Multi-functional smart textiles are receiving a lot of attention for their tremendous application devel-opment in the fields of personal thermal management,artificial muscle,electronic skin,and human-machine interacti...Multi-functional smart textiles are receiving a lot of attention for their tremendous application devel-opment in the fields of personal thermal management,artificial muscle,electronic skin,and human-machine interaction.For the complex use of many different smart textiles,designing a multifunctional textile that integrates personal thermal management,smart sensing,and flexible actuating is still a great challenge.Here,we decorated MXene on elastic fabrics by simple dip-coating and asymmetric Ecoflex encapsulation protocol to obtain electrical/optical dual-energy-driven wearable heaters with highly re-sponsive actuating and strain-sensing performance.The MXene fabric-based heaters(MFHs)have high efficiency of Joule heating(Steady state temperature of 116.7℃ at 12 V)and photothermal conversion performance(180.3℃ in 60 s under the near infrared lamp irradiation,up to 57.5℃ under 600 W m^(-2) simulated solar irradiation).Benefiting from high electrical/optical dual-energy conversion efficiency,MFH has a fast photothermal driving effect(bending angle up to 360°in 5 s)due to the different curvature of thermal expansion on both sides of the fabric.Interestingly,MFH has the capability to monitor human strain(such as muscle and joint movements).Based on the above excellent performance,we finally be-lieve that the MFHs have broad application prospects in the fields of all-weather body heat management,health monitoring,thermal health care,and thermal robotics.展开更多
The development of high-performance transparent substrates is critical for next-generation flexible electronic devices.Herein,we designed two novel meta-substituted diamines incorporating trifluoromethyl(―CF_(3))and ...The development of high-performance transparent substrates is critical for next-generation flexible electronic devices.Herein,we designed two novel meta-substituted diamines incorporating trifluoromethyl(―CF_(3))and methyl(―CH_(3))groups to synthesize colorless copolyimide(CPI)films via copolymerization with 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride(6FDA)/3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride(BPDA).The combination of meta-substituted architecture and substituents enables the simultaneous attainment of an ultralow dielectric constant(D_k)and high transparency.The meta-substitution geometry and electronic effects of―CF_(3)/―CH_(3) effectively suppressed charge-transfer complex(CTC)formation,expanded fractional free volume(FFV),and restricted π-electron conjugation,as validated by DFT calculations and wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD)analysis.The optimized CPI film(PIA_(1)-6FDA/BPDA(10/0))achieved outstanding transmittance(T_(450)=88.15%),ultralow dielectric constant(D_(k)=2.08 at 1 k Hz),and minimal dielectric loss(D_(f)=0.0012),while maintaining robust thermal stability(T_(d5%)>523℃)and mechanical strength(σ=87.5 MPa).This work establishes a molecular engineering strategy to concurrently enhance the optical and dielectric properties,positioning meta-substituted CPIs as promising candidates for transparent flexible devices.展开更多
Cu_(x)Ta_(2-x)O_(5) compositions were investigated for advanced thermoelectric and optical applications,using both simulations and experimental approaches.Density functional theory calculations were performed before t...Cu_(x)Ta_(2-x)O_(5) compositions were investigated for advanced thermoelectric and optical applications,using both simulations and experimental approaches.Density functional theory calculations were performed before the experimental observations to predict the trends of various parameters.Crystal structure analysis confirmed the presence of the orthorhombic Ta_(2)O_(5) phase in all the compositions.The composition and morphology demonstrated impurity-free contents with uniform and crack-free surfaces.Thermoelectric analysis depicted a decrease in Seebeck coefficient from 3.66??V·K^(-1)to 1.91??V·K^(-1)and an increase in the value of specific heat from 0.73 J·K^(-1)·kg^(-1)to 11.6 J·K^(-1)·kg^(-1)upon Cu incorporation in structure.The bandgap was found to reduce from 2.61 to 1.38 e V with Cu-induced electronic states.The real epsilon and static refractive index increased from 3.75 to 4.57 and from 1.93 to 2.11,respectively,with increment in Cu content.The enhanced parameters,focusing on the thermoelectric and optical responses,make these compositions potential candidates for advanced optoelectronic applications.展开更多
This study proposes a nondestructive optical imaging-based three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction method to analyse electrical tree propagation in polypropylene(PP)cable insulation under mechanical bending.The technique ...This study proposes a nondestructive optical imaging-based three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction method to analyse electrical tree propagation in polypropylene(PP)cable insulation under mechanical bending.The technique combines focus-stacked optical imaging with a feature fusion algorithm to segment in-focus regions across depth layers,enabling 3D reconstruction of electrical trees in PP homopolymer(PPH),block copolymer(PPB)and elastomer-blended(PP/TPE)samples.The results demonstrate that mechanical bending accelerates electrical tree propagation in PPH,and that degradation channels transition from a branch-like to a straight-stick morphology,tending to grow directionally towards stretched regions.With a bending radius of 10 mm,the breakdown time drops from 297.0 min for the undeformed samples to 6.3 min.PPB and PP/TPE delay the time to breakdown by 70.6%and 171.2%,respectively,highlighting their superior resistance under bending stress,which is attributed to maintaining elasticity rather than yield deformation under bending stresses.This study provides a novel tool for evaluating the electrical tree resistance of PP composites under the mechanical stress,guiding the development of recyclable high-voltage direct current cable insulation.展开更多
