion diffusion.It stabilizes a compatible interface and regulates the Li nucleation/growth at steady kinetics.The deposited Li is in the shape of chunks and tightly compact.The Li dissolution shows favorable reversibility,which guarantees the cycling performance of LMBs.In situ AFM monitoring provides a deep understanding into the dynamic evolution of Li deposition/dissolution and the interphasial properties of tunable SEI film,regulating the rational design of electrolyte and optimizing interfacial establishment for GPE-based QSSLMBs.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-halogen batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their abundant resources,intrinsic safety,and high theoretical capacity.Nevertheless,the uncontrollable zinc dendrite growt...Aqueous zinc-halogen batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their abundant resources,intrinsic safety,and high theoretical capacity.Nevertheless,the uncontrollable zinc dendrite growth and spontaneous shuttle effect of active species have prohibited their practical implementation.Herein,a double-layered protective film based on zinc-ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid(ZEA)artificial film and ZnF2-rich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer has been successfully fabricated on the zinc metal anode via electrode/electrolyte synergistic optimization.The ZEA-based artificial film shows strong affinity for the ZnF2-rich SEI layer,therefore effectively suppressing the SEI breakage and facilitating the construction of double-layered protective film on the zinc metal anode.Such double-layered architecture not only modulates Zn2+flux and suppresses the zinc dendrite growth,but also blocks the direct contact between the metal anode and electrolyte,thus mitigating the corrosion from the active species.When employing optimized metal anodes and electrolytes,the as-developed zinc-(dual)halogen batteries present high areal capacity and satisfactory cycling stability.This work provides a new avenue for developing aqueous zinc-(dual)halogen batteries.展开更多
The development of lithium-ion batteries with high-energy densities is substantially hampered by the graphite anode's low theoretical capacity(372 mAh g^(-1)).There is an urgent need to explore novel anode materia...The development of lithium-ion batteries with high-energy densities is substantially hampered by the graphite anode's low theoretical capacity(372 mAh g^(-1)).There is an urgent need to explore novel anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.Silicon(Si),the second-largest element outside of Earth,has an exceptionally high specific capacity(3579 mAh g^(-1)),regarded as an excellent choice for the anode material in high-capacity lithium-ion batteries.However,it is low intrinsic conductivity and volume amplification during service status,prevented it from developing further.These difficulties can be successfully overcome by incorporating carbon into pure Si systems to form a composite anode and constructing a buffer structure.This review looks at the diffusion mechanism,various silicon-based anode material configurations(including sandwich,core-shell,yolk-shell,and other 3D mesh/porous structures),as well as the appropriate binders and electrolytes.Finally,a summary and viewpoints are offered on the characteristics and structural layout of various structures,metal/non-metal doping,and the compatibility and application of various binders and electrolytes for silicon-based anodes.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the research and development of silicon-based carbon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries,as well as their integration with binders and electrolyte.展开更多
All-solid-state Li batteries(ASSLBs)using solid electrolytes(SEs)have gained significant attention in recent years considering the safety issue and their high energy density.Despite these advantages,the commercializat...All-solid-state Li batteries(ASSLBs)using solid electrolytes(SEs)have gained significant attention in recent years considering the safety issue and their high energy density.Despite these advantages,the commercialization of ASSLBs still faces challenges regarding the electrolyte/electrodes interfaces and growth of Li dendrites.Elemental doping is an effective and direct method to enhance the performance of SEs.Here,we report an Al-F co-doping strategy to improve the overall properties including ion conductivity,high voltage stability,and cathode and anode compatibility.Particularly,the Al-F co-doping enables the formation of a thin Li-Al alloy layer and fluoride interphases,thereby constructing a relatively stable interface and promoting uniform Li deposition.The similar merits of Al-F co-doping are also revealed in the Li-argyrodite series.ASSLBs assembled with these optimized electrolytes gain good electrochemical performance,demonstrating the universality of Al-F co-doping towards advanced SEs.展开更多
The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and elec...The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials stand as two key components that significantly impact the efficacy of hightemperature-tolerant FSCs(HT-FSCs). They should not only exhibit high electrochemical performance and excellent flexibility, but also withstand intense thermal stress. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing their thermal stability while maintaining high electrochemical and mechanical performance. In this review, the fundamentals of HT-FSCs are outlined. A comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art progress and achievements in HT-FSCs, with a focus on thermally stable gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials is provided. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding HT-FSCs are discussed, alongside strategies for elevating operational temperatures and performance.This review offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for designing and manufacturing HT-FSCs, further promoting their widespread adoption across diverse fields.展开更多
The publisher regrets to inform that in the article of Advanced Powder Materials 4(2025)100261,the published Figs.3 and 5 belong to the initially submitted version,which should be replaced by the final version.The dif...The publisher regrets to inform that in the article of Advanced Powder Materials 4(2025)100261,the published Figs.3 and 5 belong to the initially submitted version,which should be replaced by the final version.The differences between the initial and final versions of these figures are described below.展开更多
