Noise is inevitable in electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)measurements.This paper describes the influence of noise on ECT performance for measuring gas-solids fluidized bed characteristics.The noise distribution is...Noise is inevitable in electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)measurements.This paper describes the influence of noise on ECT performance for measuring gas-solids fluidized bed characteristics.The noise distribution is approximated by the Gaussian distribution and added to experimental capacitance data with various intensities.The equivalent signal strength(Ф)that equals the signal-to-noise ratio of packed beds is used to evaluate noise levels.Results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient,which indicates the similarity of solids fraction distributions over pixels,increases with Ф,and reconstructed images are more deteriorated at lower Ф.Nevertheless,relative errors for average solids fraction and bubble size in each frame are less sensitive to noise,attributed to noise compromise caused by the process of pixel values.These findings provide useful guidance for assessing the accuracy of ECT measurements of multiphase flows.展开更多
Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computatio...Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computational models. Online measurements can be used for active control. Electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on a solid concentration measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg, using ECT. In this experiment eight electrodes are selected for the ECT sensor that is placed on the straight tube of the dipleg. The fluctuating characteristics according to the screw feeder and the effect of the airflow rate from the top of the cyclone are analyzed. The feasibility andreliability of the method are verified by the experimental results.展开更多
To measure the void fraction online in oil-gas pipeline, an improved electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system has been designed. The capacitance sensor with new structure has twelve internal electrodes and overc...To measure the void fraction online in oil-gas pipeline, an improved electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system has been designed. The capacitance sensor with new structure has twelve internal electrodes and overcomes the influence of the pipe wall. The data collection system is improved by using high performance IC (integrated circuit). Static tests of bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow regime are carried out. Measurements are taken on bubble flow, stratified flow and slug flow. Results show that the new ECT system performs well on void fraction measurement of bubble flow and stratified flow, but the error of measurement for slug flow is more than 10%.展开更多
Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years.Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT.To solve the ill-posed ...Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years.Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT.To solve the ill-posed and nonlinear inverse problem of ECT image reconstruction,a new ECT image reconstruction method based on fast linearized alternating direction method of multipliers(FLADMM)is proposed in this paper.On the basis of theoretical analysis of compressed sensing(CS),the data acquisition of ECT is regarded as a linear measurement process of permittivity distribution signal of pipe section.A new measurement matrix is designed and L1 regularization method is used to convert ECT inverse problem to a convex relaxation problem which contains prior knowledge.A new fast alternating direction method of multipliers which contained linearized idea is employed to minimize the objective function.Simulation data and experimental results indicate that compared with other methods,the quality and speed of reconstructed images are markedly improved.Also,the dynamic experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can ful fill the real-time requirement of ECT systems in the application.展开更多
A new voidage measurement method based on electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique, Genetic Algo- rithm (GA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) method was proposed. The voidage measurement model, linear capacitan...A new voidage measurement method based on electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique, Genetic Algo- rithm (GA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) method was proposed. The voidage measurement model, linear capacitance combi- nation, was developed to measure on-line voidage. GA and PLS method were used to determine the coefficients of the voidage measurement model. GA was used to explore the optimal capacitance combination which gave significant contribution to the voidage measurement. PLS method was applied to determine the weight coefficient of the contribution of each capacitance to the voidage measurement. Flow pattern identification result was introduced to improve the voidage measurement accuracy. Experi- mental results showed that the proposed voidage measurement method is effective and that the measurement accuracy is satis- factory.展开更多
Identifying the flow patterns is vital for understanding the complicated physical mechanisms in multiphase flows.For this purpose,electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) technique is considered as a promising visualiza...Identifying the flow patterns is vital for understanding the complicated physical mechanisms in multiphase flows.For this purpose,electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) technique is considered as a promising visualization method for the flow pattern identification,in which image reconstruction algorithms play an important role.In this paper,a generalized dynamic reconstruction model,which integrates ECT measurement information and physical evolution information of the objects of interest,was presented.A generalized objective functional that simultaneously considers the spatial constraints,temporal constraints and dynamic evolution information of the objects of interest was proposed.Numerical simulations and experiments were implemented to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.For the cases considered in this paper,the proposed algorithm can well reconstruct the flow patterns,and the quality of the reconstructed images is improved,which indicates that the proposed algorithm is competent to reconstruct the flow patterns in the visualization of multiphase flows.展开更多