Here,the effect of cerium and terbium ions substitution on structural,optical,dielectric,and electrical properties of Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Fe_(12)O_(19)M-type hexaferrite prepared by solvent free method i.e.,auto co mbust...Here,the effect of cerium and terbium ions substitution on structural,optical,dielectric,and electrical properties of Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Fe_(12)O_(19)M-type hexaferrite prepared by solvent free method i.e.,auto co mbustion method was reported.The X-ray diffraction technique was used for the structural examination.The hexagonal structure of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples is confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern analysis.The crystallite size of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)(x=0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5,and 2.0)samples ranges from 28.37 to 39.12 nm.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)spectra confirm the lattice vibration at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.The strong emission peaks of 3.40 eV are seen at 364 nm.It is found that photoluminescence intensity reduces with Ce-Tb substitution,which is associated with a reduction in electron-hole recombination.In the temperature range of room temperature(23℃)to 200℃,the dielectric constant,dielectric loss,and AC conductivity were computed over a broad frequency range of 10^(2)-10^(5) Hz.Maxwell-Wagner's two-laye r model explains the frequency dependent dielectric behaviour of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples.The dielectric constant increases for the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples as the Ce-Tb concentration increases up to x=1.0,and with further increasing the Ce^(3+)and Tb^(3+)ions up to x=2.0 the dielectric constant decreases.All of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples exhibit non-Debye type relaxation behaviour,according to the impedance measurement.The substitution of Ce^(3+)and Tb^(3+)ions reduces the grain boundary density,resulting in the low values of the impedance at the grain boundaries.It is found that the multiple hopping conduction process is the main mechanism in the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)compounds.展开更多
Two-dimensional （2D） metamaterials are considered to be of enormous relevance to the progress of all exact sciences. Since the discovery of graphene, researchers have increasingly investigated in depth the details o...Two-dimensional （2D） metamaterials are considered to be of enormous relevance to the progress of all exact sciences. Since the discovery of graphene, researchers have increasingly investigated in depth the details of electrical/optical proper- ties pertinent to other 2D metamaterials, including those relating to the silicene. In this review are included the details and comparisons of the atomic structures, energy diagram bands, substrates, charge densities, charge mobilities, conductivities, absorptions, electrical permittivities, dispersion relations of the wave vectors, and supported electromagnetic modes related to graphene and silicene. Hence, this review can help readers to acquire, recover or increase the necessary technological basis for the development of more specific studies on graphene and silicene.展开更多
The ability to noninvasively manipulate and isolate specific cell populations in vivo is critical for advancing real-time diagnostics,precision medicine,and immunological research.Here,we present a novel and broadly a...The ability to noninvasively manipulate and isolate specific cell populations in vivo is critical for advancing real-time diagnostics,precision medicine,and immunological research.Here,we present a novel and broadly applicable optical trapping system based on a custom-designed 2×3 optical tweezer array,which enables the real-time interception and manipulation of circulating leukocytes in live animals.By utilizing intrinsic velocity differences between leukocytes and red blood cells,the system achieves stable trapping of individual leukocytes in vessels 15-20μm in diameter and decelerates multiple cells in vessels greater than 20μm.Notably,it also enables the optical blockage of lymphatic vessels exceeding 50μm,a previously unreported capability.This label-free,noninvasive approach operates without repeated blood draws and is compatible with diverse vessel geometries and flow dynamics.The system offers a generalizable solution for in vivo cell extraction and analysis,paving the way for high-precision single-cell technologies in biomedical research and clinical translation.展开更多
In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,optical neural networks(ONNs)have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic approaches,offering superior parallelism,ultrafast processing speeds,a...In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,optical neural networks(ONNs)have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic approaches,offering superior parallelism,ultrafast processing speeds,and high energy efficiency[1-3].However,a major bottleneck in the practical implementation of ONNs is the absence of effective nonlinear activation functions.Self-driven photodetectors have emerged as versatile optical to electrical converters,opening innovative avenues for energy-effective and flexibly integrated activation functions in ONNs through their reconfigurable optoelectronic nonlinearity.展开更多
We report the SrII optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center(NTSC).In this system,a blackbody radiation shield with movable lattice mitigates blackbody radiation shifts through active temperature contr...We report the SrII optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center(NTSC).In this system,a blackbody radiation shield with movable lattice mitigates blackbody radiation shifts through active temperature control.A shallow optical lattice with minimal tunneling minimizes AC Stark shifts.Phase-locked counter-propagating lattice beams and conductive vacuum viewports further reduce systematic uncertainties and a novel initial-state preparation method simplifies the system.Clock transition spectra achieve a linewidth of 2.5 Hz with a 400 ms clock pulse,and self-comparison stability reaches 5.1×10^(-16)at 1 s.These advancements give this clock the potential to be a critical platform for realizing outstanding systematic uncertainties in the future.展开更多
Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effect...Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.Conventional imaging techniques,such as endoscopy and histopathology,provide valuable diagnostic information but cannot offer real-time assessment.We aim to explore the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT),combined with statistical and machine learning methods,for rapid tumor margin demarcation in gastrointestinal(GI)cancer tissues in exvivo.GI tumor specimens from 17 patients were imaged intraoperatively with OCT.Quantitative features were extracted from the images,and statistical and machine learning analyses were applied to distinguish tissue types.Subsequent histopathological evaluation was used as the reference standard for validation.The combination of OCT imaging and data-driven analysis enables clear differentiation between healthy,marginal and tumor tissues in near real-time.The KNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy(0.921±0.040),with SVM(0.906±0.038)and Extra Trees(0.901±0.034)also demonstrating robust performance in discriminating tissue margins.OCT findings demonstrate strong agreement with histopathology.Integrated with statistical and machine learning techniques,OCT enables rapid assessment of GI tumor margins.This approach provides quantitative objectivity and real-time feedback,closely approximating histopathological analysis and supporting improved surgical decision-making.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the agreement of axial length(AL),anterior chamber parameters,and total cornea power obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)-based and Scheimpflug-based optical biometers in myopi...AIM:To evaluate the agreement of axial length(AL),anterior chamber parameters,and total cornea power obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)-based and Scheimpflug-based optical biometers in myopic children.METHODS:AL,steep keratometry(K),flat K,posterior corneal keratometry(PK),total keratometry(TK),anterior chamber depth(ACD),horizontal corneal diameter(CD),and central corneal thickness(CCT)were obtained using IOL Master 700 and Pentacam AXL.The agreement between the devices was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC),Bland-Altman plots,and astigmatism vector analysis.RESULTS:Totally 175 myopic children(48.5%male)with a mean age of 10.29±2.14y were enrolled.The ICC and Bland-Altman plots indicated a satisfactory agreement for AL,ACD,and CCT.The mean difference in CD of-0.31±0.30 mm was considered clinically significant(>0.2 mm).Additionally,measurements of K and TK obtained from the IOL Master 700 showed good agreement.Nevertheless,there were clinically significant differences observed in PK,simulated keratometry(simK),total cornea power,and astigmatism(at least 10%of the cases with a difference of>10 degrees in meridian)between the two devices.CONCLUSION:The study findings demonstrate a significant difference in K,PK,astigmatism,and CD,indicating that the two optical biometers cannot be considered interchangeable.Therefore,it is recommended to utilize one kind device for follow-up examinations in myopic children.展开更多
Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom a...Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.展开更多
Detecting biomarkers in body fluids by optical lateral flow immune assay(LFIA) technology provides rapid access to disease information for early diagnosis.LFIA is based on an antigen-antibody reaction and is rapidly b...Detecting biomarkers in body fluids by optical lateral flow immune assay(LFIA) technology provides rapid access to disease information for early diagnosis.LFIA is based on an antigen-antibody reaction and is rapidly becoming the preferred choice of physicians and patients for point-of-care testing due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and rapid detection.Observing the optical signal change from the colloidal gold of the traditional LFIA strip has been widely applied for various biomarkers detection in body fluids.Despite the significant progress,rapid real-time detection of color changes in the colloidal gold by the naked eye still faces many limitations,such as large errors and the inability to quantify and accurately detect.New optical LFIA strip technology has emerged in recent years to extend its application scenarios for achieving quantitative detection such as fluorescence,afterglow,and chemiluminescence.Herein,we summarized the development of optical LFIA technology from single to hyphenated optical signals for biomarkers detection in body fluids from invasive and non-invasive sources.Moreover,the challenge and outlook of optical LFIA strip technology are highlighted to inspire the designing of next-generation diagnostic platforms.展开更多
Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior a...Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.展开更多
Overt and harmful diabetes mellitus(DM)has detrimental effects on individuals and,by extension,the community.Among the microvascular DM complications is diabetic retinopathy(DR).DR may cause irreversible vision deteri...Overt and harmful diabetes mellitus(DM)has detrimental effects on individuals and,by extension,the community.Among the microvascular DM complications is diabetic retinopathy(DR).DR may cause irreversible vision deterioration in cases of poor blood glucose regulation.Changes in vascular permeability are key trigger points for diabetic macular edema(DME),a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula.The development of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)pathway inhibitors has provided a pathogenesis-based treatment approach for DME.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)provides highresolution imaging of the anatomy,including the aging of DME and its structural damage,in distinct morphologic subtypes of macular edema,thereby supporting the assessment of macular edema treatment.The availability of repeated OCT monitoring provides clinical reassurance through the treatment.OCT angiography(OCTA)provides retinal blood flow maps with high spatial resolution.The ability promotes an understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitates the implementation of new therapeutic methods.This review compares the potential of OCT and OCTA in the diagnosis and treatment of DME,as well as their respective therapeutic applications.展开更多