Solid-state Na metal batteries(SSNBs),known for the low cost,high safety,and high energy density,hold a significant position in the next generation of rechargeable batteries.However,the urgent challenge of poor interf...Solid-state Na metal batteries(SSNBs),known for the low cost,high safety,and high energy density,hold a significant position in the next generation of rechargeable batteries.However,the urgent challenge of poor interfacial contact in solid-state electrolytes has hindered the commercialization of SSNBs.Driven by the concept of intimate electrode-electrolyte interface design,this study employs a combination of sodium-potassium(NaK)alloy and carbon nanotubes to prepare a semi-solid NaK(NKC)anode.Unlike traditional Na anodes,the paintable paste-like NKC anode exhibits superior adhesion and interface compatibility with both current collectors and gel electrolytes,significantly enhancing the physical contact of the electrode-electrolyte interface.Additionally,the filling of SiO_(2) nanoparticles improves the wettability of NaK alloy on gel polymer electrolytes,further achieving a conformal interface contact.Consequently,the overpotential of the NKC symmetric cell is markedly lower than that of the Na symmetric cell when subjected to a long cycle of 300 hrs.The full cell coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2) cathodes had an initial discharge capacity of 106.8 mAh·g^(-1) with a capacity retention of 89.61%after 300 cycles,and a high discharge capacity of 88.1 mAh·g^(-1) even at a high rate of 10 C.The outstanding electrochemical performance highlights the promising application potential of the NKC electrode.展开更多
Metal coating is a prevalent strategy for enhancing surface properties.Among the numerous methods for preparing coatings,electrodeposition stands out due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency,making...Metal coating is a prevalent strategy for enhancing surface properties.Among the numerous methods for preparing coatings,electrodeposition stands out due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency,making it widely utilized in various metal coating applications.By meticulously selecting appropriate electrolytes and electrodeposition parameters,metal coatings with diverse structures and morphologies can be obtained,and tailored to meet specific performance requirements.As the demand for superior metal coating performance continues to rise,it is imperative to summarize and forecast electrodeposition techniques to meet the criteria for high quality and precision.This review delves into the electrodeposition preparation of several typical metal coatings in diverse electrolyte systems,including aqueous solutions,ionic liquids,deep eutectic solvents,and molten salts.We also examine the electrodeposition process on the cathode,elucidate the correlation between parameters and coating quality,and suggest future research directions.This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the electrodeposition preparation of metal coatings.展开更多
The silicon-graphite(Si-C)composite electrode is considered a promising candidate for next-generation commercial electrodes due to its high capacity.However,lithium-ion batteries with silicon electrodes often experien...The silicon-graphite(Si-C)composite electrode is considered a promising candidate for next-generation commercial electrodes due to its high capacity.However,lithium-ion batteries with silicon electrodes often experience capacity fading and poor cyclic performance,primarily due to the mechanical degradation of the solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI).In this work,we present a homogenized constitutive model for Si-C composite electrodes under finite deformation,incorporating lithium-ion concentration-dependent properties.We perform a wrinkling analysis and systematically examine the influence of key parameters,such as modulus and thickness ratios,on the critical conditions for instability.Additionally,we investigate the ratcheting effect across varying silicon contents.Our findings reveal that maintaining the silicon content within an optimal range effectively reduces plastic accumulation during charge–discharge cycles.These insights provide crucial guidance for optimizing the design and fabrication of Si–C electrode systems,enhancing their durability and performance.展开更多
The high concentration electrolytes with specific solvation structure could passivate the electrodes to prolong battery cycle life but at the expense of increased cost,which limits the wide application in commercializ...The high concentration electrolytes with specific solvation structure could passivate the electrodes to prolong battery cycle life but at the expense of increased cost,which limits the wide application in commercialization.The regular concentration(1_(M))electrolytes with suitable properties(viscosity,ionic conductivity,etc.)are cost-guaranteed,but undesired reactions would always occur and lead to battery degradation during long cycles.To promote the long-term cycle stability in a cost-effective way,this work constructs bidirectional fluorine-rich electrode/electrolyte interphase(EEI)by redistribution of solvents and electrochemical induction.The fluorinated effect with reasonable zoning planning restricts morphological disintegration,meanwhile,forms spatial confinement on cathode.In particular,the obtained cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)gets the ample ability of Na^(+)transport,which benefits from the fluorinated organics arranged in the epitaxy and the hemi-carbonate content acting on the thickness.Thus,the electrochemical long cycling performance of F-NVPOFⅡF-CC full cells is significantly enhanced(the decay rate at 1 C per cycle is as low as 0.01%).Such a fluorine-rich EEI engineering is expected to take transitional layers against the degradation of cells and make ultra-long cycle batteries possible.展开更多
Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs)are a means of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent scalability,safety,long cycling life,and decoupled power and energy capacities.However,the slow redox kinetics of va...Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs)are a means of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent scalability,safety,long cycling life,and decoupled power and energy capacities.However,the slow redox kinetics of vanadium species on conventional carbon electrodes remains a major limitation to their performance.We investigated the deposition of carbon black,carbon nanotubes,and electrochemically exfoliated graphene(Exf-Gr)onto thermally-activated carbon paper(ACP)by spray coating to increase the electrode electrocatalytic activity.The modified electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron microscopy,and surface area analysis,while their electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and singlecell VRFB testing.Among the modified electrodes,Exf-Gr/ACP had the best performance,achieving a 2.9-fold reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to pristine ACP and delivering 2.5 times the discharge capacity in single-cell tests.This improvement is attributed to Exf-Gr’s high surface area,favorable catalytic activity,and excellent dispersion on the ACP substrate.Surface modification with electrochemically exfoliated graphene is a highly effective strategy for improving the electrode performance in VRFB systems,with significant implications for large-scale energy storage.展开更多