During mine filling,the caking in the pipeline and the waste rock in the filling slurry may cause serious safety accidents such as pipe blocking or explosion.Therefore,the visualization of the innermine filling of the...During mine filling,the caking in the pipeline and the waste rock in the filling slurry may cause serious safety accidents such as pipe blocking or explosion.Therefore,the visualization of the innermine filling of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in the pipeline is important.This paper proposes a method based on capacitance tomography for the visualization of the solid-liquid distribution on the section of a filling pipe.A feedback network is used for electrical capacitance tomography reconstruction.This reconstruction method uses radial basis function neural network fitting to determine the relationship between the capacitance vector and medium distribution error.In the reconstruction process,the error in the linear back projection is removed;thus,the reconstruction problem becomes an accurate linear problem.The simulation results showthat the reconstruction accuracy of this algorithm is better than that of many traditional algorithms;furthermore,the reconstructed image artifacts are fewer,and the phase distribution boundary is clearer.This method can help determine the location and size of the caking and waste rock in the cross section of the pipeline more accurately and has great application prospects in the visualization of filling pipelines in mines.展开更多
Due to the widespread use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/plastic(CFRP),the nondestructive structural health monitoring for CFRP is playing an increasingly essential role.As a nonrad iative,noninvasive and nondestr...Due to the widespread use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/plastic(CFRP),the nondestructive structural health monitoring for CFRP is playing an increasingly essential role.As a nonrad iative,noninvasive and nondestructive detection technique,planar electrical capacitance tomography(PECT)electrodes array is employed in this paper to reconstruct the damage image according to the calculated dielectric constant changes.The shape and duty ratio of PECT electro-des are optimized according to the relations between sensitivity distribution and the dielectric constant of different anisotropic degrees.The sensitivity matrix of optimized PECT sensor is more uniform as the result shows,because the sensitiv-ity of insensitivity area can be increased by adding rotation of optimized electro-des.The reconstructed image qualities due to different PECT arrays and different damage locations are investigated at last.The simulation results indicate that:PECT can be used to detect the surface damage of CFRP;the sensitivity matrix of PECT for CFRP is highly relevant with the degree of anisotropic dielectric con-stant;the rotatable PECT sensor with rotation has better performance in unifor-mity of sensitivity;for different damage locations,the rotatable sensor with rotation has better image quality in most cases.展开更多
In the long distance transportation of slurry filled for mining filling,there exist complex variation rules of pressure and flow velocity,pipe distribution location and other influencing factors.Electrical capacitance...In the long distance transportation of slurry filled for mining filling,there exist complex variation rules of pressure and flow velocity,pipe distribution location and other influencing factors.Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)is a technique for visualizing two-phase flow in a pipe or closed container.In this paper,a visual detection method was proposed by image reconstruction of core,laminar,bubble and annular flow based on ECT technology,which reflects distribution of slurry in deep filling pipeline and measures the degree of blockage.There is an error between the measured and the real two-phase flow distribution due to two factors,which are immature image reconstruction algorithm of ECT and difference of flow patterns leading to degrees of error.In this paper,convolutional neural networks(CNN)is used to recognize flow patterns,and then the optimal image is calculated by the improved particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm with weights using simulated annealing strategy,and the fitness function is improved based on the results of the shallow neural network.Finally,the reconstructed binary image is further processed to obtain the position,size and direction of the blocked pipe.The realization of this method provides technical support for pipeline detection technology.展开更多
Electrical capacitance volume tomography(ECVT) is a recently-developed technique for real-time,non-invasive 3D monitoring of processes involving materials with strong contrasts in dielectric permittivity.This work is ...Electrical capacitance volume tomography(ECVT) is a recently-developed technique for real-time,non-invasive 3D monitoring of processes involving materials with strong contrasts in dielectric permittivity.This work is first application of the method to visualization of water flow in soil.We describe the principles behind the method,and then demonstrate its use with a simple laboratory infiltration experiment.32 ECVT sensors were installed on the sides of an empty PVC column.Water was poured into the column at a constant rate,and ECVT data were collected every second.The column was then packed with dry sand and again supplied with water at a constant rate with data collected every second.Data were analyzed to give bulk average water contents,which proved consistent with the water supply rates.Data were also analyzed to give 3D images(216 voxels) allowing visualization of the water distribution during the experiments.Result of this work shows that water infiltration into the soil,wall flow,progress of the unstable wetting front and the final water distribution are clearly visible.展开更多