Optical imaging has been pivotal in biological research(e.g.,cellular/developmental biology)for over two centuries.Recent advances like super-resolution fluorescence and nonlinear optical microscopy enable nanoscale s...Optical imaging has been pivotal in biological research(e.g.,cellular/developmental biology)for over two centuries.Recent advances like super-resolution fluorescence and nonlinear optical microscopy enable nanoscale studies of live cells and animals,yet their application to marine mollusks-key marine ecosystem species,remains underexplored.This review summarizes optical imaging techniques and their use in investigating marine mollusks across molecular,cellular,tissue,and individual levels.It highlights promising avenues for novel imaging methods to unravel the structures and functions of these organisms in future research,with a focus on advancements in applying cutting-edge optical techniques across these hierarchical levels.Given optical imaging's significance in elucidating marine mollusks'ecological and genetic information,this field deserves substantial attention and support.The review aims to address existing gaps,providing researchers and practitioners with comprehensive insights to foster further progress in this domain.展开更多
Coherent perfect absorption(CPA)and coherent perfect transmission(CPT)are two extreme states arising from the manipulation of optical fields.Generally,CPA and CPT occur under different input-field phases.Therefore,we ...Coherent perfect absorption(CPA)and coherent perfect transmission(CPT)are two extreme states arising from the manipulation of optical fields.Generally,CPA and CPT occur under different input-field phases.Therefore,we propose a scheme to realize an all-optical switch based on phase-dependent CPA–CPT conversion.In our proposal,the CPT state and the CPA state are treated as the on state and the off state,respectively.Consequently,the efficiency of this all-optical switch can reach the maximum value of 1.With the introduction of an incoherent pump field,the CPA state can be achieved under a weaker input probe field or can be converted into a CPT state.The results show that the optical switch can operate with weaker fields and can be further optimized by the application of an incoherent field.展开更多
Conducting hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the field of wearable electronics.However,simultaneously achieving high transparency,high conductivity,strong adhesion,and self-healing ability within a short...Conducting hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the field of wearable electronics.However,simultaneously achieving high transparency,high conductivity,strong adhesion,and self-healing ability within a short time remains a major challenge.In this study,a multifunctional mussel-inspired hydrogel was synthesized in only 5 min,with polydopamine(PDA)-polypyrrole(Ppy)-polyaniline(PANi)and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)nanoparticles incorporated into the polyacrylamide(PAM)network.The resulting hydrogel exhibited high transparency(about 90% light transmission in the range of 400-800 nm),high conductivity((95.4±0.4)×10^(-4)S/cm),tensile strength(32.60±1.03 k Pa),strain at break(904.46%±11.50%),and adhesive strength(30-60 k Pa).It also demonstrated rapid self-healing properties(about 48% strength recovery within 1h at 50℃)and water-dependent shape memory behavior.As a wearable strain sensor,the hydrogel successfully detected finger flexion,wrist movements,facial expression changes,and breathing with high sensitivity and stability.The calculated gauge factor(GF)was 7.44±0.31,which is higher than that of many previously reported hydrogels.Compared with previous oyster-inspired or Ppy-based hydrogels,our system showed a much shorter synthesis time,higher transparency,and enhanced multifunctionality.These findings highlight the potential of the proposed hydrogel for next-generation flexible electronics,e-skin,and biomedical monitoring devices.展开更多
Optical tweezers technology has the characteristics of noncontact manipulation in three dimensions and steerable separation in solutions,and could be applied to obtain a separated sperm with high quality for intracyto...Optical tweezers technology has the characteristics of noncontact manipulation in three dimensions and steerable separation in solutions,and could be applied to obtain a separated sperm with high quality for intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI).However,the effects of optical tweezers on sperm motility are still unclear.To elucidate the effects on sperm motility for optical tweezers,we systematically investigated the correlation between motility parameters and the parameters of optical tweezers(wavelength,power,trapping duration,and trapping orientation).Under three systems of optical tweezers with different laser wavelengths(1064,850,and 785 nm),the nine motility parameters of free swimming were mainly affected by trapping orientation(vertical/horizontal)and trapping duration.When 850 nm laser and 1064 nm laser are used,vertical trapping significantly reduces sperm free-swimming capability with prolonged exposure time,whereas horizontal trapping exhibits relatively minor interference on sperm motility.Notably,the 785 nm laser does not induce statistically significant changes in key parameters of sperm motility under any experimental conditions(trapping orientation and duration).For the rolling frequency of trapped sperm,horizontal trapping for three wavelengths has a negligible effect compared with vertical trapping,especially for the 785 nm laser.In conclusion,horizontal trapping can preserve sperm motility under low power(below 140mW at 1064 nm,below 100mW at 850nm,below 60mW at 785 nm)and short duration(below 4 min).This trapping duration is suffcient for the separation procedure of single live sperm in ICSI.This study provides critical parameter optimization guidelines for the safe application of optical tweezers technology in reproductive medicine.展开更多
基金the Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Bureau of Ningbo City(Grant No.2023Z082)supported by the Major scientific and technologic project of Fuzhou Science and Technology Project Plan(No.2022-ZD-007)+2 种基金by the Jiangxi Provincial Administration for Market Regulation(No.GSJK202221)by the Natural Science Foundation Project of Shanghai“science and technology innovation action plan”(Nos.20ZR1400200 and 22ZR1400500)supported by Project(No.Grant52173218)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and funded by Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Advanced Textiles.
