The electrocatalytic water-splitting process is widely acknowledged as the most sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for hydrogen(H2)production.However,its energy efficiency is significantly constrained...The electrocatalytic water-splitting process is widely acknowledged as the most sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for hydrogen(H2)production.However,its energy efficiency is significantly constrained by the kinetically slow oxygen evolution reaction(OER)at the anode,which accounts for about 90%of the electrical energy consumption in the water-splitting process.A new strategy is urgently needed to reduce its energy consumption.In recent years,electrochemical oxidation of small molecules has been considered for replacement of OER for efficient H2 production,due to its benign operational conditions,low theoretical thermodynamic potential,high conversion efficiency and selectivity,and environmental sustainability.Hybrid electrolysis systems,by integrating cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction with anodic oxidation of small molecules,have been introduced,which can generate high-purity H2 and produce value-added products or pollutant degradation.In this review,we highlight the recent advancements and significant milestones achieved in hybrid water electrolysis systems.The focus is on non-noble metal electrocatalysts,reaction mechanisms,and the construction of electrolyzers.Additionally,we present the prevailing challenges and future perspectives pertinent to the evolution of this burgeoning technology.展开更多
The characteristic and mechanism of parachlorophenol(4-CP) degradation in an internal electrolysis system were investigated. The degradation rate of 4-CP was higher in acid solution than that of in neutral or alkaline...The characteristic and mechanism of parachlorophenol(4-CP) degradation in an internal electrolysis system were investigated. The degradation rate of 4-CP was higher in acid solution than that of in neutral or alkaline solution. Addition of activated carbon could make 4-CP easier be degraded by the surface contact catalysis. The dissolved oxygen in solution could take part in the electrode reaction and intensify the degradation of 4-CP. By the analysis of intermediates of degradation of 4-CP, it could be conferred that 4-CP was broken through the bond beside hydroxy firstly, then the bond beside chloride was broken and the chloride was dechlorinated simultaneously. Most intermediate products were glycerine, ethane diacid and acetic acid, while very few 1,4-butanedial and alcohols were found.展开更多
Seawater electrolysis is one most promising development directions for future hydrogen energy.How-ever,big challenges of active site poisoning,chloride oxidation(ClOR),and chloride corrosion on anode electrocatalysts,...Seawater electrolysis is one most promising development directions for future hydrogen energy.How-ever,big challenges of active site poisoning,chloride oxidation(ClOR),and chloride corrosion on anode electrocatalysts,seriously impede seawater electrolysis development.Therefore,developing efficient an-odic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts is an urgent task for seawater electrolysis.The ad-vanced strategies of improving OER kinetics,lowering ClOR kinetics,strengthening corrosion resistance,and recombining multifunction are summarized and analyzed to help researchers quickly grasp the re-cent progress on seawater oxidation.The outlooks for future research are put forward.The future research directions are proposed as internal and external cultivation,giving full play to the physicochemical prop-erties of electrocatalysts,making sense of structure evolution and OER mechanism,and elucidating the electrical double layer of electrocatalysts.A lot of room for scalable application of seawater electrolysis calls for persistent effort and devotion of related researchers to boost seawater electrolysis development and universal hydrogen energy application.展开更多
Water-cooled system have significantly enhanced the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbines.However,these innovative systems are susceptible to substantial biological fouling,maintenance challenges,and h...Water-cooled system have significantly enhanced the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbines.However,these innovative systems are susceptible to substantial biological fouling,maintenance challenges,and high upkeep costs.Therefore,the development of a specialized front-end filter tailored for direct current water-cooled system is importance.This involves the integration of dimensionally stable anode(DSA)and nickel alloy cathode,valued for their corrosion resistance in seawater,into a novel front-end filter system for Water-cooled applications.This system has the dual capability of generating hydrogen and chlorine for self-cleaning purposes.Implementing a flushing pulse electrolysis mode,it effectively mitigates electrode failure induced by cathodic calcium and magnesium deposition,thereby significantly prolonging electrode lifespan.Laboratory tests comprising system assembly and performance evaluations were conducted,with the system programmed to operate for 5 minutes every 24 hours under continuous flushing by natural seawater to simulate real-world conditions.After more than 11 months of continuous flushing,observations reveal that the DSA mesh and nickel alloy mesh maintain intact structural integrity and normal functioning.Subsequent 1꞉1 physical prototype Sea trial further validated the soundness of the system design and electrolytic control parameters.展开更多
Seawater electrolysis offers a promising pathway to generate green hydrogen,which is crucial for the net-zero emission targets.Indirect seawater electrolysis is severely limited by high energy demands and system compl...Seawater electrolysis offers a promising pathway to generate green hydrogen,which is crucial for the net-zero emission targets.Indirect seawater electrolysis is severely limited by high energy demands and system complexity,while the direct seawater electrolysis bypasses pre-treatment,offering a simpler and more cost-effective solution.However,the chlorine evolution reaction and impurities in the seawater lead to severe corrosion and hinder electrolysis’s efficiency.Herein,we review recent advances in the rational design of chlorine-suppressive catalysts and integrated electrolysis systems architectures for chloride-induced corrosion,with simultaneous enhancement of Faradaic efficiency and reduction of electrolysis’s cost.Furthermore,promising directions are proposed for durable and efficient seawater electrolysis systems.This review provides perspectives for seawater electrolysis toward sustainable energy conversion and environmental protection.展开更多