Electrical capacitance tomography technique reconstructs dielectric constant distribution in an object by measuring the capacitances between the eletrode pairs which are mounted around this object. Because of the limi...Electrical capacitance tomography technique reconstructs dielectric constant distribution in an object by measuring the capacitances between the eletrode pairs which are mounted around this object. Because of the limitation of measurement condition, the measured data are imcomplet. This paper describes a multiresolution reconstructive algorithm which is based on network theory for electrical capacitance tomography technique. The dielectric constant distribution of flow of two components in a pipeline is reconstructed. The algorithm is as follows: Firstly, construct a rough, first level system model, and assume the dielectric constant distribution of the region to be reconstructed. After iteration, the dielectic constant of each unit can be reconstructed. Secondly, construct a finer, second level the system model and determine the initial dielectric constant of each unit in the region to be reconstructed according to related information between two levels. After iteration, the image of the pipeline's cross section can be reconstructed. The results of simulated experiments about different kinds of medium distributions show that this algorithm is effective and can converge.展开更多
Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) determines the dielectric permittivity of the interior object depending on the measurements of exterior capacitance. Generally, the electrodes are placed outside the PVC cylinde...Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) determines the dielectric permittivity of the interior object depending on the measurements of exterior capacitance. Generally, the electrodes are placed outside the PVC cylinder where the medium to be imaged is present;but in ECT using inter-electrode capacitance measurements can be achieved by placing inside of the dielectric medium. In the proposed ECT system, the ECT sensor is modeled using ANSYS software and the model is implemented in real ECT system. For each step of measurement, a stable AC signal is applied to a pair of electrodes that form a capacitor. The novel system is to measure the capacitance range variation in picofarad and the corresponding voltage ranges from 1 volt to 4 volts. The switching speed of all combinational electrodes is implemented using embedded system to achieve higher speed performance of AC ECT system which eliminates the drift and stray capacitance error. This is yielding the original image of unknown multiphase medium inside the electrodes using Lab VIEW. This paper investigates several advantages such as improved overall system performance;simple structure, avoids stray capacitance effect, reduces the drift problem and achieves high signal to noise ratio.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of meso-scale combustion.The technique of electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) was used to locate flame position and monitor the effect corresponding to va...This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of meso-scale combustion.The technique of electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) was used to locate flame position and monitor the effect corresponding to varied air/fuel ratio in a meso-scale combustor.Combustion phenomena including igniting,quenching and unsteady combustion have been visualized using ECT.The method of metallization protecting ECT sensor from high temperature damage and the novel calibration method adapted to ECT monitoring of unknown permittivity flame have been shown to be successful.At the same time,electrical nature of combustion and dielectric characteristics of hy-drocarbon flame were studied.The relationship between flame permittivity and state parameters of combustion gas was demonstrated preliminarily.展开更多
Electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） has been used for more than a decade for imaging dielectric processes. However, because of its ill-posedness and non-linearity, ECT image reconstruction has always been a chal...Electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） has been used for more than a decade for imaging dielectric processes. However, because of its ill-posedness and non-linearity, ECT image reconstruction has always been a challenge. A new genetic algorithm （GA） developed for ECT image reconstruction uses initial results from a linear back-projection, which is widely used for ECT image reconstruction to optimize the threshold and the maximum and minimum gray values for the image. The procedure avoids optimizing the gray values pixel by pixel and significantly reduces the search space dimension. Both simulations and static experimental results show that the method is efficient and capable of reconstructing high quality images. Evaluation criteria show that the GA-based method has smaller image error and greater correlation coefficients. In addition, the GA-based method converges quickly with a small number of iterations.展开更多
An experimental study was performed to evaluate the suitability of using an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system to visualize the flow patterns, and to measure the film thickness of the annular flow in a two...An experimental study was performed to evaluate the suitability of using an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system to visualize the flow patterns, and to measure the film thickness of the annular flow in a two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT). The performance of the ECT system was examined over a range of flow conditions.The experimental data were compared with the visual observations and existing correlations. Results indicated that the ECT system, with the linear back projection (LBP) algorithm, could be used to give an on-line qualitative image of the flow patterns. The Landweber iteration algorithm with optimal step length was implemented off-line to reconstruct high-resolution images. Then, the images were analyzed to obtain the film thickness of the annular flow. The experimental data compared well with the Nusselt's equation in low vapor velocity range, but showed an increasing deficiency with the increase of vapor velocity.展开更多