文摘Multi-functional smart textiles are receiving a lot of attention for their tremendous application devel-opment in the fields of personal thermal management,artificial muscle,electronic skin,and human-machine interaction.For the complex use of many different smart textiles,designing a multifunctional textile that integrates personal thermal management,smart sensing,and flexible actuating is still a great challenge.Here,we decorated MXene on elastic fabrics by simple dip-coating and asymmetric Ecoflex encapsulation protocol to obtain electrical/optical dual-energy-driven wearable heaters with highly re-sponsive actuating and strain-sensing performance.The MXene fabric-based heaters(MFHs)have high efficiency of Joule heating(Steady state temperature of 116.7℃ at 12 V)and photothermal conversion performance(180.3℃ in 60 s under the near infrared lamp irradiation,up to 57.5℃ under 600 W m^(-2) simulated solar irradiation).Benefiting from high electrical/optical dual-energy conversion efficiency,MFH has a fast photothermal driving effect(bending angle up to 360°in 5 s)due to the different curvature of thermal expansion on both sides of the fabric.Interestingly,MFH has the capability to monitor human strain(such as muscle and joint movements).Based on the above excellent performance,we finally be-lieve that the MFHs have broad application prospects in the fields of all-weather body heat management,health monitoring,thermal health care,and thermal robotics.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3812400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51890871)the GJYC Program of Guangzhou(No.2024D02J0004)。
文摘The development of high-performance transparent substrates is critical for next-generation flexible electronic devices.Herein,we designed two novel meta-substituted diamines incorporating trifluoromethyl(―CF_(3))and methyl(―CH_(3))groups to synthesize colorless copolyimide(CPI)films via copolymerization with 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride(6FDA)/3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride(BPDA).The combination of meta-substituted architecture and substituents enables the simultaneous attainment of an ultralow dielectric constant(D_k)and high transparency.The meta-substitution geometry and electronic effects of―CF_(3)/―CH_(3) effectively suppressed charge-transfer complex(CTC)formation,expanded fractional free volume(FFV),and restricted π-electron conjugation,as validated by DFT calculations and wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD)analysis.The optimized CPI film(PIA_(1)-6FDA/BPDA(10/0))achieved outstanding transmittance(T_(450)=88.15%),ultralow dielectric constant(D_(k)=2.08 at 1 k Hz),and minimal dielectric loss(D_(f)=0.0012),while maintaining robust thermal stability(T_(d5%)>523℃)and mechanical strength(σ=87.5 MPa).This work establishes a molecular engineering strategy to concurrently enhance the optical and dielectric properties,positioning meta-substituted CPIs as promising candidates for transparent flexible devices.
基金the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University,Saudi Arabia,for funding this study through the Large Groups Project(Grant No.RGP2/2/47)the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,KSA for funding this research work through project number NBU-FFR-2025-1902-02。
文摘Cu_(x)Ta_(2-x)O_(5) compositions were investigated for advanced thermoelectric and optical applications,using both simulations and experimental approaches.Density functional theory calculations were performed before the experimental observations to predict the trends of various parameters.Crystal structure analysis confirmed the presence of the orthorhombic Ta_(2)O_(5) phase in all the compositions.The composition and morphology demonstrated impurity-free contents with uniform and crack-free surfaces.Thermoelectric analysis depicted a decrease in Seebeck coefficient from 3.66??V·K^(-1)to 1.91??V·K^(-1)and an increase in the value of specific heat from 0.73 J·K^(-1)·kg^(-1)to 11.6 J·K^(-1)·kg^(-1)upon Cu incorporation in structure.The bandgap was found to reduce from 2.61 to 1.38 e V with Cu-induced electronic states.The real epsilon and static refractive index increased from 3.75 to 4.57 and from 1.93 to 2.11,respectively,with increment in Cu content.The enhanced parameters,focusing on the thermoelectric and optical responses,make these compositions potential candidates for advanced optoelectronic applications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 52477151 and 52522702).
文摘This study proposes a nondestructive optical imaging-based three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction method to analyse electrical tree propagation in polypropylene(PP)cable insulation under mechanical bending.The technique combines focus-stacked optical imaging with a feature fusion algorithm to segment in-focus regions across depth layers,enabling 3D reconstruction of electrical trees in PP homopolymer(PPH),block copolymer(PPB)and elastomer-blended(PP/TPE)samples.The results demonstrate that mechanical bending accelerates electrical tree propagation in PPH,and that degradation channels transition from a branch-like to a straight-stick morphology,tending to grow directionally towards stretched regions.With a bending radius of 10 mm,the breakdown time drops from 297.0 min for the undeformed samples to 6.3 min.PPB and PP/TPE delay the time to breakdown by 70.6%and 171.2%,respectively,highlighting their superior resistance under bending stress,which is attributed to maintaining elasticity rather than yield deformation under bending stresses.This study provides a novel tool for evaluating the electrical tree resistance of PP composites under the mechanical stress,guiding the development of recyclable high-voltage direct current cable insulation.