Pulsed dynamic electrolysis(PDE),driven by renewable energy,has emerged as an innovative electrocatalytic conversion method,demonstrating significant potential in addressing global energy challenges and promoting sust...Pulsed dynamic electrolysis(PDE),driven by renewable energy,has emerged as an innovative electrocatalytic conversion method,demonstrating significant potential in addressing global energy challenges and promoting sustainable development.Despite significant progress in various electrochemical systems,the regulatory mechanisms of PDE in energy and mass transfer and the lifespan extension of electrolysis systems,particularly in water electrolysis(WE)for hydrogen production,remain insufficiently explored.Therefore,there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the unique contributions of PDE in mass transfer enhancement,microenvironment regulation,and hydrogen production optimization,aiming to achieve low-energy consumption,high catalytic activity,and long-term stability in the generation of target products.Here,this review critically examines the microenvironmental effects of PDE on energy and mass transfer,the electrode degradation mechanisms in the lifespan extension of electrolysis systems,and the key factors in enhancing WE for hydrogen production,providing a comprehensive summary of current research progress.The review focuses on the complex regulatory mechanisms of frequency,duty cycle,amplitude,and other factors in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance within PDE strategies,revealing the interrelationships among them.Finally,the potential future directions and challenges for transitioning from laboratory studies to industrial applications are proposed.展开更多
Titanium exhibits outstanding properties,particularly,high specific strength and resistance to both high and low temperatures,earning it a reputation as the metal of the future.However,because of the highly reactive n...Titanium exhibits outstanding properties,particularly,high specific strength and resistance to both high and low temperatures,earning it a reputation as the metal of the future.However,because of the highly reactive nature of titanium,metallic titanium production involves extensive procedures and high costs.Considering its advantages and limitations,the European Union has classified titanium metal as a critical raw material(CRM)of low category.The Kroll process is predominantly used to produce titanium;however,molten salt electrolysis(MSE)is currently being explored for producing metallic titanium at a low cost.Since 2000,electrolytic titanium production has undergone a wave of technological advancements.However,because of the intermediate and disproportionation reactions in the electrolytic titanium production process,the process efficiency and titanium purity according to industrial standards could not be achieved.Consequently,metallic titanium production has gradually diversified into employing technologies such as thermal reduction,MSE,and titanium alloy preparation.This study provides a comprehensive review of research advances in titanium metal preparation technologies over the past two decades,highlighting the challenges faced by the existing methods and proposing potential solutions.It offers useful insights into the development of low-cost titanium preparation technologies.展开更多
With the in-depth implementation of sustainable development strategies,hydrogen energy as a clean energy source is receiving increasing attention[1,2].Among the various methods of hydrogen production,the electrocataly...With the in-depth implementation of sustainable development strategies,hydrogen energy as a clean energy source is receiving increasing attention[1,2].Among the various methods of hydrogen production,the electrocatalytic decomposition of abundant seawater into hydrogen utilizing renewable energy has emerged as a green and promising approach.However,natural seawater contains complex components,such as halide ions,which lead to the corrosion of catalysts or the occurrence of competitive side reactions during the electrolysis process[3].展开更多
In aluminum electrolytic process, the variables affect the current efficiency and the stability of electrolysis cells. AIF3 addition and aluminum tapping volume are two important factors that affect economic benefits ...In aluminum electrolytic process, the variables affect the current efficiency and the stability of electrolysis cells. AIF3 addition and aluminum tapping volume are two important factors that affect economic benefits of aluminum electrolytic production. Fuzzy logic provides a suitable mechanism to describe the relationship between the process variables and the current efficiency. Fuzzy expert system based on Mamdani fuzzy inference process for aluminum electrolysis was adopted to adjust A1F3 addition and aluminum tapping volume. A novel variable universe approach was applied in the system to solve the problem that different electrolysis cells have different universes of variables. The system was applied to 300 kA aluminum electrolysis cells in a aluminum plant. Experimental results showed that the electrolyte temperature was kept stably between 945 and 955℃, the current efficiency reached 93.5%, and the DC power consumption was 13 000 kW.h per ton aluminum.展开更多
The electrolysis expansion of semigraphitic cathode in [K3AlF6/Na3AlF6]-AlF3-Al2O3 bath system was tested by self-made modified Rapoport apparatus. A mathematical model was introduced to discuss the effects of acR （c...The electrolysis expansion of semigraphitic cathode in [K3AlF6/Na3AlF6]-AlF3-Al2O3 bath system was tested by self-made modified Rapoport apparatus. A mathematical model was introduced to discuss the effects of acR （cryolite ratio） and βKR （elpasolite content divided by the total amount of elpasolite and sodium cryolite） on performance of cathode electrolysis expansion. The results show that K and Na （potassium and sodium） penetrate into the cathode together and have an obvious influence on the performance of cathode electrolysis expansion. The electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate increase with the increase of αCR. When αCR=1.9 and βKR=0.5, the electrolysis expansion is the highest, which is 3.95%; and when αCR=I.4 and βKR=0.1, the electrolysis expansion is the lowest, which is 1.28%. But the effect offlKR is correlative with αCR. When αCR=1.6 and 1.9, with the increase of titan, the electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate increase. However, when αCR=l.4, the electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of βKR.展开更多
