High-entropy materials represent a new category of high-performance materials,first proposed in 2004 and extensively investigated by researchers over the past two decades.The definition of high-entropy materials has c...High-entropy materials represent a new category of high-performance materials,first proposed in 2004 and extensively investigated by researchers over the past two decades.The definition of high-entropy materials has continuously evolved.In the last ten years,the discovery of an increasing number of high-entropy materials has led to significant advancements in their utilization in energy storage,electrocatalysis,and related domains,accompanied by a rise in techniques for fabricating high-entropy electrode materials.Recently,the research emphasis has shifted from solely improving the performance of high-entropy materials toward exploring their reaction mechanisms and adopting cleaner preparation approaches.However,the current definition of high-entropy materials remains relatively vague,and the preparation method of high-entropy materials is based on the preparation method of single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials.It should be noted that not all methods applicable to single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials can be directly applied to high-entropy materials.In this review,the definition and development of high-entropy materials are briefly reviewed.Subsequently,the classification of high-entropy electrode materials is presented,followed by a discussion of their applications in energy storage and catalysis from the perspective of synthesis methods.Finally,an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods in the production process of different high-entropy materials is provided,along with a proposal for potential future development directions for high-entropy materials.展开更多
Benefiting from the low cost and high abundance of potassium resources,K-based batteries have attracted numerous research interest as a more sustainable battery chemist,particularly when considering the enormous deman...Benefiting from the low cost and high abundance of potassium resources,K-based batteries have attracted numerous research interest as a more sustainable battery chemist,particularly when considering the enormous demand for sustainable energy storage while limiting Li sources for Li-based batteries.However,the much larger size of the K-ion usually leads to the serious electrodes'volumetric expansion with rapid capacity fading,making the pursuit of electrodes for potassium storage with high capacity and high stability a significant challenge.The polymer electrode materials have been considered promising materials to address these issues due to their porous characteristics,insolubility in electrolytes,and flexible structural design at a molecular level.In this review,we outline the recent advancements in redox-active polymer electrodes,including anode and cathode,materials for K-based batteries,including crystalline porous coordination polymers,crystalline covalent organic polymers,amorphous polymers,and polymer composites.We discuss the electrode designs,electrochemical performances,and K-ion storage mechanism,with a focus on their structure-function correlations.With this knowledge,we propose the perspectives and challenges in designing advanced polymer electrode materials for K-based batteries.We expect this review will shed light on the further development of reliable polymer electrode materials.展开更多
Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries(AAIBs)have emerged as a promising candidate for grid-scale energy stor-age owing to their intrinsic safety(e.g.,dendrite-free and nonflammable),environmental friendliness,and potential f...Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries(AAIBs)have emerged as a promising candidate for grid-scale energy stor-age owing to their intrinsic safety(e.g.,dendrite-free and nonflammable),environmental friendliness,and potential for fast charge/discharge capability.Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to explore high-performance ammonium-ion storage materials and the associated electrochemistry to advance the commercialization of AAIBs.Therefore,it is necessary to review the progress in ammonium-ion storage materials and related electrochemical theories to guide further research on AAIBs.Herein,we systematically summarize the advanced electrode materials for AAIBs by introducing the physicochemical characteristics and ammonium-ion storage behaviors of various electrode materials,such as Prussian blue analogs,organic polymers,and metal oxides,discussing feasible material-design strategies to enhance their ammonium-ion storage performance,and outlining the future development prospects of AAIBs.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the design of advanced electrode materials for high-performance AAIBs.展开更多
The global pursuit of clean and sustainable renewable energy emphasizes the necessity for advanced energy storage systems.Researchers in this field aim to develop devices that integrate the high-energy density of batt...The global pursuit of clean and sustainable renewable energy emphasizes the necessity for advanced energy storage systems.Researchers in this field aim to develop devices that integrate the high-energy density of batteries with the rapid charge and discharge rates characteristic of capacitors.Protons,due to their small size and efficient diffusion via Grotthuss conduction mechanism,serve as particularly advantageous charge carriers for ultrafast intercalation and deintercalation in aqueous batteries.This property has led to the development of a novel energy storage device defined as the aqueous proton battery(APB),which holds the potential to establish a distinct position within the energy storage landscape.This article offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrode materials and battery configurations specifically designed for APBs.The fundamental principles of electrochemical proton storage and detailed insights into Faradaic APB electrodes are highlighted,while the associated challenges regarding their electrochemical performance and operational mechanisms are emphasized.Additionally,the strategic design approaches for full-battery systems aimed at achieving high-performance aqueous proton energy storage are summarized.Finally,the challenges and potential opportunities for further enhancing the applications of APBs are proposed.展开更多
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI ...Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI performance could be restricted by obstacles such as poor charge transfer in the electrode slurry and agglomeration of the electrode particles.Therefore,various FCDIelectrode materials have been studied to overcome these bottlenecks through various mechanisms.Herein,a minireview is conducted to summarize the relevant information and provide a comprehensive view of the progress in FCDI electrode materials.Flow-electrode materials can be classified into three main groups:carbon materials,metalbased materials,and carbon-metal composites.Carbonbased capacitive materials with outstanding conductivities can facilitate charge transfer in FCDI,whereas metal-based materials and carbon-metal composites with ion-intercalative behaviors exhibit high ion adsorption abilities.Additionally,carbon materials with surface function groups can enhance electrode dispersion and reach a high electrode loading by electrostatic repulsion,further upgrading the conductive network of FCDI.Moreover,magnetic carbon-metal composites can be easily separated,and the salt removal performance can be improved with magnetic fields.Different electrode materials exhibit disparate features during FCDI development.Thus,combining these materials to obtain FCDI electrodes with multiple functions may be reasonable,which could be a promising direction for FCDI research.展开更多