文摘Here,the effect of cerium and terbium ions substitution on structural,optical,dielectric,and electrical properties of Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Fe_(12)O_(19)M-type hexaferrite prepared by solvent free method i.e.,auto co mbustion method was reported.The X-ray diffraction technique was used for the structural examination.The hexagonal structure of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples is confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern analysis.The crystallite size of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)(x=0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5,and 2.0)samples ranges from 28.37 to 39.12 nm.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)spectra confirm the lattice vibration at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.The strong emission peaks of 3.40 eV are seen at 364 nm.It is found that photoluminescence intensity reduces with Ce-Tb substitution,which is associated with a reduction in electron-hole recombination.In the temperature range of room temperature(23℃)to 200℃,the dielectric constant,dielectric loss,and AC conductivity were computed over a broad frequency range of 10^(2)-10^(5) Hz.Maxwell-Wagner's two-laye r model explains the frequency dependent dielectric behaviour of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples.The dielectric constant increases for the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples as the Ce-Tb concentration increases up to x=1.0,and with further increasing the Ce^(3+)and Tb^(3+)ions up to x=2.0 the dielectric constant decreases.All of the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)samples exhibit non-Debye type relaxation behaviour,according to the impedance measurement.The substitution of Ce^(3+)and Tb^(3+)ions reduces the grain boundary density,resulting in the low values of the impedance at the grain boundaries.It is found that the multiple hopping conduction process is the main mechanism in the Ca_(0.95)Y_(0.05)Ce_(x)Tb_(x)Fe_(12-2x)O_(19)compounds.
基金Project supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)
文摘Two-dimensional （2D） metamaterials are considered to be of enormous relevance to the progress of all exact sciences. Since the discovery of graphene, researchers have increasingly investigated in depth the details of electrical/optical proper- ties pertinent to other 2D metamaterials, including those relating to the silicene. In this review are included the details and comparisons of the atomic structures, energy diagram bands, substrates, charge densities, charge mobilities, conductivities, absorptions, electrical permittivities, dispersion relations of the wave vectors, and supported electromagnetic modes related to graphene and silicene. Hence, this review can help readers to acquire, recover or increase the necessary technological basis for the development of more specific studies on graphene and silicene.
基金funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0502900)special fund for Research on the National Major Research Instruments of China(62027824)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20314)the Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province in China(2022a05020028)the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province.
文摘The ability to noninvasively manipulate and isolate specific cell populations in vivo is critical for advancing real-time diagnostics,precision medicine,and immunological research.Here,we present a novel and broadly applicable optical trapping system based on a custom-designed 2×3 optical tweezer array,which enables the real-time interception and manipulation of circulating leukocytes in live animals.By utilizing intrinsic velocity differences between leukocytes and red blood cells,the system achieves stable trapping of individual leukocytes in vessels 15-20μm in diameter and decelerates multiple cells in vessels greater than 20μm.Notably,it also enables the optical blockage of lymphatic vessels exceeding 50μm,a previously unreported capability.This label-free,noninvasive approach operates without repeated blood draws and is compatible with diverse vessel geometries and flow dynamics.The system offers a generalizable solution for in vivo cell extraction and analysis,paving the way for high-precision single-cell technologies in biomedical research and clinical translation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52422107,T2394471,and 62571319)Beijing Nova Program(20240484531)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M710074)and Open Research Fund Program of Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology(04410304023).
文摘In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,optical neural networks(ONNs)have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic approaches,offering superior parallelism,ultrafast processing speeds,and high energy efficiency[1-3].However,a major bottleneck in the practical implementation of ONNs is the absence of effective nonlinear activation functions.Self-driven photodetectors have emerged as versatile optical to electrical converters,opening innovative avenues for energy-effective and flexibly integrated activation functions in ONNs through their reconfigurable optoelectronic nonlinearity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFA1406200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2521005,12174144,12474009,12174146,and 124B2059)the Special Construction Project Fund for Shan-dong Province Taishan Scholars.
文摘Multifunctional optical responsive materials have grown increasingly pivotal in addressingthe escalating demands of sensing,detection,and anti-counterfeiting applications[1,2].These materials exhibit distinct visible optical variations upon exposure to external stimuli,such as pressure,temperature,light,solvents,pH fluctuations,or mechanical force.Fluorescent sensing and anti-counterfeiting technologies leveraging these optical responses have emerged as highly promising solutions.
基金supported by the Innovation Pro-gram for Quantum Science and Technology(Grant Nos.2021ZD0300900 and 2021ZD0300902)the Strate-gic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB35010202)the Operation and Maintenance of Major Scientific and Technological In-frastructure of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2024000014).
文摘We report the SrII optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center(NTSC).In this system,a blackbody radiation shield with movable lattice mitigates blackbody radiation shifts through active temperature control.A shallow optical lattice with minimal tunneling minimizes AC Stark shifts.Phase-locked counter-propagating lattice beams and conductive vacuum viewports further reduce systematic uncertainties and a novel initial-state preparation method simplifies the system.Clock transition spectra achieve a linewidth of 2.5 Hz with a 400 ms clock pulse,and self-comparison stability reaches 5.1×10^(-16)at 1 s.These advancements give this clock the potential to be a critical platform for realizing outstanding systematic uncertainties in the future.