The flow characteristics of a dual fluidised bed gasifier(DFBG)are more complex than those of a single fluidised bed gasifier.For stable operation and appropriate control,a cold DFBG test facility with both an upper a...The flow characteristics of a dual fluidised bed gasifier(DFBG)are more complex than those of a single fluidised bed gasifier.For stable operation and appropriate control,a cold DFBG test facility with both an upper and a lower U-valve was built,and electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)sensors were installed with pressure transducers to investigate the effects of operating conditions on gas-solids flow hydrodynamics.The operating parameters included gas velocities in the riser and in the bubbling fluidised bed,aeration velocity in the lower U-valve,bed material inventory,and particle size.This is the first time that ECT was applied in different flow zones of a dual fluidised bed gasifier system.The experimental results indicated that ECT in the recycle chamber could monitor the performance of the lower U-valve under different operating conditions for early detection of gas shortcut from the riser to the bubbling bed.Three main flow regimes in the riser and the differences between the reactors were identified by two sets of ECT sensors with pressure transducers.Finally,the effects of the operating conditions on the pressure drop in different parts of the DFBG was investigated.展开更多
The permafrost with the highest altitude and largest area in the mid and low latitude is located in the Qinghad-Tibet Plateau. As most frozen soils contain ice particles which are very sensitive to temperature and oth...The permafrost with the highest altitude and largest area in the mid and low latitude is located in the Qinghad-Tibet Plateau. As most frozen soils contain ice particles which are very sensitive to temperature and other external parameters, thus influencing the stability of the embankment in permafrost regions, it is very important to develop techniques to prevent damages to railway embankments due to thaw settlement. In this paper, the electrical capacitance sensors are designed to study the freezing front movement in a vessel and ice movement in water, which is the first step to apply the ECT system to the study of frozen soil. Two sensor arrangements are put into use. First, the traditional closed electrode sensors are put into use. In this arrangement, the electrodes are attached to the outside of the pipe or vessel, and the cross-sectional distribution of ice and water could be reconstructed from the capacitances measured. Also, the ice moving track at the cross section could be reflected thoroughly.Since the traditional closed electrode sensors can not meet the needs of measuring the ice freezing front move- ment, a new electrode sensors structure, that is, the unclosed electrode sensors are designed to satisfy the specific test of frozen soil. In this arrangement, several pairs of electrodes are arranged along the height of the vessel. A sudden decrease in the measured capacitance is observed when the freezing front advances past the electrodes.Therefore, according to the capacitance variation, the ice movement can be reflected. In summary, electrical capacitance tomography has the advantages of being non-intrusive. With different electrode sensor arrangement, ice movement and ice freezing front can be obtained. The electrical capacitance sensor system can be applied to investigate the complicated phenomena in frozen soil.展开更多
We describe a new two phase flow electrical capacitance tomography algorithm of image reconstruction which is based on 12 electrode capacitance transducers. According to the result of computer simulation, this algor...We describe a new two phase flow electrical capacitance tomography algorithm of image reconstruction which is based on 12 electrode capacitance transducers. According to the result of computer simulation, this algorithm is able to greatly increase the imaging fidelity without decreasing the imaging velocity.展开更多
The paper summarizes the research progresses of electrical capacitance and electrical resistance assessing tree vigor and points out the development direction of the study. Researches show that electrical capacitance ...The paper summarizes the research progresses of electrical capacitance and electrical resistance assessing tree vigor and points out the development direction of the study. Researches show that electrical capacitance is related to the indexes of periodic growth rate of trees, foliar biomass and diameter of breast height, while electrical resistance has inverse relationships with the above indexes. Eiectrical capacitance and electrical resistance change when trees suffer environmental stress, insect pests or diseases. Especially, changes of electrical resistance are observed before symptom expression of some tree diseases, which can help to establish a certain disease potential hazard rating system. Mechanisms of electrical capacitance and resistance assessing tree vigor, especially in molecule level, still need to be studied and the application criteria of electrical resistance and capacitance need to be established.展开更多
A cryogenic visible calibration and image evaluation facility(VCCIEF) was constructed to assess the effectiveness of electrical capacitance tomography systems in cryogenic conditions,known as Cryo-ECT.This facility wa...A cryogenic visible calibration and image evaluation facility(VCCIEF) was constructed to assess the effectiveness of electrical capacitance tomography systems in cryogenic conditions,known as Cryo-ECT.This facility was utilized to conduct dynamic,real-time imaging trials with liquid nitrogen(LN2).The actual flow patterns were captured using a camera and contrasted with the imaging outcomes.The capacitance data collected from these experiments were subsequently processed using three distinct methods:linear back projection,Landweber iteration,a fully connected deep neural network,and a convolutional neural network.This allowed for a comparative analysis of the performance of these algorithms in practical scenarios.The findings from the LN2 experiments demonstrated that the Cryo-ECT system,when integrated with the VCCIEF,was capable of successfully executing calibration,generating flow patterns,and performing imaging tasks.The system provided observable,clear,and precise phase distributions of the liquid nitrogen-vaporous nitrogenflow within the pipeline.展开更多
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1501302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22121004,22122808)+1 种基金the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations and the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(BP0618007)for financial supportsupported by the XPLORER PRIZE.