The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and elec...The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials stand as two key components that significantly impact the efficacy of hightemperature-tolerant FSCs(HT-FSCs). They should not only exhibit high electrochemical performance and excellent flexibility, but also withstand intense thermal stress. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing their thermal stability while maintaining high electrochemical and mechanical performance. In this review, the fundamentals of HT-FSCs are outlined. A comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art progress and achievements in HT-FSCs, with a focus on thermally stable gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials is provided. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding HT-FSCs are discussed, alongside strategies for elevating operational temperatures and performance.This review offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for designing and manufacturing HT-FSCs, further promoting their widespread adoption across diverse fields.展开更多
In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on tran...In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on transition metal oxides/graphene which have demonstrated significant potential for improving capacitance.The electrochemical properties of titanium oxide doped graphene in current research have been improved through the incorporation of rare earth metals.The hydrothermal technique was chosen for the fabrication of nanocomposites as electrode materials.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) approaches were employed for the characterization of nanocomposites.Ternary and quaternary nanocomposites with 2 wt% rare earth elements doped with titanium oxide and graphene were synthesized with various ratios of lanthanum and cerium as dopants.In 2 wt% La:Ce-TiO_(2)/rGO,lanthanum,and cerium were doped in 1:1,1:3,and 1:5 ratios.2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO among co-doped composites exhibits better capacitive performance as determined through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.Among all the nanocomposites 422 F/g was the maximum depicted by 2 wt%La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO at a scan rate of 10 mV/s(potential window from-0.4 to+0.6 V) and 1895 F/g at1 mV/s(potential window-0.6 to+0.6 V).specific capacitance was also determined via GCD,and a maximum capacitance of 486 F/g is depicted by 2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO.The same composites have also served as promising electrode materials in terms of columbic efficiency,power,and energy density.展开更多
Advanced electrode materials for electrocatalysis of electrolytic decomposition are crucial materials in the field of hydrogen production from renewable energy.In this work,a new type of integrated hydrogen evolution ...Advanced electrode materials for electrocatalysis of electrolytic decomposition are crucial materials in the field of hydrogen production from renewable energy.In this work,a new type of integrated hydrogen evolution electrode material was synthesized by selective acidification etching and in situ growth technology.A no vel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material with a threedimensional network structure was successfully prepared using a two-step method(convenient surface modification and in situ growth techniques),which involved surface modification at 30%HNO_(3) for 10 min and followed by annealing treatment at 600℃ for 1 h with 10℃·min^(-1) heating rate.The structure displayed an electrochemical active surface area(ECSA)of 30.125 mF·cm^(-2),calculated on 0.10-0.30 V(vs.RHE)CV curves with a 5-50 mV·s^(-1)sweep rate range.The ECS A of other samples was also tested by aforementioned methods,which had great distinction on ECS A with different samples.The novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material appeared to have extremity electrochemical performance in a three-electrode configuration employing 1 M KOH solution as an electrolyte,including an excellent hydrogen evolution overpotential of 346 mV at the current density of500 mA·cm^(-2),superior Tafel slope with 103 mV·dec^(-1).Such outstanding electrochemical performances of the novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode materials were directly related to the distinctive integrated structure.Therefore,it was facility to find that the successful preparation of novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material provided more selection opportunities for alkaline electrolysis of water and offered an innovative mentality for the preparation of other types of electrode materials.展开更多
In this work,porous hollow spherical NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterials composed of loosely porous nanowires on the surface were prepared using nickel foam as the substrate through a secondary hydrother-mal reaction method.T...In this work,porous hollow spherical NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterials composed of loosely porous nanowires on the surface were prepared using nickel foam as the substrate through a secondary hydrother-mal reaction method.The synthesized materials were then characterized using techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.Finally,elec-trochemical performance tests were conducted on the synthesized cobalt-nickel bimetallic compound elec-trode materials,the specific capacitance of the synthesized NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterial reached 3.20 F·cm-2,Moreover,the specific capacitance remained 95.8%of its initial value after 500 cycles.The electrochemical performance was superior to that of the prepared NiCo2O4 nanomaterial.The results suggest that the prepared NiCo_(2)S_(4) with special structure could be a great potential as a material for supercapacitor electrodes.展开更多
Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique...Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique. The effects of current density on the chemical composition, electrocatalytic activity, and stability of the composite anode material were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS）, anode polarization curves, quasi-stationary polarization（Tafel） curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Results reveal that the composite electrode obtained at 1 A/dm2 possesses the lowest overpotential（0.610 V at 500 A/m2） for oxygen evolution, the best electrocatalytic activity, the longest service life（360 h at 40 °C in 150 g/L H2SO4 solution under 2 A/cm2）, and the lowest cell voltage（2.75 V at 500 A/m2）. Furthermore, with increasing current density, the coating exhibits grain growth and the decrease of content of Mn O2. Only a slight effect on crystalline structure is observed.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have been considered as an ideal choice for the next generation large-scale energy storage applications owing to the rich sodium resources and the analogous working principle to that of lithi...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have been considered as an ideal choice for the next generation large-scale energy storage applications owing to the rich sodium resources and the analogous working principle to that of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Nevertheless,the larger size and heavier mass of Na^(+)ion than those of Li^(+)ion often lead to sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior cycling life in SIBs compared to the LIB counterparts.The pursuit of promising electrode materials that can accommodate the rapid and stable Na-ion insertion/extraction is the key to promoting the development of SIBs toward a commercial prosperity.One-dimensional(1 D)nanomaterials demonstrate great prospects in boosting the rate and cycling performances because of their large active surface areas,high endurance for deformation stress,short ions diffusion channels,and oriented electrons transfer paths.Electrospinning,as a versatile synthetic technology,features the advantages of controllable preparation,easy operation,and mass production,has been widely applied to fabricate the 1 D nanostructured electrode materials for SIBs.In this review,we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in the sodium-storage cathode and anode materials prepared by electrospinning,discuss the effects of modulating the spinning parameters on the materials’micro/nano-structures,and elucidate the structure-performance correlations of the tailored electrodes.Finally,the future directions to harvest more breakthroughs in electrospun Na-storage materials are pointed out.展开更多
As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the d...As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the design and investigation of electrode materials play an essential role in determining the whole electrochemical charge storage performance.Recently,nanocarbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene,carbon dots,graphene quantum dots,etc.)have been widely used as SC electrode materials because of their good physical structure and chemical properties,providing a new route to further improve the energy density and life span of SCs.Here,we review the latest progress of nanocarbon-based materials(including nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composite materials)as electrode materials in SCs application.The recent progress of carbon dots,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and other nanocarbon materials electrodes is summarized,while the capacitance and energy density of the above nanocarbon electrodes still need to be improved.Then,the preparation and performance of nanocarbonbased composite electrodes comprising transition metal oxides,conductive polymer,and metal-organic framework derived porous carbon are reviewed.Finally,we outline major challenges and propose some ideas on building better nanocarbon-based SC electrodes.展开更多
The present review not only devotes on the environmental consequences of plastic bag wastes and other industrial wastes observable in the landfills,in the oceans or elsewhere but also gives a new insight idea on conve...The present review not only devotes on the environmental consequences of plastic bag wastes and other industrial wastes observable in the landfills,in the oceans or elsewhere but also gives a new insight idea on conversion of them into worth material,carbon,for the best electrochemical supercapacitor.Transformation of plastic wastes into high-value materials is the incentive for plastic recycling,end-oflife handling case for plastic bag wastes in practice quite limited.The plastic recycling waste for reuse saves energy compared with manufacturing virgin materials.Herein,we identified several synthetic methods to convert plastic waste and other industrial wastes into carbon material for supercapacitor.Different kinds of carbon materials,including nanofiber,nanotube,graphene,mesoporous carbon,etc.,have been derived from plastic waste,and thus give a superior potential for transforming trash into a"gold capacitor".Finally,conclusions and future trends of high-voltage supercapacitors were made as well as the easy and mass production of high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors.Our work offers a promising sustainable approach to handle plastic bags,waste,and other industrial wastes and provides a new avenue in supercapacitor applications and other areas.展开更多
Progress in humanity has intensified the demand for efficient and renewable energy storage,which warrants the development of advanced rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),sodium-ion batteries(SIB...Progress in humanity has intensified the demand for efficient and renewable energy storage,which warrants the development of advanced rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs),and lithium-sulfur batteries(Li-S batteries).Nevertheless,these batteries still suffer from certain limitations,such as the insufficient capacity and inferior stability in their electrode materials.Therefore,developing a feasible electrode material for Li/Na/Zn ion storage represents a critical challenge.Recently,polyoxovanadates(POVs)materials,particularly decavanadate anion(V_(10)O_(28))^(6-)clusters,have attracted considerate attention as promising battery electrodes,due to their rich multi-electron redox process,high structural stability,simple preparation process,and abundant ligand environment.In this review,we provide an overview of the research progress of(V_(10)O_(28))^(6-)-based materials in various metal-ion battery systems,including LIBs,SIBs,ZIBs,and Li-S batteries.We also discuss the underlying challenges associated with this type of materials,and we provide alternative strategies to overcome these issues.This review aims to facilitate the research and development of the nextgeneration(V_(10)O_(28))^(6-)-based battery materials.展开更多
The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great break...The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.展开更多