The electrochemical behavior of Yb3+ and electrodeposition of Mg-Yb alloy film at solid magnesium cathode in the molten LiCl-KCl-YbCl3(2 wt.%) system at 773 K was investigated.Transient electrochemical techniques,such...The electrochemical behavior of Yb3+ and electrodeposition of Mg-Yb alloy film at solid magnesium cathode in the molten LiCl-KCl-YbCl3(2 wt.%) system at 773 K was investigated.Transient electrochemical techniques,such as cyclic voltammetry,chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry were used in order to explore the deposition mechanism of Yb.The reduction process of Yb3+ is stepwise reactions which are single-electron and double-electron reversible charge transfer reactions.The speed control step was a diffu...展开更多
Due to acute problems caused by fossil fuels that threaten the environment, conducting research on other types of energy carriers that are clean and renewable is of great importance. Since in the past few years hydrog...Due to acute problems caused by fossil fuels that threaten the environment, conducting research on other types of energy carriers that are clean and renewable is of great importance. Since in the past few years hydrogen has been introduced as the future fuel, the aim of this study is to evaluate wind and solar energy potentials in prone areas of Iran by the Weibull distribution function (WDF) and the Angstrom-Prescott (AP) equation for hydrogen production. To this end, the meteorological data of solar radiation and wind speed recorded at 10 m height in the time interval of 3 h in a five-year period have been used. The findings indicate that Manjil and Zahedan with yearly wind and solar energy densities of 6004 (kWh/m2) and 2247 0cWh/m2), respectively, have the greatest amount of energy among the other cities. After examining three different types of commercial wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) systems, it becomes clear that by utilizing one set of Gamesa G47 turbine, 91 kg/d of hydrogen, which provides energy for 91 car/week, can be produced in Manjil and will save about 1347 L of gasoline in the week. Besides, by installing one thousand sets of X21-345 PV systems in Zahedan, 20 kg/d of hydrogen, enough for 20 cars per week, can be generated and 296 L of gasoline can be saved. Finally, the RETScreen software is used to calculate the annual CO2 emission reduction after replacing gasoline with the produced hydrogen.展开更多
Multiple regression equations of liquidus temperature, electrical conductivity and bath density of the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl system were obtained from experiments by using orthogonal regression method. The exper...Multiple regression equations of liquidus temperature, electrical conductivity and bath density of the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl system were obtained from experiments by using orthogonal regression method. The experiments were carried out in 100A cell with low melting point electrolyte, the influences of cathodic current density, electrolytic temperature, density differences of bath and liquid aluminum on current efficiency (CE) were studied; when the electrolyte cryolite ratio was 2.5, w(BaC1_2) and w(NaCl) were 48% and 10%, respectively, CE reached 90% and specific energy consumption was 10.97k Wb/kg/kg. Because of the fact that aluminum metal obtained floated on the surface of molten electrolyte, this electrolysis method was then defined as low temperature aluminum floating electrolysis. The results showed that the new low temperature aluminum electrolysis process in the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl bath system was practical and promising.展开更多
Al-Cu-Y alloys were prepared by molten salt electrolysis in fluoride-oxide system composed of electrolyte（Na3 AlF6-AlF3-LiF-MgF2） and oxide（Al2 O3-CuO-Y2 O3）. Cathodic reduction process of Al2 O3,CuO and Y2 O3 wer...Al-Cu-Y alloys were prepared by molten salt electrolysis in fluoride-oxide system composed of electrolyte（Na3 AlF6-AlF3-LiF-MgF2） and oxide（Al2 O3-CuO-Y2 O3）. Cathodic reduction process of Al2 O3,CuO and Y2 O3 were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Components and phase composition of alloy samples prepared by potentiostatic electrolysis were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the Al-Cu-Y alloy can be prepared in the AIF3-NaF-5 wt%LiF-5 wt%MgF2（NaF/AlF3 = 2.2, molecular ratio） eutectic system with mixed oxide（Al2 O3-CuO-Y2 O3） through 2 h at the conditions of a temperature of 1208 K, cell voltage3.0 V, cathode current density 0.7 A/cm^2. Al（Ⅲ） and Cu（Ⅱ） ions can be reduced to zero valence Al（0） and Cu（0） directly on carbonaceous electrode surface by instantaneous nucleation, respectively, the reduction process is controlled by diffusion. The reduction potential of Y（Ⅲ） ions is close to the active ions of fluoride melts, but strengthened phase AI3 Y can be formed through electrochemical reduction and alloyed process with active Al（Ⅲ） and Cu（Ⅱ） ions, meanwhile, the Al2 Cu and Al3 Y phases are distributed at the grain boundary of Al matrix.展开更多
Implementing a new energy-saving electrochemical synthesis system with high commercial value is a strategy of the sustainable development for upgrading the bulk chemicals preparation technology in the future.Here,we r...Implementing a new energy-saving electrochemical synthesis system with high commercial value is a strategy of the sustainable development for upgrading the bulk chemicals preparation technology in the future.Here,we report a multiple redox-mediated linear paired electrolysis system,combining the hydrogen peroxide mediated cathode process with the I2 mediated anode process,and realize the conversion of furfural to furoic acid in both side of the dividedflow cell simultaneously.By reasonably controlling the cathode potential,the undesired water splitting reaction and furfural reduction side reactions are avoided.Under the galvanostatic electrolysis,the two-mediated electrode processes have good compatibility,which reduce the energy consumption by about 22%while improving the electronic efficiency by about 125%.This system provides a green electrochemical synthesis route with commercial prospects.展开更多
The physicochemical properties of the system, such as density, surface tension, specific conductance and melting point were measured. The results were discussed.
Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)are a promising technology for water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen.However,there are still challenges related key materials and anode/electrolyte interface.P-SO...Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)are a promising technology for water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen.However,there are still challenges related key materials and anode/electrolyte interface.P-SOECs with Zr-rich electrolyte,called Zr-rich side P-SOECs,possess high thermodynamically stability under high steam concentrations but the large reaction resistances and the current leakage,thus the inferior performances.In this study,an efficient functional interlayer Ba_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(0.8)Zn_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(BLFZ)in-between the anode and the electrolyte is developed.The electrochemical performances of P-SOECs are greatly enhanced because the BLFZ can greatly increase the interface contact,boost anode reaction kinetics,and increase proton injection into electrolyte.As a result,the P-SOEC yields high current density of 0.83 A cm^(-2) at 600℃ in 1.3 Vamong all the reported Zr-rich side cells.This work not only offers an efficient functional interlayer for P-SOECs but also holds the potential to achieve P-SOECs with high performances and long-term stability.展开更多
Low carbon alcohol fuels electrolysis under ambient conditions is promising for green hydrogen generation instead of the traditional alcohol fuels steam reforming technique,and highly efficient bifunctional catalysts ...Low carbon alcohol fuels electrolysis under ambient conditions is promising for green hydrogen generation instead of the traditional alcohol fuels steam reforming technique,and highly efficient bifunctional catalysts for membrane electrode fabrication are required to drive the electrolysis reactions.Herein,the efficient catalytic promotion effect of a novel catalyst promoter,CoTe,on Pt is demonstrated for low carbon alcohol fuels of methanol and ethanol electrolysis for hydrogen generation.Experimental and density functional theory calculation results indicate that the optimized electronic structure of Pt–CoTe/C resulting from the synergetic effect between Pt and CoTe further regulates the adsorption energies of CO and H*that enhances the catalytic ability for methanol and ethanol electrolysis.Moreover,the good water activation ability of CoTe and the strong electronic effect of Pt and CoTe increased the tolerance ability to the poisoning species as demonstrated by the CO-stripping technique.The high catalytic kinetics and stability,as well as the promotion effect,were also carefully discussed.Specifically,71.9%and 75.5%of the initial peak current density was maintained after 1000 CV cycles in acid electrolyte for methanol and ethanol oxidation;and a low overpotential of 30 and 35 mV was required to drive the hydrogen evolution reaction in methanol and ethanol solution at the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).In the two-electrode system for alcohol fuels electrolysis,using the optimal Pt–CoTe/C catalyst as bi-functional catalysts,the cell potential of 0.66 V(0.67 V)was required to achieve 10 mA cm^(-2) for methanol(ethanol)electrolysis,much smaller than that of water electrolysis(1.76 V).The current study offers a novel platform for hydrogen generation via low carbon alcohol fuel electrolysis,and the result is helpful to the catalysis mechanism understanding of Pt assisted by the novel promoter.展开更多
Hydrogen energy,with its abundant reserves,green and low-carbon characteristic,high energy density,diverse sources,and wide applications,is gradually becoming an important carrier in the global energy transformation a...Hydrogen energy,with its abundant reserves,green and low-carbon characteristic,high energy density,diverse sources,and wide applications,is gradually becoming an important carrier in the global energy transformation and development.In this paper,the off-grid wind power hydrogen production system is considered as the research object,and the operating characteristics of a proton exchange membrane(PEM)electrolysis cell,including underload,overload,variable load,and start-stop are analyzed.On this basis,the characteristic extraction of wind power output data after noise reduction is carried out,and then the self-organizing mapping neural network algorithm is used for clustering to extract typical wind power output scenarios and perform weight distribution based on the statistical probability.The trend and fluctuation components are superimposed to generate the typical operating conditions of an off-grid PEM electrolytic hydrogen production system.The historical output data of an actual wind farm are used for the case study,and the results confirm the feasibility of the method proposed in this study for obtaining the typical conditions of off-grid wind power hydrogen production.The results provide a basis for studying the dynamic operation characteristics of PEM electrolytic hydrogen production systems,and the performance degradation mechanism of PEM electrolysis cells under fluctuating inputs.展开更多
基金Entrepreneurial and innovative team project of Ningbo Yinzhou District,Grant/Award Number:X.W.National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:22379047Talent research start-up project of Zhejiang Wanli University,Grant/Award Number:SC1032345280480。