基金supported by the financial support received from the Indian Council of Medical Research-Department of Health Research(ICMRDHR-CoE-5/3/8/5/2019/I-MDMS)Medical Device and Diagnostics Mission Secretariat(MDMS)and Foundation for Centre for Healthcare Entrepreneurship(CfHE).
文摘Gastric cancer,including stomach tumors,poses significant health challenges due to late-stage diagnosis and limited early detection methods.Accurate imaging and precise tumor margin demarcation are critical for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.Conventional imaging techniques,such as endoscopy and histopathology,provide valuable diagnostic information but cannot offer real-time assessment.We aim to explore the application of optical coherence tomography(OCT),combined with statistical and machine learning methods,for rapid tumor margin demarcation in gastrointestinal(GI)cancer tissues in exvivo.GI tumor specimens from 17 patients were imaged intraoperatively with OCT.Quantitative features were extracted from the images,and statistical and machine learning analyses were applied to distinguish tissue types.Subsequent histopathological evaluation was used as the reference standard for validation.The combination of OCT imaging and data-driven analysis enables clear differentiation between healthy,marginal and tumor tissues in near real-time.The KNN model achieved the highest classification accuracy(0.921±0.040),with SVM(0.906±0.038)and Extra Trees(0.901±0.034)also demonstrating robust performance in discriminating tissue margins.OCT findings demonstrate strong agreement with histopathology.Integrated with statistical and machine learning techniques,OCT enables rapid assessment of GI tumor margins.This approach provides quantitative objectivity and real-time feedback,closely approximating histopathological analysis and supporting improved surgical decision-making.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong,China(No.2020A1515010829,No.2023A1515011652,No.2025A1515012389)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(No.2025A03J4033).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the agreement of axial length(AL),anterior chamber parameters,and total cornea power obtained by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)-based and Scheimpflug-based optical biometers in myopic children.METHODS:AL,steep keratometry(K),flat K,posterior corneal keratometry(PK),total keratometry(TK),anterior chamber depth(ACD),horizontal corneal diameter(CD),and central corneal thickness(CCT)were obtained using IOL Master 700 and Pentacam AXL.The agreement between the devices was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC),Bland-Altman plots,and astigmatism vector analysis.RESULTS:Totally 175 myopic children(48.5%male)with a mean age of 10.29±2.14y were enrolled.The ICC and Bland-Altman plots indicated a satisfactory agreement for AL,ACD,and CCT.The mean difference in CD of-0.31±0.30 mm was considered clinically significant(>0.2 mm).Additionally,measurements of K and TK obtained from the IOL Master 700 showed good agreement.Nevertheless,there were clinically significant differences observed in PK,simulated keratometry(simK),total cornea power,and astigmatism(at least 10%of the cases with a difference of>10 degrees in meridian)between the two devices.CONCLUSION:The study findings demonstrate a significant difference in K,PK,astigmatism,and CD,indicating that the two optical biometers cannot be considered interchangeable.Therefore,it is recommended to utilize one kind device for follow-up examinations in myopic children.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.92576208)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program+1 种基金Beijing Science and Technology Planning ProjectTsinghua University Dushi Program。
文摘Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22234005,22494632,22404081)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Nos.BK20222015,BK20240534)。
文摘Detecting biomarkers in body fluids by optical lateral flow immune assay(LFIA) technology provides rapid access to disease information for early diagnosis.LFIA is based on an antigen-antibody reaction and is rapidly becoming the preferred choice of physicians and patients for point-of-care testing due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and rapid detection.Observing the optical signal change from the colloidal gold of the traditional LFIA strip has been widely applied for various biomarkers detection in body fluids.Despite the significant progress,rapid real-time detection of color changes in the colloidal gold by the naked eye still faces many limitations,such as large errors and the inability to quantify and accurately detect.New optical LFIA strip technology has emerged in recent years to extend its application scenarios for achieving quantitative detection such as fluorescence,afterglow,and chemiluminescence.Herein,we summarized the development of optical LFIA technology from single to hyphenated optical signals for biomarkers detection in body fluids from invasive and non-invasive sources.Moreover,the challenge and outlook of optical LFIA strip technology are highlighted to inspire the designing of next-generation diagnostic platforms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22205105,61874053,22075136)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2020YFA0709900)Jiangsu Provincial Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Program(No.KYCX24_1649).
文摘Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.
文摘Overt and harmful diabetes mellitus(DM)has detrimental effects on individuals and,by extension,the community.Among the microvascular DM complications is diabetic retinopathy(DR).DR may cause irreversible vision deterioration in cases of poor blood glucose regulation.Changes in vascular permeability are key trigger points for diabetic macular edema(DME),a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula.The development of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)pathway inhibitors has provided a pathogenesis-based treatment approach for DME.Optical coherence tomography(OCT)provides highresolution imaging of the anatomy,including the aging of DME and its structural damage,in distinct morphologic subtypes of macular edema,thereby supporting the assessment of macular edema treatment.The availability of repeated OCT monitoring provides clinical reassurance through the treatment.OCT angiography(OCTA)provides retinal blood flow maps with high spatial resolution.The ability promotes an understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitates the implementation of new therapeutic methods.This review compares the potential of OCT and OCTA in the diagnosis and treatment of DME,as well as their respective therapeutic applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2421003/22327802/41806142)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Foundation(2025A1515011484/2022A1515011845)+1 种基金Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonics and Biophotonics(ZDSYS20210623092006020)Medical-Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of Shenzhen University(2023YG033).