文摘Noise is inevitable in electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)measurements.This paper describes the influence of noise on ECT performance for measuring gas-solids fluidized bed characteristics.The noise distribution is approximated by the Gaussian distribution and added to experimental capacitance data with various intensities.The equivalent signal strength(Ф)that equals the signal-to-noise ratio of packed beds is used to evaluate noise levels.Results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient,which indicates the similarity of solids fraction distributions over pixels,increases with Ф,and reconstructed images are more deteriorated at lower Ф.Nevertheless,relative errors for average solids fraction and bubble size in each frame are less sensitive to noise,attributed to noise compromise caused by the process of pixel values.These findings provide useful guidance for assessing the accuracy of ECT measurements of multiphase flows.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （60672151, 60532020）.
文摘Accurate solid concentration measurement plays a key role in the process industry. Measurements analyzed offline can be used to estimate process efficiencies, to identify problems in a flow, and to validate computational models. Online measurements can be used for active control. Electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on a solid concentration measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg, using ECT. In this experiment eight electrodes are selected for the ECT sensor that is placed on the straight tube of the dipleg. The fluctuating characteristics according to the screw feeder and the effect of the airflow rate from the top of the cyclone are analyzed. The feasibility andreliability of the method are verified by the experimental results.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2002AA616050).
文摘To measure the void fraction online in oil-gas pipeline, an improved electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system has been designed. The capacitance sensor with new structure has twelve internal electrodes and overcomes the influence of the pipe wall. The data collection system is improved by using high performance IC (integrated circuit). Static tests of bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow regime are carried out. Measurements are taken on bubble flow, stratified flow and slug flow. Results show that the new ECT system performs well on void fraction measurement of bubble flow and stratified flow, but the error of measurement for slug flow is more than 10%.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61203021)the Key Science and Technology Program of Liaoning Province(2011216011)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2013020024)the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in Universities(LJQ2015061)
文摘Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years.Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT.To solve the ill-posed and nonlinear inverse problem of ECT image reconstruction,a new ECT image reconstruction method based on fast linearized alternating direction method of multipliers(FLADMM)is proposed in this paper.On the basis of theoretical analysis of compressed sensing(CS),the data acquisition of ECT is regarded as a linear measurement process of permittivity distribution signal of pipe section.A new measurement matrix is designed and L1 regularization method is used to convert ECT inverse problem to a convex relaxation problem which contains prior knowledge.A new fast alternating direction method of multipliers which contained linearized idea is employed to minimize the objective function.Simulation data and experimental results indicate that compared with other methods,the quality and speed of reconstructed images are markedly improved.Also,the dynamic experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can ful fill the real-time requirement of ECT systems in the application.