The development of shape-customizable and bulk flexible electrochemical devices through processing technologies as versatile as those used for plastics promises to revolutionize the future of battery technology.Howeve...The development of shape-customizable and bulk flexible electrochemical devices through processing technologies as versatile as those used for plastics promises to revolutionize the future of battery technology.However,this pursuit has been fundamentally hindered by the absence of transformative battery materials capable of delivering the necessary electrochemical functions,robust interface adhesion,and,crucially,the suitable rheological properties required for on-demand shaping.In this work,we introduce a concept of a multifunctional plasticine electrode matrix(PEM)featuring nano-interpenetrating networks(nano-IPN)to address this challenge.Utilizing the nonflammable liquid-electrolyte hydration combined with conductive nanomaterials,we have realized a PEM in the form of a multifunctional nanocomposite that integrates ion and electron conduction,component binding,non-flammability,and plasticine-like moldability.With this PEM,we have successfully fabricated a variety of bulk-flexible electrodes with high mass loading of active material(AM)(>70 wt%)using industry-friendly extrusion and compression molding techniques.Moreover,these high AM-loading composite electrodes achieve an unparalleled bulk conformability and flexibility,remaining structurally intact even under severe mechanical stress.Ultimately,we have successfully produced shape-patternable and flexible batteries via extrusion molding.This study underscores the potential of the PEM to revolutionize battery microstructures,interfaces,manufacturing processes,and performance characteristics.展开更多
The high voltage of Li||LiCoO_(2) battery can increase the energy density.However,the cycling performance associated with cathode structural stability remains challenging.To address this question,we proposed an electr...The high voltage of Li||LiCoO_(2) battery can increase the energy density.However,the cycling performance associated with cathode structural stability remains challenging.To address this question,we proposed an electrolyte strategy for improving the performance of 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery by using trimethylsilyl isocyanate(TMIS)as electrolyte additive.The trimethylsilyl group of TMIS can trap HF while the isocyanate group brings polyamide components to the CEI and the SEI.By the synergistic action,the Co3+dissolution problem of the LiCoO_(2) cathode was effectively curbed.Furthermore,TMIS regulates the construction of anion-dominated LiF-rich SEI by influencing the solvation structure of Li+.As expected,the 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery with TMIS retains 77.9% initial capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.展开更多
Aqueous alkali metal-ion batteries(AAMIBs)have been recognized as emerging electrochemical energy storage technologies for grid-scale applications owning to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and environmental ...Aqueous alkali metal-ion batteries(AAMIBs)have been recognized as emerging electrochemical energy storage technologies for grid-scale applications owning to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and environmental sustainability.However,the practical application of AAMIBs is still severely constrained by the tendency of aqueous electrolytes to freeze at low temperatures and decompose at high temperatures,limiting their operational temperature range.Considering the urgent need for energy systems with higher adaptability and resilience at various application scenarios,designing novel electrolytes via structure modulation has increasingly emerged as a feasible and economical strategy for the performance optimization of wide-temperature AAMIBs.In this review,the latest advancement of wide-temperature electrolytes for AAMIBs is systematically and comprehensively summarized.Specifically,the key challenges,failure mechanisms,correlations between hydrogen bond behaviors and physicochemical properties,and thermodynamic and kinetic interpretations in aqueous electrolytes are discussed firstly.Additionally,we offer forward-looking insights and innovative design principles for developing aqueous electrolytes capable of operating across a broad temperature range.This review is expected to provide some guidance and reference for the rational design and regulation of widetemperature electrolytes for AAMIBs and promote their future development.展开更多
Metals,indispensable since the Bronze Age,remain pivotal in modern technologies due to their exceptional properties and versatility.Beyond traditional machining,advanced nano/micro-machining techniques enable the fabr...Metals,indispensable since the Bronze Age,remain pivotal in modern technologies due to their exceptional properties and versatility.Beyond traditional machining,advanced nano/micro-machining techniques enable the fabrication of metallic nano/micro structures with high precision in shape,size,and pattern.These structures endow flexible electrodes with outstanding electrical,mechanical,optical,and electrochemical performance,enabling growing applications in flexible optoelectronics,epidermal electronics,energy harvesting,and biochemical sensing.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication strategies for flexible electrodes made from metal meshes,metal nanowires,and liquid metals.The current advancements,existing challenges,and emerging technologies are systematically discussed.Furthermore,the progression toward ultra-thin,soft epidermal electrodes is explored,with an emphasis on novel in situ and transfer fabrication methods.We examine the underlying mechanisms,performance indicators,and their integration for on-skin applications,including bioelectric sensing,electrical stimulation,and energy harvesting.Finally,we highlight the remaining challenges in performance improvement and industrialization of flexible and epidermal electrodes,along with future opportunities for integrating multimodal systems and leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance their functionalities.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),while dominant in energy storage due to high energy density and cycling stability,suffer from severe capacity decay,rate capability degradation,and lithium dendrite formation under low-temp...