文摘The electrocatalytic water-splitting process is widely acknowledged as the most sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for hydrogen(H2)production.However,its energy efficiency is significantly constrained by the kinetically slow oxygen evolution reaction(OER)at the anode,which accounts for about 90%of the electrical energy consumption in the water-splitting process.A new strategy is urgently needed to reduce its energy consumption.In recent years,electrochemical oxidation of small molecules has been considered for replacement of OER for efficient H2 production,due to its benign operational conditions,low theoretical thermodynamic potential,high conversion efficiency and selectivity,and environmental sustainability.Hybrid electrolysis systems,by integrating cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction with anodic oxidation of small molecules,have been introduced,which can generate high-purity H2 and produce value-added products or pollutant degradation.In this review,we highlight the recent advancements and significant milestones achieved in hybrid water electrolysis systems.The focus is on non-noble metal electrocatalysts,reaction mechanisms,and the construction of electrolyzers.Additionally,we present the prevailing challenges and future perspectives pertinent to the evolution of this burgeoning technology.
文摘The characteristic and mechanism of parachlorophenol(4-CP) degradation in an internal electrolysis system were investigated. The degradation rate of 4-CP was higher in acid solution than that of in neutral or alkaline solution. Addition of activated carbon could make 4-CP easier be degraded by the surface contact catalysis. The dissolved oxygen in solution could take part in the electrode reaction and intensify the degradation of 4-CP. By the analysis of intermediates of degradation of 4-CP, it could be conferred that 4-CP was broken through the bond beside hydroxy firstly, then the bond beside chloride was broken and the chloride was dechlorinated simultaneously. Most intermediate products were glycerine, ethane diacid and acetic acid, while very few 1,4-butanedial and alcohols were found.
基金Financial support by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.B2021208030)the College Students Innovation Training Program(Nos.202206224 and S2021113409001)the Improve the Innovation Capability of Heibei Province(No.225A4404D).
文摘Seawater electrolysis is one most promising development directions for future hydrogen energy.How-ever,big challenges of active site poisoning,chloride oxidation(ClOR),and chloride corrosion on anode electrocatalysts,seriously impede seawater electrolysis development.Therefore,developing efficient an-odic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts is an urgent task for seawater electrolysis.The ad-vanced strategies of improving OER kinetics,lowering ClOR kinetics,strengthening corrosion resistance,and recombining multifunction are summarized and analyzed to help researchers quickly grasp the re-cent progress on seawater oxidation.The outlooks for future research are put forward.The future research directions are proposed as internal and external cultivation,giving full play to the physicochemical prop-erties of electrocatalysts,making sense of structure evolution and OER mechanism,and elucidating the electrical double layer of electrocatalysts.A lot of room for scalable application of seawater electrolysis calls for persistent effort and devotion of related researchers to boost seawater electrolysis development and universal hydrogen energy application.
基金Supported by the Project of Design of Anti-corrosion and Anti-fouling Solutions for Offshore Wind Power Water-Cooled Systems(No.E428161)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42176047)。
文摘Water-cooled system have significantly enhanced the power generation efficiency of offshore wind turbines.However,these innovative systems are susceptible to substantial biological fouling,maintenance challenges,and high upkeep costs.Therefore,the development of a specialized front-end filter tailored for direct current water-cooled system is importance.This involves the integration of dimensionally stable anode(DSA)and nickel alloy cathode,valued for their corrosion resistance in seawater,into a novel front-end filter system for Water-cooled applications.This system has the dual capability of generating hydrogen and chlorine for self-cleaning purposes.Implementing a flushing pulse electrolysis mode,it effectively mitigates electrode failure induced by cathodic calcium and magnesium deposition,thereby significantly prolonging electrode lifespan.Laboratory tests comprising system assembly and performance evaluations were conducted,with the system programmed to operate for 5 minutes every 24 hours under continuous flushing by natural seawater to simulate real-world conditions.After more than 11 months of continuous flushing,observations reveal that the DSA mesh and nickel alloy mesh maintain intact structural integrity and normal functioning.Subsequent 1꞉1 physical prototype Sea trial further validated the soundness of the system design and electrolytic control parameters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22208376,UA22A20429)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2024QB175,ZR2023LFG005)+1 种基金Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(QNESL OP 202303)Ministry of Education University-Industry Collaborative Education Program(No.230804132140429).