基金Project (No. 2001AA13210) supported by the Hi-Tech Research andDevelopment Program (863) of China
文摘A new voidage measurement method based on electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique, Genetic Algo- rithm (GA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) method was proposed. The voidage measurement model, linear capacitance combi- nation, was developed to measure on-line voidage. GA and PLS method were used to determine the coefficients of the voidage measurement model. GA was used to explore the optimal capacitance combination which gave significant contribution to the voidage measurement. PLS method was applied to determine the weight coefficient of the contribution of each capacitance to the voidage measurement. Flow pattern identification result was introduced to improve the voidage measurement accuracy. Experi- mental results showed that the proposed voidage measurement method is effective and that the measurement accuracy is satis- factory.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50736002,50806005,51006106)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT0952)
文摘Identifying the flow patterns is vital for understanding the complicated physical mechanisms in multiphase flows.For this purpose,electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) technique is considered as a promising visualization method for the flow pattern identification,in which image reconstruction algorithms play an important role.In this paper,a generalized dynamic reconstruction model,which integrates ECT measurement information and physical evolution information of the objects of interest,was presented.A generalized objective functional that simultaneously considers the spatial constraints,temporal constraints and dynamic evolution information of the objects of interest was proposed.Numerical simulations and experiments were implemented to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.For the cases considered in this paper,the proposed algorithm can well reconstruct the flow patterns,and the quality of the reconstructed images is improved,which indicates that the proposed algorithm is competent to reconstruct the flow patterns in the visualization of multiphase flows.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51704229)Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi’an University of Science and Technology(No.2018YQ2-01).
文摘During mine filling,the caking in the pipeline and the waste rock in the filling slurry may cause serious safety accidents such as pipe blocking or explosion.Therefore,the visualization of the innermine filling of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in the pipeline is important.This paper proposes a method based on capacitance tomography for the visualization of the solid-liquid distribution on the section of a filling pipe.A feedback network is used for electrical capacitance tomography reconstruction.This reconstruction method uses radial basis function neural network fitting to determine the relationship between the capacitance vector and medium distribution error.In the reconstruction process,the error in the linear back projection is removed;thus,the reconstruction problem becomes an accurate linear problem.The simulation results showthat the reconstruction accuracy of this algorithm is better than that of many traditional algorithms;furthermore,the reconstructed image artifacts are fewer,and the phase distribution boundary is clearer.This method can help determine the location and size of the caking and waste rock in the cross section of the pipeline more accurately and has great application prospects in the visualization of filling pipelines in mines.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61871379).
文摘Due to the widespread use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/plastic(CFRP),the nondestructive structural health monitoring for CFRP is playing an increasingly essential role.As a nonrad iative,noninvasive and nondestructive detection technique,planar electrical capacitance tomography(PECT)electrodes array is employed in this paper to reconstruct the damage image according to the calculated dielectric constant changes.The shape and duty ratio of PECT electro-des are optimized according to the relations between sensitivity distribution and the dielectric constant of different anisotropic degrees.The sensitivity matrix of optimized PECT sensor is more uniform as the result shows,because the sensitiv-ity of insensitivity area can be increased by adding rotation of optimized electro-des.The reconstructed image qualities due to different PECT arrays and different damage locations are investigated at last.The simulation results indicate that:PECT can be used to detect the surface damage of CFRP;the sensitivity matrix of PECT for CFRP is highly relevant with the degree of anisotropic dielectric con-stant;the rotatable PECT sensor with rotation has better performance in unifor-mity of sensitivity;for different damage locations,the rotatable sensor with rotation has better image quality in most cases.
基金Project(51704229)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2018YQ2-01)supported by the Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Xi’an University of Science and Technology,China。
文摘In the long distance transportation of slurry filled for mining filling,there exist complex variation rules of pressure and flow velocity,pipe distribution location and other influencing factors.Electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)is a technique for visualizing two-phase flow in a pipe or closed container.In this paper,a visual detection method was proposed by image reconstruction of core,laminar,bubble and annular flow based on ECT technology,which reflects distribution of slurry in deep filling pipeline and measures the degree of blockage.There is an error between the measured and the real two-phase flow distribution due to two factors,which are immature image reconstruction algorithm of ECT and difference of flow patterns leading to degrees of error.In this paper,convolutional neural networks(CNN)is used to recognize flow patterns,and then the optimal image is calculated by the improved particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm with weights using simulated annealing strategy,and the fitness function is improved based on the results of the shallow neural network.Finally,the reconstructed binary image is further processed to obtain the position,size and direction of the blocked pipe.The realization of this method provides technical support for pipeline detection technology.
文摘Electrical capacitance volume tomography(ECVT) is a recently-developed technique for real-time,non-invasive 3D monitoring of processes involving materials with strong contrasts in dielectric permittivity.This work is first application of the method to visualization of water flow in soil.We describe the principles behind the method,and then demonstrate its use with a simple laboratory infiltration experiment.32 ECVT sensors were installed on the sides of an empty PVC column.Water was poured into the column at a constant rate,and ECVT data were collected every second.The column was then packed with dry sand and again supplied with water at a constant rate with data collected every second.Data were analyzed to give bulk average water contents,which proved consistent with the water supply rates.Data were also analyzed to give 3D images(216 voxels) allowing visualization of the water distribution during the experiments.Result of this work shows that water infiltration into the soil,wall flow,progress of the unstable wetting front and the final water distribution are clearly visible.