The development of novel organic electrode materials is of great significance for improving the reversible capacity and cycle stability of rechargeable batteries.Before practical application,it is essential to charact...The development of novel organic electrode materials is of great significance for improving the reversible capacity and cycle stability of rechargeable batteries.Before practical application,it is essential to characterize the electrode materials to study their structures,redox mechanisms and electrochemical performances.In this review,the common characterization methods that have been adopted so far are summarized from two aspects:experimental characterization and theoretical calculation.The experimental characterization is introduced in detail from structural characterization,electrochemical characterization and electrode reaction chara cterization.The experimental purposes and working principles of various experimental characterization methods are briefly illustrated.As the auxilia ry means,theoretical calculation provides the theoretical basis for characterizing the electrochemical reaction mechanism of organic electrode materials.Through these characterizations,we will have a deep understanding about the material structures,electrochemical redox mechanisms,electrochemical properties and the relationships of structure-property.It is hoped that this review would help researchers to select the suitable characterization methods to analyze the structures and performances of organic electrode materials quickly and effectively.展开更多
Taking the nano-sized carbon black and aniline monomer as precursor and （NH4）2S2O6 as oxidant, the well coated C/polyaniline（C/PANI） composite materials were prepared by in situ polymerization of the aniline on th...Taking the nano-sized carbon black and aniline monomer as precursor and （NH4）2S2O6 as oxidant, the well coated C/polyaniline（C/PANI） composite materials were prepared by in situ polymerization of the aniline on the surface of well-dispersed nano-sized carbon black for supercapacitor. The micro-structure of the C/PANI composite electrode materials were analyzed by SEM. The electrochemical properties of C/ PANI and PANI composite electrode were characterized by means of the galvanostatic charge-discharge experiment, cyclic voltammetric measurement and impedance spectroscopy analysis. The results show that by adding the nano-sized carbon black in the process of chemical polymerization of the aniline, the polyaniline can be in situ polymerized and well-coated onto the carbon black particles, which may effectively improve the aggregation of particles and the electrolyte penetration. What’s more , the maximum of specific capacitance of C/PANI electrode 437.6F·g -1 can be attained. Compared with PANI electrode, C/PANI electrode shows more desired capacitance characteristics, smaller internal resistance and better cycle performance.展开更多
With the increasing energy demand together with the deteriorating environment and decreasing fossil fuel resources,the development of highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices is one of the key challenges...With the increasing energy demand together with the deteriorating environment and decreasing fossil fuel resources,the development of highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices is one of the key challenges of both fundamental and applied research in energy technology.Melamine sponges(MS)with low density,high nitrogen content,and high porosity have been used to design and obtain three‐dimensional porous carbon electrode materials.More importantly,they are inexpensive,environment‐friendly,and easy to synthesize.There have been many reports on the modification of carbonized MS and MS‐based composites for supercapacitor and lithium battery electrode materials.In this paper,recent studies on the fabrication of electrode materials using MS as raw materials have been mainly reviewed,including carbonation,doping activation,and composite modification of MS,and expectations for the development of porous carbon materials for energy storage as a reference with excellent performance,environment‐friendliness,and long life.展开更多
Nano-silicon(nano-Si)and its composites have been regarded as the most promising negative electrode materials for producing the next-generation Li-ion batteries(LIBs),due to their ultrahigh theoretical capacity.Howeve...Nano-silicon(nano-Si)and its composites have been regarded as the most promising negative electrode materials for producing the next-generation Li-ion batteries(LIBs),due to their ultrahigh theoretical capacity.However,the commercial applications of nano Si-based negative electrode materials are constrained by the low cycling stability and high costs.The molten salt electrolysis of SiO_(2)is proven to be suitable to produce nano-Si with the advantages of in-situ microstructure control possibilities,cheap affordability and scale-up process capability.Therefore,an economical approach for electrolysis,with a SiO_(2)/graphite porous electrode as cathode,is adopted to produce nano-Si/graphite composite negative electrode materials(SGNM)in this study.The electrolytic product of the optimized porous electrode is taken as the negative electrode materials for LIBs,and it offers a capacity of 733.2 mAh·g^(-1)and an initial coulombic efficiency of 86.8%in a coin-type cell.Moreover,the capacity of the SGNM retained 74.1%of the initial discharging capacity after 50 cycles at 0.2C,which is significantly higher than that of the simple mixture of silicon and graphite obtained from the formation of silicon carbide(SiC)between nano-Si and graphite particles.Notably,this new approach can be applied to a large-scale production.展开更多
Energy storage is an ever-growing global concern due to increased energy needs and resource exhaustion.Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have called increasing attention and achieved substantial progress in recent years owing...Energy storage is an ever-growing global concern due to increased energy needs and resource exhaustion.Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have called increasing attention and achieved substantial progress in recent years owing to the abundance and even distribution of Na resources in the crust,and the predicted low cost of the technique.Nevertheless,SIBs still face challenges like lower energy density and inferior cycling stability compared to mature lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Enhancing the electrochemical performance of SIBs requires an in-deep and comprehensive understanding of the improvement strategies and the underlying reaction mechanism elucidated by in situ techniques.In this review,commonly applied in situ techniques,for instance,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES),and their applications on the representative cathode and anode materials with selected samples are summarized.We discuss the merits and demerits of each type of material,strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance,and the applications of in situ characterizations of them during the de/sodiation process to reveal the underlying reaction mechanism for performance improvement.We aim to elucidate the composition/structure-per formance relationship to provide guidelines for rational design and preparation of electrode materials toward high electrochemical performance.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378431,52004338,51622406,21673298)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2023JJ40210,2022JJ20075)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3259)the Key R&D plan of Hunan Province(2024JK2096)Scientifc Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(23B0699)Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Programme(2023CXQD008).