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),while dominant in energy storage due to high energy density and cycling stability,suffer from severe capacity decay,rate capability degradation,and lithium dendrite formation under low-temperature(LT)operation.Therefore,a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of LIB behavior at LT is urgently required.This review article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in electrolyte engineering strategies aimed at improving the low-temperature operational capabilities of LIBs.The study methodically examines critical performance-limiting mechanisms through fundamental analysis of four primary challenges:insufficient ionic conductivity under cryogenic conditions,kinetically hindered charge transfer processes,Li+transport limitations across the solidelectrolyte interphase(SEI),and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth.The work elaborates on innovative optimization approaches encompassing lithium salt molecular design with tailored dissociation characteristics,solvent matrix optimization through dielectric constant and viscosity regulation,interfacial engineering additives for constructing low-impedance SEI layers,and gel-polymer composite electrolyte systems.Notably,particular emphasis is placed on emerging machine learning-guided electrolyte formulation strategies that enable high-throughput virtual screening of constituent combinations and prediction of structure-property relationships.These artificial intelligence-assisted rational design frameworks demonstrate significant potential for accelerating the development of next-generation LT electrolytes by establishing quantitative composition-performance correlations through advanced data-driven methodologies.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and competitive gravimetric energy density...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and competitive gravimetric energy density.However,their practical commercialization is hindered by critical challenges on the anode side,including dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the anode/electrolyte interface.Recent studies highlight that rational electrolyte structure engineering offers an effective route to mitigate these issues and strengthen the electrochemical performance of the zinc metal anode.In this review,we systematically summarize state-of-the-art strategies for electrolyte optimization,with a particular focus on the zinc salts regulation,electrolyte additives,and the construction of novel electrolytes,while elucidating the underlying design principles.We further discuss the key structure–property relationships governing electrolyte behavior to provide guidance for the development of next-generation electrolytes.Finally,future perspectives on advanced electrolyte design are proposed.This review aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers exploring high-performance electrolyte engineering in AZIBs.展开更多
Despite the high energy density,lithium metal batteries(LMBs)face significant cycling instability and safety challenges,especially at subzero temperatures.Herein,we report a rationally designed lowconcentrated electro...Despite the high energy density,lithium metal batteries(LMBs)face significant cycling instability and safety challenges,especially at subzero temperatures.Herein,we report a rationally designed lowconcentrated electrolyte system that employs a low-freezing-point diluent to compress solvation sheaths,enabling the formation of a compact anion-dominated solvation structure that enhances interfacial stability and safety.Molecular dynamics reveal the unique solvation structure with close packing of anions in this low-concentration electrolyte from the micro-mesoscopic scale.The optimized electrolyte combines cost-effectiveness,superior wettability,intrinsic nonflammability,and high stability,concurrently promoting a hybrid organic-inorganic solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)for uniform lithium deposition.As a result,the Li‖LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cells demonstrate stable cycling for 700 cycles at the current density of 4 C.Remarkably,the electrolyte demonstrates exceptional low-temperature performance,indicating broad operational viability.This work provides a promising electrolyte design strategy that addresses both safety and excellent electrochemical performance in high-energy-density metal-based batteries,including but not restricted to Li,Na,K and Zn multivalent ion systems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1501003)。
文摘Electron transfer processes at polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces play a central role in modern electrochemical devices of energy conversion,however,current understanding of electron transfers through electrochemical interfaces was established exclusively based on the studies of liquid/solid electrochemical interfaces.Thus,similarities and differences of liquid and polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces need to be mapped out to guide the design of device level electrochemical interfaces.In this work,we employ the sulfonate adsorption/desorption as a probe reaction to understand the electron-transfer steps in polymer and liquid electrolytes.Through cyclic voltametric investigations on the well-define single-crystal Pd_(ML)Pt(111)electrode,we demonstrate that the oxidative adsorption and reductive desorption of sulfonates at the polymer electrolyte/electrode interface are chemically distinct from those in liquid electrolytes,with the former occurring mostly via the proton-coupled pathway while the latter proceeding mainly through the solvation-mediated pathway.Importantly,the sulfonate adsorption/desorption behaviors of alkylsulfonates become increasingly similar to those in Nafion with longer alkyl chains,suggesting that the interfacial hydrophobicity and solvation environment conferred by the perfluorinated polymer play a decisive role in the electron-transfer mechanism.Results reported in this study highlight the mechanistic distinctions between electron-transfer processes at electrochemical interfaces involving polymer and liquid electrolytes,and provide a framework for understanding electron-transfer processes at polymer electrolyte/electrode interfaces.
基金supported by the Opening Project(SKLACPS-C-21)of the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Source,Guizhou Meiling Power Sources Co.Ltd.the Program for Innovative and Entrepreneurial team in Zhuhai(ZH01110405160007PWC)Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources,Guizhou Meiling Power Sources Co.Ltd.,Zunyi 563003,Guizhou,China,for funding the experiments.