文摘Electrical capacitance tomography technique reconstructs dielectric constant distribution in an object by measuring the capacitances between the eletrode pairs which are mounted around this object. Because of the limitation of measurement condition, the measured data are imcomplet. This paper describes a multiresolution reconstructive algorithm which is based on network theory for electrical capacitance tomography technique. The dielectric constant distribution of flow of two components in a pipeline is reconstructed. The algorithm is as follows: Firstly, construct a rough, first level system model, and assume the dielectric constant distribution of the region to be reconstructed. After iteration, the dielectic constant of each unit can be reconstructed. Secondly, construct a finer, second level the system model and determine the initial dielectric constant of each unit in the region to be reconstructed according to related information between two levels. After iteration, the image of the pipeline's cross section can be reconstructed. The results of simulated experiments about different kinds of medium distributions show that this algorithm is effective and can converge.
文摘Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) determines the dielectric permittivity of the interior object depending on the measurements of exterior capacitance. Generally, the electrodes are placed outside the PVC cylinder where the medium to be imaged is present;but in ECT using inter-electrode capacitance measurements can be achieved by placing inside of the dielectric medium. In the proposed ECT system, the ECT sensor is modeled using ANSYS software and the model is implemented in real ECT system. For each step of measurement, a stable AC signal is applied to a pair of electrodes that form a capacitor. The novel system is to measure the capacitance range variation in picofarad and the corresponding voltage ranges from 1 volt to 4 volts. The switching speed of all combinational electrodes is implemented using embedded system to achieve higher speed performance of AC ECT system which eliminates the drift and stray capacitance error. This is yielding the original image of unknown multiphase medium inside the electrodes using Lab VIEW. This paper investigates several advantages such as improved overall system performance;simple structure, avoids stray capacitance effect, reduces the drift problem and achieves high signal to noise ratio.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50806005,50736002,61072005)
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of meso-scale combustion.The technique of electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) was used to locate flame position and monitor the effect corresponding to varied air/fuel ratio in a meso-scale combustor.Combustion phenomena including igniting,quenching and unsteady combustion have been visualized using ECT.The method of metallization protecting ECT sensor from high temperature damage and the novel calibration method adapted to ECT monitoring of unknown permittivity flame have been shown to be successful.At the same time,electrical nature of combustion and dielectric characteristics of hy-drocarbon flame were studied.The relationship between flame permittivity and state parameters of combustion gas was demonstrated preliminarily.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60204003) and the National High-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (No. 2001AA413210)
文摘Electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） has been used for more than a decade for imaging dielectric processes. However, because of its ill-posedness and non-linearity, ECT image reconstruction has always been a challenge. A new genetic algorithm （GA） developed for ECT image reconstruction uses initial results from a linear back-projection, which is widely used for ECT image reconstruction to optimize the threshold and the maximum and minimum gray values for the image. The procedure avoids optimizing the gray values pixel by pixel and significantly reduces the search space dimension. Both simulations and static experimental results show that the method is efficient and capable of reconstructing high quality images. Evaluation criteria show that the GA-based method has smaller image error and greater correlation coefficients. In addition, the GA-based method converges quickly with a small number of iterations.
文摘An experimental study was performed to evaluate the suitability of using an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system to visualize the flow patterns, and to measure the film thickness of the annular flow in a two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT). The performance of the ECT system was examined over a range of flow conditions.The experimental data were compared with the visual observations and existing correlations. Results indicated that the ECT system, with the linear back projection (LBP) algorithm, could be used to give an on-line qualitative image of the flow patterns. The Landweber iteration algorithm with optimal step length was implemented off-line to reconstruct high-resolution images. Then, the images were analyzed to obtain the film thickness of the annular flow. The experimental data compared well with the Nusselt's equation in low vapor velocity range, but showed an increasing deficiency with the increase of vapor velocity.
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Nos.61771455 and 61811530333)Chinese Academy of Sciences Major International Collaboration Project and the Royal Society Newton Advanced Fellowship(NA170124).