文摘High-entropy materials represent a new category of high-performance materials,first proposed in 2004 and extensively investigated by researchers over the past two decades.The definition of high-entropy materials has continuously evolved.In the last ten years,the discovery of an increasing number of high-entropy materials has led to significant advancements in their utilization in energy storage,electrocatalysis,and related domains,accompanied by a rise in techniques for fabricating high-entropy electrode materials.Recently,the research emphasis has shifted from solely improving the performance of high-entropy materials toward exploring their reaction mechanisms and adopting cleaner preparation approaches.However,the current definition of high-entropy materials remains relatively vague,and the preparation method of high-entropy materials is based on the preparation method of single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials.It should be noted that not all methods applicable to single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials can be directly applied to high-entropy materials.In this review,the definition and development of high-entropy materials are briefly reviewed.Subsequently,the classification of high-entropy electrode materials is presented,followed by a discussion of their applications in energy storage and catalysis from the perspective of synthesis methods.Finally,an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods in the production process of different high-entropy materials is provided,along with a proposal for potential future development directions for high-entropy materials.
基金financially supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2022B1515020001,2024A1515010277)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22109052,52202221)+1 种基金Guangzhou Science and Technology Program(No.2024A04J3899)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.21624410)。
文摘Benefiting from the low cost and high abundance of potassium resources,K-based batteries have attracted numerous research interest as a more sustainable battery chemist,particularly when considering the enormous demand for sustainable energy storage while limiting Li sources for Li-based batteries.However,the much larger size of the K-ion usually leads to the serious electrodes'volumetric expansion with rapid capacity fading,making the pursuit of electrodes for potassium storage with high capacity and high stability a significant challenge.The polymer electrode materials have been considered promising materials to address these issues due to their porous characteristics,insolubility in electrolytes,and flexible structural design at a molecular level.In this review,we outline the recent advancements in redox-active polymer electrodes,including anode and cathode,materials for K-based batteries,including crystalline porous coordination polymers,crystalline covalent organic polymers,amorphous polymers,and polymer composites.We discuss the electrode designs,electrochemical performances,and K-ion storage mechanism,with a focus on their structure-function correlations.With this knowledge,we propose the perspectives and challenges in designing advanced polymer electrode materials for K-based batteries.We expect this review will shed light on the further development of reliable polymer electrode materials.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515012087)funded by Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou(Grant No.2024A04J3267)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.21624411).
文摘Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries(AAIBs)have emerged as a promising candidate for grid-scale energy stor-age owing to their intrinsic safety(e.g.,dendrite-free and nonflammable),environmental friendliness,and potential for fast charge/discharge capability.Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to explore high-performance ammonium-ion storage materials and the associated electrochemistry to advance the commercialization of AAIBs.Therefore,it is necessary to review the progress in ammonium-ion storage materials and related electrochemical theories to guide further research on AAIBs.Herein,we systematically summarize the advanced electrode materials for AAIBs by introducing the physicochemical characteristics and ammonium-ion storage behaviors of various electrode materials,such as Prussian blue analogs,organic polymers,and metal oxides,discussing feasible material-design strategies to enhance their ammonium-ion storage performance,and outlining the future development prospects of AAIBs.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the design of advanced electrode materials for high-performance AAIBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52101269)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2024AFD039)
文摘The global pursuit of clean and sustainable renewable energy emphasizes the necessity for advanced energy storage systems.Researchers in this field aim to develop devices that integrate the high-energy density of batteries with the rapid charge and discharge rates characteristic of capacitors.Protons,due to their small size and efficient diffusion via Grotthuss conduction mechanism,serve as particularly advantageous charge carriers for ultrafast intercalation and deintercalation in aqueous batteries.This property has led to the development of a novel energy storage device defined as the aqueous proton battery(APB),which holds the potential to establish a distinct position within the energy storage landscape.This article offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrode materials and battery configurations specifically designed for APBs.The fundamental principles of electrochemical proton storage and detailed insights into Faradaic APB electrodes are highlighted,while the associated challenges regarding their electrochemical performance and operational mechanisms are emphasized.Additionally,the strategic design approaches for full-battery systems aimed at achieving high-performance aqueous proton energy storage are summarized.Finally,the challenges and potential opportunities for further enhancing the applications of APBs are proposed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374423)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2021RC4010)the Science and Technology Major Project of Changsha(No.kh2401030)
文摘Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI performance could be restricted by obstacles such as poor charge transfer in the electrode slurry and agglomeration of the electrode particles.Therefore,various FCDIelectrode materials have been studied to overcome these bottlenecks through various mechanisms.Herein,a minireview is conducted to summarize the relevant information and provide a comprehensive view of the progress in FCDI electrode materials.Flow-electrode materials can be classified into three main groups:carbon materials,metalbased materials,and carbon-metal composites.Carbonbased capacitive materials with outstanding conductivities can facilitate charge transfer in FCDI,whereas metal-based materials and carbon-metal composites with ion-intercalative behaviors exhibit high ion adsorption abilities.Additionally,carbon materials with surface function groups can enhance electrode dispersion and reach a high electrode loading by electrostatic repulsion,further upgrading the conductive network of FCDI.Moreover,magnetic carbon-metal composites can be easily separated,and the salt removal performance can be improved with magnetic fields.Different electrode materials exhibit disparate features during FCDI development.Thus,combining these materials to obtain FCDI electrodes with multiple functions may be reasonable,which could be a promising direction for FCDI research.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No. SWU-KT22030)Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China (No.KJQN202300205)financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under the project of 457444676。
文摘The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials stand as two key components that significantly impact the efficacy of hightemperature-tolerant FSCs(HT-FSCs). They should not only exhibit high electrochemical performance and excellent flexibility, but also withstand intense thermal stress. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing their thermal stability while maintaining high electrochemical and mechanical performance. In this review, the fundamentals of HT-FSCs are outlined. A comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art progress and achievements in HT-FSCs, with a focus on thermally stable gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials is provided. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding HT-FSCs are discussed, alongside strategies for elevating operational temperatures and performance.This review offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for designing and manufacturing HT-FSCs, further promoting their widespread adoption across diverse fields.