文摘Seawater electrolysis offers a promising pathway to generate green hydrogen,which is crucial for the net-zero emission targets.Indirect seawater electrolysis is severely limited by high energy demands and system complexity,while the direct seawater electrolysis bypasses pre-treatment,offering a simpler and more cost-effective solution.However,the chlorine evolution reaction and impurities in the seawater lead to severe corrosion and hinder electrolysis’s efficiency.Herein,we review recent advances in the rational design of chlorine-suppressive catalysts and integrated electrolysis systems architectures for chloride-induced corrosion,with simultaneous enhancement of Faradaic efficiency and reduction of electrolysis’s cost.Furthermore,promising directions are proposed for durable and efficient seawater electrolysis systems.This review provides perspectives for seawater electrolysis toward sustainable energy conversion and environmental protection.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province(No.2024ZXJ03C06)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52476192,No.52106237)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.YQ2022E027)Technology Project of China Datang Technology Innovation Co.,Ltd(No.DTKC-2024-20610).
文摘Pulsed dynamic electrolysis(PDE),driven by renewable energy,has emerged as an innovative electrocatalytic conversion method,demonstrating significant potential in addressing global energy challenges and promoting sustainable development.Despite significant progress in various electrochemical systems,the regulatory mechanisms of PDE in energy and mass transfer and the lifespan extension of electrolysis systems,particularly in water electrolysis(WE)for hydrogen production,remain insufficiently explored.Therefore,there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the unique contributions of PDE in mass transfer enhancement,microenvironment regulation,and hydrogen production optimization,aiming to achieve low-energy consumption,high catalytic activity,and long-term stability in the generation of target products.Here,this review critically examines the microenvironmental effects of PDE on energy and mass transfer,the electrode degradation mechanisms in the lifespan extension of electrolysis systems,and the key factors in enhancing WE for hydrogen production,providing a comprehensive summary of current research progress.The review focuses on the complex regulatory mechanisms of frequency,duty cycle,amplitude,and other factors in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance within PDE strategies,revealing the interrelationships among them.Finally,the potential future directions and challenges for transitioning from laboratory studies to industrial applications are proposed.
基金financial support from the Yunnan Province Key Industries Science and Technology Special Project for Colleges and UniversitiesChina(No.FWCY-QYCT2024006)+6 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52104351 and 52364051)Science and Technology Major Project of Yunnan Province,China(No.202202AG050007)the Yunnan Fundamental Research ProjectsChina(No.202401AT070314)the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(No.2023CXGC010903)Central Guidance Local Scientific and Technological Development Funds,China(No.202407AB110022)Yunnan Province Xingdian Talent Support Plan Project,China。
文摘Titanium exhibits outstanding properties,particularly,high specific strength and resistance to both high and low temperatures,earning it a reputation as the metal of the future.However,because of the highly reactive nature of titanium,metallic titanium production involves extensive procedures and high costs.Considering its advantages and limitations,the European Union has classified titanium metal as a critical raw material(CRM)of low category.The Kroll process is predominantly used to produce titanium;however,molten salt electrolysis(MSE)is currently being explored for producing metallic titanium at a low cost.Since 2000,electrolytic titanium production has undergone a wave of technological advancements.However,because of the intermediate and disproportionation reactions in the electrolytic titanium production process,the process efficiency and titanium purity according to industrial standards could not be achieved.Consequently,metallic titanium production has gradually diversified into employing technologies such as thermal reduction,MSE,and titanium alloy preparation.This study provides a comprehensive review of research advances in titanium metal preparation technologies over the past two decades,highlighting the challenges faced by the existing methods and proposing potential solutions.It offers useful insights into the development of low-cost titanium preparation technologies.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY223016)Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China2024 Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.NJKCZYZZ2024-06)。
文摘With the in-depth implementation of sustainable development strategies,hydrogen energy as a clean energy source is receiving increasing attention[1,2].Among the various methods of hydrogen production,the electrocatalytic decomposition of abundant seawater into hydrogen utilizing renewable energy has emerged as a green and promising approach.However,natural seawater contains complex components,such as halide ions,which lead to the corrosion of catalysts or the occurrence of competitive side reactions during the electrolysis process[3].
基金Project (2009BAE85B00) supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of ChinaProject (PHR20100509) supported by Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Institutions of Higher Learning under the Jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality, China
文摘In aluminum electrolytic process, the variables affect the current efficiency and the stability of electrolysis cells. AIF3 addition and aluminum tapping volume are two important factors that affect economic benefits of aluminum electrolytic production. Fuzzy logic provides a suitable mechanism to describe the relationship between the process variables and the current efficiency. Fuzzy expert system based on Mamdani fuzzy inference process for aluminum electrolysis was adopted to adjust A1F3 addition and aluminum tapping volume. A novel variable universe approach was applied in the system to solve the problem that different electrolysis cells have different universes of variables. The system was applied to 300 kA aluminum electrolysis cells in a aluminum plant. Experimental results showed that the electrolyte temperature was kept stably between 945 and 955℃, the current efficiency reached 93.5%, and the DC power consumption was 13 000 kW.h per ton aluminum.