文摘The flow characteristics of a dual fluidised bed gasifier(DFBG)are more complex than those of a single fluidised bed gasifier.For stable operation and appropriate control,a cold DFBG test facility with both an upper and a lower U-valve was built,and electrical capacitance tomography(ECT)sensors were installed with pressure transducers to investigate the effects of operating conditions on gas-solids flow hydrodynamics.The operating parameters included gas velocities in the riser and in the bubbling fluidised bed,aeration velocity in the lower U-valve,bed material inventory,and particle size.This is the first time that ECT was applied in different flow zones of a dual fluidised bed gasifier system.The experimental results indicated that ECT in the recycle chamber could monitor the performance of the lower U-valve under different operating conditions for early detection of gas shortcut from the riser to the bubbling bed.Three main flow regimes in the riser and the differences between the reactors were identified by two sets of ECT sensors with pressure transducers.Finally,the effects of the operating conditions on the pressure drop in different parts of the DFBG was investigated.
基金supported by a grant of the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. KZCX1-SW-04)the National Natural Science Fund (grant no. 40501017).
文摘The permafrost with the highest altitude and largest area in the mid and low latitude is located in the Qinghad-Tibet Plateau. As most frozen soils contain ice particles which are very sensitive to temperature and other external parameters, thus influencing the stability of the embankment in permafrost regions, it is very important to develop techniques to prevent damages to railway embankments due to thaw settlement. In this paper, the electrical capacitance sensors are designed to study the freezing front movement in a vessel and ice movement in water, which is the first step to apply the ECT system to the study of frozen soil. Two sensor arrangements are put into use. First, the traditional closed electrode sensors are put into use. In this arrangement, the electrodes are attached to the outside of the pipe or vessel, and the cross-sectional distribution of ice and water could be reconstructed from the capacitances measured. Also, the ice moving track at the cross section could be reflected thoroughly.Since the traditional closed electrode sensors can not meet the needs of measuring the ice freezing front move- ment, a new electrode sensors structure, that is, the unclosed electrode sensors are designed to satisfy the specific test of frozen soil. In this arrangement, several pairs of electrodes are arranged along the height of the vessel. A sudden decrease in the measured capacitance is observed when the freezing front advances past the electrodes.Therefore, according to the capacitance variation, the ice movement can be reflected. In summary, electrical capacitance tomography has the advantages of being non-intrusive. With different electrode sensor arrangement, ice movement and ice freezing front can be obtained. The electrical capacitance sensor system can be applied to investigate the complicated phenomena in frozen soil.
文摘We describe a new two phase flow electrical capacitance tomography algorithm of image reconstruction which is based on 12 electrode capacitance transducers. According to the result of computer simulation, this algorithm is able to greatly increase the imaging fidelity without decreasing the imaging velocity.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant No. 30471384 )
文摘The paper summarizes the research progresses of electrical capacitance and electrical resistance assessing tree vigor and points out the development direction of the study. Researches show that electrical capacitance is related to the indexes of periodic growth rate of trees, foliar biomass and diameter of breast height, while electrical resistance has inverse relationships with the above indexes. Eiectrical capacitance and electrical resistance change when trees suffer environmental stress, insect pests or diseases. Especially, changes of electrical resistance are observed before symptom expression of some tree diseases, which can help to establish a certain disease potential hazard rating system. Mechanisms of electrical capacitance and resistance assessing tree vigor, especially in molecule level, still need to be studied and the application criteria of electrical resistance and capacitance need to be established.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976177)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4000047)。
文摘A cryogenic visible calibration and image evaluation facility(VCCIEF) was constructed to assess the effectiveness of electrical capacitance tomography systems in cryogenic conditions,known as Cryo-ECT.This facility was utilized to conduct dynamic,real-time imaging trials with liquid nitrogen(LN2).The actual flow patterns were captured using a camera and contrasted with the imaging outcomes.The capacitance data collected from these experiments were subsequently processed using three distinct methods:linear back projection,Landweber iteration,a fully connected deep neural network,and a convolutional neural network.This allowed for a comparative analysis of the performance of these algorithms in practical scenarios.The findings from the LN2 experiments demonstrated that the Cryo-ECT system,when integrated with the VCCIEF,was capable of successfully executing calibration,generating flow patterns,and performing imaging tasks.The system provided observable,clear,and precise phase distributions of the liquid nitrogen-vaporous nitrogenflow within the pipeline.