文摘Lithium metal has been considered to be the most promising anode material for the new generation of energy-storage system.However,challenges still stand in protecting lithium metal from spontaneous reactions with electrolytes and preventing the dendritic propagation,both of which would lead to undesirable decrease in Coulombic efficiency.Polysulfone(PSf)membrane with high rigidity and free-volume cavities of approximately 0.3 nm was employed to provide a stable interface on the surface of anodic electrode.The isotropic channels were constructed by the interconnected and uniformly distributed free volumes in the polymer matrix,and were expected to be swelled by solvent molecules and anions of lithium salt and to allow Li+ions to pass through onto the electrode surface.As a result,dendrite-free morphology of deposited lithium was observed.The stabilized interface arose from the PSf film was verified by the promoted performances of Cu|Li cells and steady voltage polarization of Li|Li cells.The full cell with PSf coated anode exhibited excellent cyclability(85%capacity retention rate over 400 cycles at 1C)and an outstanding rate capability(117 m Ah g-1 at 5C).The beneficial performances were further verified by the EIS results.This work provides a new strategic idea to settle the dendritic problems of Li metal anodes.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0202500)the National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(Grant No.21722508)。
文摘Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)are one of the promising candidates for high-energy-density quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries(QSSLMBs),for their high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial compatibility.The comprehension of dynamic evolution and structure-reactivity correlation at the GPE/Li interface becomes significant.Here,in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy(EC-AFM)provides insights into the LiNO_(3)-regulated micromechanism of the Li plating/stripping processes upon cycles in GPE-based LMBs at nanoscale.The additive LiNO_(3)induces the formation of amorphous nitride SEI film and facilitates Li^(+) ion diffusion.It stabilizes a compatible interface and regulates the Li nucleation/growth at steady kinetics.The deposited Li is in the shape of chunks and tightly compact.The Li dissolution shows favorable reversibility,which guarantees the cycling performance of LMBs.In situ AFM monitoring provides a deep understanding into the dynamic evolution of Li deposition/dissolution and the interphasial properties of tunable SEI film,regulating the rational design of electrolyte and optimizing interfacial establishment for GPE-based QSSLMBs.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22209089,22178187)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB048,ZR2021MB006)+2 种基金Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Overseas)(2023HWYQ-089)the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn201909091)Open Research Fund of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Henan Normal University.
文摘Aqueous zinc-halogen batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their abundant resources,intrinsic safety,and high theoretical capacity.Nevertheless,the uncontrollable zinc dendrite growth and spontaneous shuttle effect of active species have prohibited their practical implementation.Herein,a double-layered protective film based on zinc-ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid(ZEA)artificial film and ZnF2-rich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer has been successfully fabricated on the zinc metal anode via electrode/electrolyte synergistic optimization.The ZEA-based artificial film shows strong affinity for the ZnF2-rich SEI layer,therefore effectively suppressing the SEI breakage and facilitating the construction of double-layered protective film on the zinc metal anode.Such double-layered architecture not only modulates Zn2+flux and suppresses the zinc dendrite growth,but also blocks the direct contact between the metal anode and electrolyte,thus mitigating the corrosion from the active species.When employing optimized metal anodes and electrolytes,the as-developed zinc-(dual)halogen batteries present high areal capacity and satisfactory cycling stability.This work provides a new avenue for developing aqueous zinc-(dual)halogen batteries.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22205182)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.52025034)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2022M722594/2024T171170)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515011516)financially supported by Innovation Team of Shaanxi Sanqin Scholars。
文摘The development of lithium-ion batteries with high-energy densities is substantially hampered by the graphite anode's low theoretical capacity(372 mAh g^(-1)).There is an urgent need to explore novel anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.Silicon(Si),the second-largest element outside of Earth,has an exceptionally high specific capacity(3579 mAh g^(-1)),regarded as an excellent choice for the anode material in high-capacity lithium-ion batteries.However,it is low intrinsic conductivity and volume amplification during service status,prevented it from developing further.These difficulties can be successfully overcome by incorporating carbon into pure Si systems to form a composite anode and constructing a buffer structure.This review looks at the diffusion mechanism,various silicon-based anode material configurations(including sandwich,core-shell,yolk-shell,and other 3D mesh/porous structures),as well as the appropriate binders and electrolytes.Finally,a summary and viewpoints are offered on the characteristics and structural layout of various structures,metal/non-metal doping,and the compatibility and application of various binders and electrolytes for silicon-based anodes.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the research and development of silicon-based carbon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries,as well as their integration with binders and electrolyte.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52172243,52371215)。
文摘All-solid-state Li batteries(ASSLBs)using solid electrolytes(SEs)have gained significant attention in recent years considering the safety issue and their high energy density.Despite these advantages,the commercialization of ASSLBs still faces challenges regarding the electrolyte/electrodes interfaces and growth of Li dendrites.Elemental doping is an effective and direct method to enhance the performance of SEs.Here,we report an Al-F co-doping strategy to improve the overall properties including ion conductivity,high voltage stability,and cathode and anode compatibility.Particularly,the Al-F co-doping enables the formation of a thin Li-Al alloy layer and fluoride interphases,thereby constructing a relatively stable interface and promoting uniform Li deposition.The similar merits of Al-F co-doping are also revealed in the Li-argyrodite series.ASSLBs assembled with these optimized electrolytes gain good electrochemical performance,demonstrating the universality of Al-F co-doping towards advanced SEs.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No. SWU-KT22030)Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China (No.KJQN202300205)financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under the project of 457444676。
文摘The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials stand as two key components that significantly impact the efficacy of hightemperature-tolerant FSCs(HT-FSCs). They should not only exhibit high electrochemical performance and excellent flexibility, but also withstand intense thermal stress. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing their thermal stability while maintaining high electrochemical and mechanical performance. In this review, the fundamentals of HT-FSCs are outlined. A comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art progress and achievements in HT-FSCs, with a focus on thermally stable gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials is provided. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding HT-FSCs are discussed, alongside strategies for elevating operational temperatures and performance.This review offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for designing and manufacturing HT-FSCs, further promoting their widespread adoption across diverse fields.