文摘Optical imaging has been pivotal in biological research(e.g.,cellular/developmental biology)for over two centuries.Recent advances like super-resolution fluorescence and nonlinear optical microscopy enable nanoscale studies of live cells and animals,yet their application to marine mollusks-key marine ecosystem species,remains underexplored.This review summarizes optical imaging techniques and their use in investigating marine mollusks across molecular,cellular,tissue,and individual levels.It highlights promising avenues for novel imaging methods to unravel the structures and functions of these organisms in future research,with a focus on advancements in applying cutting-edge optical techniques across these hierarchical levels.Given optical imaging's significance in elucidating marine mollusks'ecological and genetic information,this field deserves substantial attention and support.The review aims to address existing gaps,providing researchers and practitioners with comprehensive insights to foster further progress in this domain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.12304405,12275203,and 12075176)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.23JK0483)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant Nos.2024JC-YBMS-521 and 2024JC-YBMS-039)the 2022 Shaanxi University Youth Innovation Team Project(Grant No.K20220186)the College Students’Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.S202410702178)。
文摘Coherent perfect absorption(CPA)and coherent perfect transmission(CPT)are two extreme states arising from the manipulation of optical fields.Generally,CPA and CPT occur under different input-field phases.Therefore,we propose a scheme to realize an all-optical switch based on phase-dependent CPA–CPT conversion.In our proposal,the CPT state and the CPA state are treated as the on state and the off state,respectively.Consequently,the efficiency of this all-optical switch can reach the maximum value of 1.With the introduction of an incoherent pump field,the CPA state can be achieved under a weaker input probe field or can be converted into a CPT state.The results show that the optical switch can operate with weaker fields and can be further optimized by the application of an incoherent field.
文摘Conducting hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the field of wearable electronics.However,simultaneously achieving high transparency,high conductivity,strong adhesion,and self-healing ability within a short time remains a major challenge.In this study,a multifunctional mussel-inspired hydrogel was synthesized in only 5 min,with polydopamine(PDA)-polypyrrole(Ppy)-polyaniline(PANi)and poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)nanoparticles incorporated into the polyacrylamide(PAM)network.The resulting hydrogel exhibited high transparency(about 90% light transmission in the range of 400-800 nm),high conductivity((95.4±0.4)×10^(-4)S/cm),tensile strength(32.60±1.03 k Pa),strain at break(904.46%±11.50%),and adhesive strength(30-60 k Pa).It also demonstrated rapid self-healing properties(about 48% strength recovery within 1h at 50℃)and water-dependent shape memory behavior.As a wearable strain sensor,the hydrogel successfully detected finger flexion,wrist movements,facial expression changes,and breathing with high sensitivity and stability.The calculated gauge factor(GF)was 7.44±0.31,which is higher than that of many previously reported hydrogels.Compared with previous oyster-inspired or Ppy-based hydrogels,our system showed a much shorter synthesis time,higher transparency,and enhanced multifunctionality.These findings highlight the potential of the proposed hydrogel for next-generation flexible electronics,e-skin,and biomedical monitoring devices.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province in China(2508085MF166)Research Fund of Anhui Institute of Translational Medicine(2024zh-03)+2 种基金Key Scientific Research Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province(2023AH040083)National Natural Science Foundation of China(12404353)Cultivation Project of Training Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Universities of Anhui Province(DTR2023013).
文摘Optical tweezers technology has the characteristics of noncontact manipulation in three dimensions and steerable separation in solutions,and could be applied to obtain a separated sperm with high quality for intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI).However,the effects of optical tweezers on sperm motility are still unclear.To elucidate the effects on sperm motility for optical tweezers,we systematically investigated the correlation between motility parameters and the parameters of optical tweezers(wavelength,power,trapping duration,and trapping orientation).Under three systems of optical tweezers with different laser wavelengths(1064,850,and 785 nm),the nine motility parameters of free swimming were mainly affected by trapping orientation(vertical/horizontal)and trapping duration.When 850 nm laser and 1064 nm laser are used,vertical trapping significantly reduces sperm free-swimming capability with prolonged exposure time,whereas horizontal trapping exhibits relatively minor interference on sperm motility.Notably,the 785 nm laser does not induce statistically significant changes in key parameters of sperm motility under any experimental conditions(trapping orientation and duration).For the rolling frequency of trapped sperm,horizontal trapping for three wavelengths has a negligible effect compared with vertical trapping,especially for the 785 nm laser.In conclusion,horizontal trapping can preserve sperm motility under low power(below 140mW at 1064 nm,below 100mW at 850nm,below 60mW at 785 nm)and short duration(below 4 min).This trapping duration is suffcient for the separation procedure of single live sperm in ICSI.This study provides critical parameter optimization guidelines for the safe application of optical tweezers technology in reproductive medicine.