基金Project (2005CB623703) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of ChinaProject (2008AA030502) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China
文摘The electrolysis expansion of semigraphitic cathode in [K3AlF6/Na3AlF6]-AlF3-Al2O3 bath system was tested by self-made modified Rapoport apparatus. A mathematical model was introduced to discuss the effects of acR （cryolite ratio） and βKR （elpasolite content divided by the total amount of elpasolite and sodium cryolite） on performance of cathode electrolysis expansion. The results show that K and Na （potassium and sodium） penetrate into the cathode together and have an obvious influence on the performance of cathode electrolysis expansion. The electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate increase with the increase of αCR. When αCR=1.9 and βKR=0.5, the electrolysis expansion is the highest, which is 3.95%; and when αCR=I.4 and βKR=0.1, the electrolysis expansion is the lowest, which is 1.28%. But the effect offlKR is correlative with αCR. When αCR=1.6 and 1.9, with the increase of titan, the electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate increase. However, when αCR=l.4, the electrolysis expansion and K/Na penetration rate firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of βKR.
基金supported by 863 Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2006AA03Z510)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50871033)+1 种基金the Scientific Technology Project of Heilongjiang Province (GC06A212)the fund from Harbin Municipal Science & Technology Bureau (2006PFXXG006)
文摘The electrochemical behavior of Yb3+ and electrodeposition of Mg-Yb alloy film at solid magnesium cathode in the molten LiCl-KCl-YbCl3(2 wt.%) system at 773 K was investigated.Transient electrochemical techniques,such as cyclic voltammetry,chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry were used in order to explore the deposition mechanism of Yb.The reduction process of Yb3+ is stepwise reactions which are single-electron and double-electron reversible charge transfer reactions.The speed control step was a diffu...
文摘Due to acute problems caused by fossil fuels that threaten the environment, conducting research on other types of energy carriers that are clean and renewable is of great importance. Since in the past few years hydrogen has been introduced as the future fuel, the aim of this study is to evaluate wind and solar energy potentials in prone areas of Iran by the Weibull distribution function (WDF) and the Angstrom-Prescott (AP) equation for hydrogen production. To this end, the meteorological data of solar radiation and wind speed recorded at 10 m height in the time interval of 3 h in a five-year period have been used. The findings indicate that Manjil and Zahedan with yearly wind and solar energy densities of 6004 (kWh/m2) and 2247 0cWh/m2), respectively, have the greatest amount of energy among the other cities. After examining three different types of commercial wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) systems, it becomes clear that by utilizing one set of Gamesa G47 turbine, 91 kg/d of hydrogen, which provides energy for 91 car/week, can be produced in Manjil and will save about 1347 L of gasoline in the week. Besides, by installing one thousand sets of X21-345 PV systems in Zahedan, 20 kg/d of hydrogen, enough for 20 cars per week, can be generated and 296 L of gasoline can be saved. Finally, the RETScreen software is used to calculate the annual CO2 emission reduction after replacing gasoline with the produced hydrogen.
基金The project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China! (Gmnt No.59574018)China Postdocto
文摘Multiple regression equations of liquidus temperature, electrical conductivity and bath density of the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl system were obtained from experiments by using orthogonal regression method. The experiments were carried out in 100A cell with low melting point electrolyte, the influences of cathodic current density, electrolytic temperature, density differences of bath and liquid aluminum on current efficiency (CE) were studied; when the electrolyte cryolite ratio was 2.5, w(BaC1_2) and w(NaCl) were 48% and 10%, respectively, CE reached 90% and specific energy consumption was 10.97k Wb/kg/kg. Because of the fact that aluminum metal obtained floated on the surface of molten electrolyte, this electrolysis method was then defined as low temperature aluminum floating electrolysis. The results showed that the new low temperature aluminum electrolysis process in the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl bath system was practical and promising.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51564015)
文摘Al-Cu-Y alloys were prepared by molten salt electrolysis in fluoride-oxide system composed of electrolyte（Na3 AlF6-AlF3-LiF-MgF2） and oxide（Al2 O3-CuO-Y2 O3）. Cathodic reduction process of Al2 O3,CuO and Y2 O3 were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Components and phase composition of alloy samples prepared by potentiostatic electrolysis were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the Al-Cu-Y alloy can be prepared in the AIF3-NaF-5 wt%LiF-5 wt%MgF2（NaF/AlF3 = 2.2, molecular ratio） eutectic system with mixed oxide（Al2 O3-CuO-Y2 O3） through 2 h at the conditions of a temperature of 1208 K, cell voltage3.0 V, cathode current density 0.7 A/cm^2. Al（Ⅲ） and Cu（Ⅱ） ions can be reduced to zero valence Al（0） and Cu（0） directly on carbonaceous electrode surface by instantaneous nucleation, respectively, the reduction process is controlled by diffusion. The reduction potential of Y（Ⅲ） ions is close to the active ions of fluoride melts, but strengthened phase AI3 Y can be formed through electrochemical reduction and alloyed process with active Al（Ⅲ） and Cu（Ⅱ） ions, meanwhile, the Al2 Cu and Al3 Y phases are distributed at the grain boundary of Al matrix.