文摘The publisher regrets to inform that in the article of Advanced Powder Materials 4(2025)100261,the published Figs.3 and 5 belong to the initially submitted version,which should be replaced by the final version.The differences between the initial and final versions of these figures are described below.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (52073253)。
文摘Solid-state Na metal batteries(SSNBs),known for the low cost,high safety,and high energy density,hold a significant position in the next generation of rechargeable batteries.However,the urgent challenge of poor interfacial contact in solid-state electrolytes has hindered the commercialization of SSNBs.Driven by the concept of intimate electrode-electrolyte interface design,this study employs a combination of sodium-potassium(NaK)alloy and carbon nanotubes to prepare a semi-solid NaK(NKC)anode.Unlike traditional Na anodes,the paintable paste-like NKC anode exhibits superior adhesion and interface compatibility with both current collectors and gel electrolytes,significantly enhancing the physical contact of the electrode-electrolyte interface.Additionally,the filling of SiO_(2) nanoparticles improves the wettability of NaK alloy on gel polymer electrolytes,further achieving a conformal interface contact.Consequently,the overpotential of the NKC symmetric cell is markedly lower than that of the Na symmetric cell when subjected to a long cycle of 300 hrs.The full cell coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(2) cathodes had an initial discharge capacity of 106.8 mAh·g^(-1) with a capacity retention of 89.61%after 300 cycles,and a high discharge capacity of 88.1 mAh·g^(-1) even at a high rate of 10 C.The outstanding electrochemical performance highlights the promising application potential of the NKC electrode.
基金financial support from the Project supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Lab-oratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP242)the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Nos.52274291 and 52204305)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(No.1740011182102).
文摘Metal coating is a prevalent strategy for enhancing surface properties.Among the numerous methods for preparing coatings,electrodeposition stands out due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and high efficiency,making it widely utilized in various metal coating applications.By meticulously selecting appropriate electrolytes and electrodeposition parameters,metal coatings with diverse structures and morphologies can be obtained,and tailored to meet specific performance requirements.As the demand for superior metal coating performance continues to rise,it is imperative to summarize and forecast electrodeposition techniques to meet the criteria for high quality and precision.This review delves into the electrodeposition preparation of several typical metal coatings in diverse electrolyte systems,including aqueous solutions,ionic liquids,deep eutectic solvents,and molten salts.We also examine the electrodeposition process on the cathode,elucidate the correlation between parameters and coating quality,and suggest future research directions.This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the electrodeposition preparation of metal coatings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.12172102 and 12372097)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.HIT.OCEF.2022013).
文摘The silicon-graphite(Si-C)composite electrode is considered a promising candidate for next-generation commercial electrodes due to its high capacity.However,lithium-ion batteries with silicon electrodes often experience capacity fading and poor cyclic performance,primarily due to the mechanical degradation of the solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI).In this work,we present a homogenized constitutive model for Si-C composite electrodes under finite deformation,incorporating lithium-ion concentration-dependent properties.We perform a wrinkling analysis and systematically examine the influence of key parameters,such as modulus and thickness ratios,on the critical conditions for instability.Additionally,we investigate the ratcheting effect across varying silicon contents.Our findings reveal that maintaining the silicon content within an optimal range effectively reduces plastic accumulation during charge–discharge cycles.These insights provide crucial guidance for optimizing the design and fabrication of Si–C electrode systems,enhancing their durability and performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91963118 and 52102213)Science Technology Program of Jilin Province(No.20200201066JC)the 111 Project(No.B13013).
文摘The high concentration electrolytes with specific solvation structure could passivate the electrodes to prolong battery cycle life but at the expense of increased cost,which limits the wide application in commercialization.The regular concentration(1_(M))electrolytes with suitable properties(viscosity,ionic conductivity,etc.)are cost-guaranteed,but undesired reactions would always occur and lead to battery degradation during long cycles.To promote the long-term cycle stability in a cost-effective way,this work constructs bidirectional fluorine-rich electrode/electrolyte interphase(EEI)by redistribution of solvents and electrochemical induction.The fluorinated effect with reasonable zoning planning restricts morphological disintegration,meanwhile,forms spatial confinement on cathode.In particular,the obtained cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)gets the ample ability of Na^(+)transport,which benefits from the fluorinated organics arranged in the epitaxy and the hemi-carbonate content acting on the thickness.Thus,the electrochemical long cycling performance of F-NVPOFⅡF-CC full cells is significantly enhanced(the decay rate at 1 C per cycle is as low as 0.01%).Such a fluorine-rich EEI engineering is expected to take transitional layers against the degradation of cells and make ultra-long cycle batteries possible.