文摘In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on transition metal oxides/graphene which have demonstrated significant potential for improving capacitance.The electrochemical properties of titanium oxide doped graphene in current research have been improved through the incorporation of rare earth metals.The hydrothermal technique was chosen for the fabrication of nanocomposites as electrode materials.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) approaches were employed for the characterization of nanocomposites.Ternary and quaternary nanocomposites with 2 wt% rare earth elements doped with titanium oxide and graphene were synthesized with various ratios of lanthanum and cerium as dopants.In 2 wt% La:Ce-TiO_(2)/rGO,lanthanum,and cerium were doped in 1:1,1:3,and 1:5 ratios.2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO among co-doped composites exhibits better capacitive performance as determined through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.Among all the nanocomposites 422 F/g was the maximum depicted by 2 wt%La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO at a scan rate of 10 mV/s(potential window from-0.4 to+0.6 V) and 1895 F/g at1 mV/s(potential window-0.6 to+0.6 V).specific capacitance was also determined via GCD,and a maximum capacitance of 486 F/g is depicted by 2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO.The same composites have also served as promising electrode materials in terms of columbic efficiency,power,and energy density.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Projects(No.2021YFB4000300)。
文摘Advanced electrode materials for electrocatalysis of electrolytic decomposition are crucial materials in the field of hydrogen production from renewable energy.In this work,a new type of integrated hydrogen evolution electrode material was synthesized by selective acidification etching and in situ growth technology.A no vel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material with a threedimensional network structure was successfully prepared using a two-step method(convenient surface modification and in situ growth techniques),which involved surface modification at 30%HNO_(3) for 10 min and followed by annealing treatment at 600℃ for 1 h with 10℃·min^(-1) heating rate.The structure displayed an electrochemical active surface area(ECSA)of 30.125 mF·cm^(-2),calculated on 0.10-0.30 V(vs.RHE)CV curves with a 5-50 mV·s^(-1)sweep rate range.The ECS A of other samples was also tested by aforementioned methods,which had great distinction on ECS A with different samples.The novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material appeared to have extremity electrochemical performance in a three-electrode configuration employing 1 M KOH solution as an electrolyte,including an excellent hydrogen evolution overpotential of 346 mV at the current density of500 mA·cm^(-2),superior Tafel slope with 103 mV·dec^(-1).Such outstanding electrochemical performances of the novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode materials were directly related to the distinctive integrated structure.Therefore,it was facility to find that the successful preparation of novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material provided more selection opportunities for alkaline electrolysis of water and offered an innovative mentality for the preparation of other types of electrode materials.
基金supported by Department of Education of Jilin Province and Technology Research Projects(JJKH20220183KJ)Jilin Engineering Normal University PhD Startup Foundation(BSKJ201841)Jilin Engineering Normal University Undergraduate Innovation Training Program Project(202410204027,202410204057).
文摘In this work,porous hollow spherical NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterials composed of loosely porous nanowires on the surface were prepared using nickel foam as the substrate through a secondary hydrother-mal reaction method.The synthesized materials were then characterized using techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.Finally,elec-trochemical performance tests were conducted on the synthesized cobalt-nickel bimetallic compound elec-trode materials,the specific capacitance of the synthesized NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterial reached 3.20 F·cm-2,Moreover,the specific capacitance remained 95.8%of its initial value after 500 cycles.The electrochemical performance was superior to that of the prepared NiCo2O4 nanomaterial.The results suggest that the prepared NiCo_(2)S_(4) with special structure could be a great potential as a material for supercapacitor electrodes.