基金This study is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0307500).
文摘Implementing a new energy-saving electrochemical synthesis system with high commercial value is a strategy of the sustainable development for upgrading the bulk chemicals preparation technology in the future.Here,we report a multiple redox-mediated linear paired electrolysis system,combining the hydrogen peroxide mediated cathode process with the I2 mediated anode process,and realize the conversion of furfural to furoic acid in both side of the dividedflow cell simultaneously.By reasonably controlling the cathode potential,the undesired water splitting reaction and furfural reduction side reactions are avoided.Under the galvanostatic electrolysis,the two-mediated electrode processes have good compatibility,which reduce the energy consumption by about 22%while improving the electronic efficiency by about 125%.This system provides a green electrochemical synthesis route with commercial prospects.
文摘The physicochemical properties of the system, such as density, surface tension, specific conductance and melting point were measured. The results were discussed.
基金financial support from the JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B),No.21H02035KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research(Exploratory),No.21K19017+2 种基金KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas(B),No.21H05100National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.22409033 and No.22409035Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2022A1515110470.
文摘Protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells(P-SOECs)are a promising technology for water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen.However,there are still challenges related key materials and anode/electrolyte interface.P-SOECs with Zr-rich electrolyte,called Zr-rich side P-SOECs,possess high thermodynamically stability under high steam concentrations but the large reaction resistances and the current leakage,thus the inferior performances.In this study,an efficient functional interlayer Ba_(0.95)La_(0.05)Fe_(0.8)Zn_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(BLFZ)in-between the anode and the electrolyte is developed.The electrochemical performances of P-SOECs are greatly enhanced because the BLFZ can greatly increase the interface contact,boost anode reaction kinetics,and increase proton injection into electrolyte.As a result,the P-SOEC yields high current density of 0.83 A cm^(-2) at 600℃ in 1.3 Vamong all the reported Zr-rich side cells.This work not only offers an efficient functional interlayer for P-SOECs but also holds the potential to achieve P-SOECs with high performances and long-term stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21972124,22102105)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionL.Feng also thanks the support of the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province(XCL-070-2018).
文摘Low carbon alcohol fuels electrolysis under ambient conditions is promising for green hydrogen generation instead of the traditional alcohol fuels steam reforming technique,and highly efficient bifunctional catalysts for membrane electrode fabrication are required to drive the electrolysis reactions.Herein,the efficient catalytic promotion effect of a novel catalyst promoter,CoTe,on Pt is demonstrated for low carbon alcohol fuels of methanol and ethanol electrolysis for hydrogen generation.Experimental and density functional theory calculation results indicate that the optimized electronic structure of Pt–CoTe/C resulting from the synergetic effect between Pt and CoTe further regulates the adsorption energies of CO and H*that enhances the catalytic ability for methanol and ethanol electrolysis.Moreover,the good water activation ability of CoTe and the strong electronic effect of Pt and CoTe increased the tolerance ability to the poisoning species as demonstrated by the CO-stripping technique.The high catalytic kinetics and stability,as well as the promotion effect,were also carefully discussed.Specifically,71.9%and 75.5%of the initial peak current density was maintained after 1000 CV cycles in acid electrolyte for methanol and ethanol oxidation;and a low overpotential of 30 and 35 mV was required to drive the hydrogen evolution reaction in methanol and ethanol solution at the current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).In the two-electrode system for alcohol fuels electrolysis,using the optimal Pt–CoTe/C catalyst as bi-functional catalysts,the cell potential of 0.66 V(0.67 V)was required to achieve 10 mA cm^(-2) for methanol(ethanol)electrolysis,much smaller than that of water electrolysis(1.76 V).The current study offers a novel platform for hydrogen generation via low carbon alcohol fuel electrolysis,and the result is helpful to the catalysis mechanism understanding of Pt assisted by the novel promoter.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Program Number 2021YFB4000100)the Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation(Grant Number 2023-ZZ-63).
文摘Hydrogen energy,with its abundant reserves,green and low-carbon characteristic,high energy density,diverse sources,and wide applications,is gradually becoming an important carrier in the global energy transformation and development.In this paper,the off-grid wind power hydrogen production system is considered as the research object,and the operating characteristics of a proton exchange membrane(PEM)electrolysis cell,including underload,overload,variable load,and start-stop are analyzed.On this basis,the characteristic extraction of wind power output data after noise reduction is carried out,and then the self-organizing mapping neural network algorithm is used for clustering to extract typical wind power output scenarios and perform weight distribution based on the statistical probability.The trend and fluctuation components are superimposed to generate the typical operating conditions of an off-grid PEM electrolytic hydrogen production system.The historical output data of an actual wind farm are used for the case study,and the results confirm the feasibility of the method proposed in this study for obtaining the typical conditions of off-grid wind power hydrogen production.The results provide a basis for studying the dynamic operation characteristics of PEM electrolytic hydrogen production systems,and the performance degradation mechanism of PEM electrolysis cells under fluctuating inputs.