基金supported by the University of Seoul’s 2025 Research Fund.
文摘Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs)are a means of large-scale energy storage due to their excellent scalability,safety,long cycling life,and decoupled power and energy capacities.However,the slow redox kinetics of vanadium species on conventional carbon electrodes remains a major limitation to their performance.We investigated the deposition of carbon black,carbon nanotubes,and electrochemically exfoliated graphene(Exf-Gr)onto thermally-activated carbon paper(ACP)by spray coating to increase the electrode electrocatalytic activity.The modified electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron microscopy,and surface area analysis,while their electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and singlecell VRFB testing.Among the modified electrodes,Exf-Gr/ACP had the best performance,achieving a 2.9-fold reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to pristine ACP and delivering 2.5 times the discharge capacity in single-cell tests.This improvement is attributed to Exf-Gr’s high surface area,favorable catalytic activity,and excellent dispersion on the ACP substrate.Surface modification with electrochemically exfoliated graphene is a highly effective strategy for improving the electrode performance in VRFB systems,with significant implications for large-scale energy storage.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473248,52203123,52125301,22279070 and U21A20170)the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(Grant No:sklpme 2023-1-05 and sklpme 2024-2-04)+3 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2019YFA0705703)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC0991 and 2025ZNSFSC1411)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiespartially sponsored by the Double First-Class Construction Funds of Sichuan University.
文摘The development of shape-customizable and bulk flexible electrochemical devices through processing technologies as versatile as those used for plastics promises to revolutionize the future of battery technology.However,this pursuit has been fundamentally hindered by the absence of transformative battery materials capable of delivering the necessary electrochemical functions,robust interface adhesion,and,crucially,the suitable rheological properties required for on-demand shaping.In this work,we introduce a concept of a multifunctional plasticine electrode matrix(PEM)featuring nano-interpenetrating networks(nano-IPN)to address this challenge.Utilizing the nonflammable liquid-electrolyte hydration combined with conductive nanomaterials,we have realized a PEM in the form of a multifunctional nanocomposite that integrates ion and electron conduction,component binding,non-flammability,and plasticine-like moldability.With this PEM,we have successfully fabricated a variety of bulk-flexible electrodes with high mass loading of active material(AM)(>70 wt%)using industry-friendly extrusion and compression molding techniques.Moreover,these high AM-loading composite electrodes achieve an unparalleled bulk conformability and flexibility,remaining structurally intact even under severe mechanical stress.Ultimately,we have successfully produced shape-patternable and flexible batteries via extrusion molding.This study underscores the potential of the PEM to revolutionize battery microstructures,interfaces,manufacturing processes,and performance characteristics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20311 and 52400163).
文摘The high voltage of Li||LiCoO_(2) battery can increase the energy density.However,the cycling performance associated with cathode structural stability remains challenging.To address this question,we proposed an electrolyte strategy for improving the performance of 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery by using trimethylsilyl isocyanate(TMIS)as electrolyte additive.The trimethylsilyl group of TMIS can trap HF while the isocyanate group brings polyamide components to the CEI and the SEI.By the synergistic action,the Co3+dissolution problem of the LiCoO_(2) cathode was effectively curbed.Furthermore,TMIS regulates the construction of anion-dominated LiF-rich SEI by influencing the solvation structure of Li+.As expected,the 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery with TMIS retains 77.9% initial capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002297)National Key R&D Program of China(2022VFB2404800)+1 种基金Wuhan Yellow Crane Talents Program,China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M752495)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230552).
文摘Aqueous alkali metal-ion batteries(AAMIBs)have been recognized as emerging electrochemical energy storage technologies for grid-scale applications owning to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and environmental sustainability.However,the practical application of AAMIBs is still severely constrained by the tendency of aqueous electrolytes to freeze at low temperatures and decompose at high temperatures,limiting their operational temperature range.Considering the urgent need for energy systems with higher adaptability and resilience at various application scenarios,designing novel electrolytes via structure modulation has increasingly emerged as a feasible and economical strategy for the performance optimization of wide-temperature AAMIBs.In this review,the latest advancement of wide-temperature electrolytes for AAMIBs is systematically and comprehensively summarized.Specifically,the key challenges,failure mechanisms,correlations between hydrogen bond behaviors and physicochemical properties,and thermodynamic and kinetic interpretations in aqueous electrolytes are discussed firstly.Additionally,we offer forward-looking insights and innovative design principles for developing aqueous electrolytes capable of operating across a broad temperature range.This review is expected to provide some guidance and reference for the rational design and regulation of widetemperature electrolytes for AAMIBs and promote their future development.