基金Projects(51004056,51004057)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KKZ6201152009)supported by the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials,Chinese Academy of Sciences+2 种基金Project(2010ZC052)supported by the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province,ChinaProject(20125314110011)supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,ChinaProject(2010247)supported by Analysis&Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China
文摘Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique. The effects of current density on the chemical composition, electrocatalytic activity, and stability of the composite anode material were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS）, anode polarization curves, quasi-stationary polarization（Tafel） curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Results reveal that the composite electrode obtained at 1 A/dm2 possesses the lowest overpotential（0.610 V at 500 A/m2） for oxygen evolution, the best electrocatalytic activity, the longest service life（360 h at 40 °C in 150 g/L H2SO4 solution under 2 A/cm2）, and the lowest cell voltage（2.75 V at 500 A/m2）. Furthermore, with increasing current density, the coating exhibits grain growth and the decrease of content of Mn O2. Only a slight effect on crystalline structure is observed.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21805007)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2018QNRC001)+3 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L182019)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0104300)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TP-19-029A2)111 Project(B12015)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have been considered as an ideal choice for the next generation large-scale energy storage applications owing to the rich sodium resources and the analogous working principle to that of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Nevertheless,the larger size and heavier mass of Na^(+)ion than those of Li^(+)ion often lead to sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior cycling life in SIBs compared to the LIB counterparts.The pursuit of promising electrode materials that can accommodate the rapid and stable Na-ion insertion/extraction is the key to promoting the development of SIBs toward a commercial prosperity.One-dimensional(1 D)nanomaterials demonstrate great prospects in boosting the rate and cycling performances because of their large active surface areas,high endurance for deformation stress,short ions diffusion channels,and oriented electrons transfer paths.Electrospinning,as a versatile synthetic technology,features the advantages of controllable preparation,easy operation,and mass production,has been widely applied to fabricate the 1 D nanostructured electrode materials for SIBs.In this review,we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in the sodium-storage cathode and anode materials prepared by electrospinning,discuss the effects of modulating the spinning parameters on the materials’micro/nano-structures,and elucidate the structure-performance correlations of the tailored electrodes.Finally,the future directions to harvest more breakthroughs in electrospun Na-storage materials are pointed out.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52172033 and 22005280)Anhui Province Key Research and Development Plan Project International Science and Technology Cooperation Special Project (No.202004b11020015)
文摘As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the design and investigation of electrode materials play an essential role in determining the whole electrochemical charge storage performance.Recently,nanocarbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene,carbon dots,graphene quantum dots,etc.)have been widely used as SC electrode materials because of their good physical structure and chemical properties,providing a new route to further improve the energy density and life span of SCs.Here,we review the latest progress of nanocarbon-based materials(including nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composite materials)as electrode materials in SCs application.The recent progress of carbon dots,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and other nanocarbon materials electrodes is summarized,while the capacitance and energy density of the above nanocarbon electrodes still need to be improved.Then,the preparation and performance of nanocarbonbased composite electrodes comprising transition metal oxides,conductive polymer,and metal-organic framework derived porous carbon are reviewed.Finally,we outline major challenges and propose some ideas on building better nanocarbon-based SC electrodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975025,21575015,21203008)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2172051)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China"New Energy Project for Electric Vehicle"(No.2016YFB0100204)State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymers Materials,Donghua University。
文摘The present review not only devotes on the environmental consequences of plastic bag wastes and other industrial wastes observable in the landfills,in the oceans or elsewhere but also gives a new insight idea on conversion of them into worth material,carbon,for the best electrochemical supercapacitor.Transformation of plastic wastes into high-value materials is the incentive for plastic recycling,end-oflife handling case for plastic bag wastes in practice quite limited.The plastic recycling waste for reuse saves energy compared with manufacturing virgin materials.Herein,we identified several synthetic methods to convert plastic waste and other industrial wastes into carbon material for supercapacitor.Different kinds of carbon materials,including nanofiber,nanotube,graphene,mesoporous carbon,etc.,have been derived from plastic waste,and thus give a superior potential for transforming trash into a"gold capacitor".Finally,conclusions and future trends of high-voltage supercapacitors were made as well as the easy and mass production of high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors.Our work offers a promising sustainable approach to handle plastic bags,waste,and other industrial wastes and provides a new avenue in supercapacitor applications and other areas.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071132,U21A20284,U1904216)Zhongyuan Thousand People Plan-The Zhongyuan Youth Talent Support Program(in Science and Technology),China(No.ZYQR201810139)+2 种基金the Innovative Funds Plan of Henan University of Technology,China(No.2020ZKCJ04)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan,China(No.222300420138)the support from the NSF Center for the Advancement of Wearable Technologies(No.1849243)。
文摘Progress in humanity has intensified the demand for efficient and renewable energy storage,which warrants the development of advanced rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs),and lithium-sulfur batteries(Li-S batteries).Nevertheless,these batteries still suffer from certain limitations,such as the insufficient capacity and inferior stability in their electrode materials.Therefore,developing a feasible electrode material for Li/Na/Zn ion storage represents a critical challenge.Recently,polyoxovanadates(POVs)materials,particularly decavanadate anion(V_(10)O_(28))^(6-)clusters,have attracted considerate attention as promising battery electrodes,due to their rich multi-electron redox process,high structural stability,simple preparation process,and abundant ligand environment.In this review,we provide an overview of the research progress of(V_(10)O_(28))^(6-)-based materials in various metal-ion battery systems,including LIBs,SIBs,ZIBs,and Li-S batteries.We also discuss the underlying challenges associated with this type of materials,and we provide alternative strategies to overcome these issues.This review aims to facilitate the research and development of the nextgeneration(V_(10)O_(28))^(6-)-based battery materials.