基金supported by the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong province(2024A1515030155 and 2022A1515010272)Natural Science Foundation of China(61904067)+2 种基金Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangzhou city(202102020758)Open funding from State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(Sun Yat-Sen University,OEMT2022-KF-08)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(11625109,11621405)。
文摘Metals,indispensable since the Bronze Age,remain pivotal in modern technologies due to their exceptional properties and versatility.Beyond traditional machining,advanced nano/micro-machining techniques enable the fabrication of metallic nano/micro structures with high precision in shape,size,and pattern.These structures endow flexible electrodes with outstanding electrical,mechanical,optical,and electrochemical performance,enabling growing applications in flexible optoelectronics,epidermal electronics,energy harvesting,and biochemical sensing.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication strategies for flexible electrodes made from metal meshes,metal nanowires,and liquid metals.The current advancements,existing challenges,and emerging technologies are systematically discussed.Furthermore,the progression toward ultra-thin,soft epidermal electrodes is explored,with an emphasis on novel in situ and transfer fabrication methods.We examine the underlying mechanisms,performance indicators,and their integration for on-skin applications,including bioelectric sensing,electrical stimulation,and energy harvesting.Finally,we highlight the remaining challenges in performance improvement and industrialization of flexible and epidermal electrodes,along with future opportunities for integrating multimodal systems and leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance their functionalities.
基金the financial support from the Key Project of Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation-Key Project of Laboratory(2025SYS-SYSZD-117)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JCYBQN-125)+8 种基金Young Talent Fund of Xi'an Association for Science and Technology(0959202513002)the Key Industrial Chain Technology Research Program of Xi'an(24ZDCYJSGG0048)the Key Research and Development Program of Xianyang(L2023-ZDYF-SF-077)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20241442)Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024BSHSDZZ070)Research Funds for the Interdisciplinary Projects,CHU(300104240913)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHU(300102385739,300102384201,300102384103)the Scientific Innovation Practice Project of Postgraduate of Chang'an University(300103725063)the financial support from the Australian Research Council。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),while dominant in energy storage due to high energy density and cycling stability,suffer from severe capacity decay,rate capability degradation,and lithium dendrite formation under low-temperature(LT)operation.Therefore,a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of LIB behavior at LT is urgently required.This review article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in electrolyte engineering strategies aimed at improving the low-temperature operational capabilities of LIBs.The study methodically examines critical performance-limiting mechanisms through fundamental analysis of four primary challenges:insufficient ionic conductivity under cryogenic conditions,kinetically hindered charge transfer processes,Li+transport limitations across the solidelectrolyte interphase(SEI),and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth.The work elaborates on innovative optimization approaches encompassing lithium salt molecular design with tailored dissociation characteristics,solvent matrix optimization through dielectric constant and viscosity regulation,interfacial engineering additives for constructing low-impedance SEI layers,and gel-polymer composite electrolyte systems.Notably,particular emphasis is placed on emerging machine learning-guided electrolyte formulation strategies that enable high-throughput virtual screening of constituent combinations and prediction of structure-property relationships.These artificial intelligence-assisted rational design frameworks demonstrate significant potential for accelerating the development of next-generation LT electrolytes by establishing quantitative composition-performance correlations through advanced data-driven methodologies.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125202,52202100,and U24A2065)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20243016)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024T171166).
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered considerable attention as promising post-lithium energy storage technologies owing to their intrinsic safety,cost-effectiveness,and competitive gravimetric energy density.However,their practical commercialization is hindered by critical challenges on the anode side,including dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the anode/electrolyte interface.Recent studies highlight that rational electrolyte structure engineering offers an effective route to mitigate these issues and strengthen the electrochemical performance of the zinc metal anode.In this review,we systematically summarize state-of-the-art strategies for electrolyte optimization,with a particular focus on the zinc salts regulation,electrolyte additives,and the construction of novel electrolytes,while elucidating the underlying design principles.We further discuss the key structure–property relationships governing electrolyte behavior to provide guidance for the development of next-generation electrolytes.Finally,future perspectives on advanced electrolyte design are proposed.This review aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers exploring high-performance electrolyte engineering in AZIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52472219,62133007)the project ZR2024ME073 supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundationthe Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(No.JCYJ20220530141017039)。
文摘Despite the high energy density,lithium metal batteries(LMBs)face significant cycling instability and safety challenges,especially at subzero temperatures.Herein,we report a rationally designed lowconcentrated electrolyte system that employs a low-freezing-point diluent to compress solvation sheaths,enabling the formation of a compact anion-dominated solvation structure that enhances interfacial stability and safety.Molecular dynamics reveal the unique solvation structure with close packing of anions in this low-concentration electrolyte from the micro-mesoscopic scale.The optimized electrolyte combines cost-effectiveness,superior wettability,intrinsic nonflammability,and high stability,concurrently promoting a hybrid organic-inorganic solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)for uniform lithium deposition.As a result,the Li‖LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cells demonstrate stable cycling for 700 cycles at the current density of 4 C.Remarkably,the electrolyte demonstrates exceptional low-temperature performance,indicating broad operational viability.This work provides a promising electrolyte design strategy that addresses both safety and excellent electrochemical performance in high-energy-density metal-based batteries,including but not restricted to Li,Na,K and Zn multivalent ion systems.