基金supported by the Programs of National 973 (2011CB935900)NSFC (51231003 and 21231005)+1 种基金111 Project (B12015)Tianjin High-Tech (10SYSYJC27600)
文摘The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21875206,21403187)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.B2019203487)the open project in Key Lab Adv.Energy Mat.Chem.(Nankai University)。
文摘The development of novel organic electrode materials is of great significance for improving the reversible capacity and cycle stability of rechargeable batteries.Before practical application,it is essential to characterize the electrode materials to study their structures,redox mechanisms and electrochemical performances.In this review,the common characterization methods that have been adopted so far are summarized from two aspects:experimental characterization and theoretical calculation.The experimental characterization is introduced in detail from structural characterization,electrochemical characterization and electrode reaction chara cterization.The experimental purposes and working principles of various experimental characterization methods are briefly illustrated.As the auxilia ry means,theoretical calculation provides the theoretical basis for characterizing the electrochemical reaction mechanism of organic electrode materials.Through these characterizations,we will have a deep understanding about the material structures,electrochemical redox mechanisms,electrochemical properties and the relationships of structure-property.It is hoped that this review would help researchers to select the suitable characterization methods to analyze the structures and performances of organic electrode materials quickly and effectively.
基金Project(2005CB623703) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China project(5JJ30103) supported bythe Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
文摘Taking the nano-sized carbon black and aniline monomer as precursor and （NH4）2S2O6 as oxidant, the well coated C/polyaniline（C/PANI） composite materials were prepared by in situ polymerization of the aniline on the surface of well-dispersed nano-sized carbon black for supercapacitor. The micro-structure of the C/PANI composite electrode materials were analyzed by SEM. The electrochemical properties of C/ PANI and PANI composite electrode were characterized by means of the galvanostatic charge-discharge experiment, cyclic voltammetric measurement and impedance spectroscopy analysis. The results show that by adding the nano-sized carbon black in the process of chemical polymerization of the aniline, the polyaniline can be in situ polymerized and well-coated onto the carbon black particles, which may effectively improve the aggregation of particles and the electrolyte penetration. What’s more , the maximum of specific capacitance of C/PANI electrode 437.6F·g -1 can be attained. Compared with PANI electrode, C/PANI electrode shows more desired capacitance characteristics, smaller internal resistance and better cycle performance.
基金The authors appreciate the support from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019MB019,ZR2018MEM020)We also acknowledge financial support from the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2019GSF111047).
文摘With the increasing energy demand together with the deteriorating environment and decreasing fossil fuel resources,the development of highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices is one of the key challenges of both fundamental and applied research in energy technology.Melamine sponges(MS)with low density,high nitrogen content,and high porosity have been used to design and obtain three‐dimensional porous carbon electrode materials.More importantly,they are inexpensive,environment‐friendly,and easy to synthesize.There have been many reports on the modification of carbonized MS and MS‐based composites for supercapacitor and lithium battery electrode materials.In this paper,recent studies on the fabrication of electrode materials using MS as raw materials have been mainly reviewed,including carbonation,doping activation,and composite modification of MS,and expectations for the development of porous carbon materials for energy storage as a reference with excellent performance,environment‐friendliness,and long life.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0301305)the Talent Plan Project of Beijing(No.2018000097607G378)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U166420031).
文摘Nano-silicon(nano-Si)and its composites have been regarded as the most promising negative electrode materials for producing the next-generation Li-ion batteries(LIBs),due to their ultrahigh theoretical capacity.However,the commercial applications of nano Si-based negative electrode materials are constrained by the low cycling stability and high costs.The molten salt electrolysis of SiO_(2)is proven to be suitable to produce nano-Si with the advantages of in-situ microstructure control possibilities,cheap affordability and scale-up process capability.Therefore,an economical approach for electrolysis,with a SiO_(2)/graphite porous electrode as cathode,is adopted to produce nano-Si/graphite composite negative electrode materials(SGNM)in this study.The electrolytic product of the optimized porous electrode is taken as the negative electrode materials for LIBs,and it offers a capacity of 733.2 mAh·g^(-1)and an initial coulombic efficiency of 86.8%in a coin-type cell.Moreover,the capacity of the SGNM retained 74.1%of the initial discharging capacity after 50 cycles at 0.2C,which is significantly higher than that of the simple mixture of silicon and graphite obtained from the formation of silicon carbide(SiC)between nano-Si and graphite particles.Notably,this new approach can be applied to a large-scale production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005130,21925404,21902137,21991151,and 22021001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0705400 and 2020YFB1505800)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2021J01988)。
文摘Energy storage is an ever-growing global concern due to increased energy needs and resource exhaustion.Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have called increasing attention and achieved substantial progress in recent years owing to the abundance and even distribution of Na resources in the crust,and the predicted low cost of the technique.Nevertheless,SIBs still face challenges like lower energy density and inferior cycling stability compared to mature lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Enhancing the electrochemical performance of SIBs requires an in-deep and comprehensive understanding of the improvement strategies and the underlying reaction mechanism elucidated by in situ techniques.In this review,commonly applied in situ techniques,for instance,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES),and their applications on the representative cathode and anode materials with selected samples are summarized.We discuss the merits and demerits of each type of material,strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance,and the applications of in situ characterizations of them during the de/sodiation process to reveal the underlying reaction mechanism for performance improvement.We aim to elucidate the composition/structure-per formance relationship to provide guidelines for rational design and preparation of electrode materials toward high electrochemical performance.
